3.5 - Discussion ARFF Personnel SafetyOnce again, we are .docx

3.5 - Discussion: ARFF Personnel Safety
Once again, we are using Las Vegas International (LAS) as our
airport for this assignment….
Based on the airport/airfield you toured/researched, (LAS)
elaborate on Airport Rescue Firefighter safety. Consider: What
is the Airport Index for the airport you researched? What
Personal Protective Clothing is required and why? How do they
deal with Personnel Accountability in an emergency response?
How do they deal with Stress Management? What else should be
considered with regards to ARFF safety? Your essay should be
at least 500 words not to include your references.
Running head: PROPOSAL 3
1
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3
7
Developing A Research Proposal 3

Research proposal
Introduction
Research bases its success on the appropriate use of
research tools to comprehensively analyze the factors affecting
the research question. Existing literature is used to back these
variables as well as assist in the development of queries and
indexes that help answer the research question better.
Additionally, appropriate sampling designs are necessary for
conducting an accurate survey on the subjects in a discussion.
This paper focuses on the establishment of these essential tools
in the research on drug trafficking.
Variables Measured In the Research
Age
The intensity of an individual’s involvement in drug trafficking
varies with age. According to research by Traughber, the
median age of drug trafficking arrests is twenty-six years
(2007). That number is lower when it comes to arrests based on
drug consumption, which is a median of twenty-two years. This
data suggests that the youth are actively involved in the drug
business. However, data analyzed solely from arrests is
insufficient to conclude that young people are the drivers of the
drug business. Is it possible that the older dealers are just more
vigilant than their rookie counterparts?
Race
A person’s race is a significant determinant in the kind of drugs
they deal with. Capistrán points out that most white people
traffic marijuana in countries where the drug is illegal, while
blacks are mostly attracted to cocaine (2019). In terms of
involvement, whites have the most cartels due to their exposure
in the drug world and their access to better resources. It is,

therefore, justifiable to say that race is a variable.
Financial Strength of Participants
The financial ability of drug traffickers is essential in
discerning their degree of entanglement in the illegal business.
Individuals with more financial might are likely to be higher up
the chain, trafficking copious amounts of drugs to different
destinations. These individuals are also expected to dominate
the market, controlling the price of the drugs they deal with.
What is the likelihood that it is these individuals who bribe law
enforcers?
Crime Correlation
In most cases, drug traffickers also run other organized
criminal activities. Cheekes argues that this is an effective way
of gaining or maintaining dominance in the business (2019).
The higher the ranking of a drug cartel, the higher their chances
of involvement in other forms of crime. Therefore, does the
active investigation into other capital offenses solve the drug
trafficking menace indirectly?
Social Status
The social aspect of drug trafficking is more significant for
small scale peddlers. At the local level, individuals from low-
income families engage in illegal drugs selling for sustenance.
Individuals from high-income families mostly engage in the
business due to peer influence, since they want to fit in and
blend with their peddler friends. I would suggest that middle-
income individuals are a mixed breed, but are they?
Resources
Money is the primary resource in drug trafficking, but it is also
essential to consider other secondary resources. These resources
would include cultivation land, manufacturing bases, personnel,
and means of distribution. These resources are the fundamentals
of drug trafficking, and the use of questionnaires is the most
feasible means of evaluating this dynamic variable.
Market
Discerning the point of sales of drugs is also a crucial element

in the aversion of drug trafficking. Also, determining the cycle
of deals as well as peak and slow seasons is vital. The drug
market is an evolving one, whereby clients demand different
drugs during different seasons. There is also the issue of
competition between gangs, hence the need to sustain client
base by providing the best quality drugs (Naranjo, 2015).
However, the question here is: Just how volatile is the market?
Legal Restrictions
The statutory provisions of a country help distinguish between
legal drug dealing and drug trafficking; hence, these are the
cornerstone of the whole concept. These provisions vary from
one country to another. For instance, the possession or use of
marijuana in the United States is illegal, while the same drug is
allowed in Canada for recreational purposes. This factor affects
the cost of distribution and demand of the drugs.
Religious Affiliations
The affiliation to religion or lack thereof influences the
demand for drugs, thus affecting the distribution pattern.
Generally, individuals who are inclined to religious beliefs are
less likely to use drugs while atheists are open to the idea. For
active drug traffickers, to what religion do a majority of them
subscribe?
Geographical Influence
The geographical location of drug traffickers influences
the type of drugs they grow. Other than that, it indirectly affects
other variables such as race and legal restrictions.
Test for Reliability and Validity
Most of the data used and in this section is derived from police
records and primarily on the number of arrests made. Based on
this information, the reliability of the data is not certain as data
from other sources is not considered. I would suggest that the
measurement operations from the ten variables get derived from
volunteer drug traffickers who agree to participate in the
research. As such, their data would be firsthand with a high
degree of accuracy making it both valid and reliable. However,
this approach would necessitate the protection of volunteer

participants by offering them immunity against their offenses. It
is, therefore, rather expensive and time-consuming.
Sampling Designs
For Campus Only
I would use the convenience method, which is a non-
probability sampling method. At the campus, the general
population is relatively smaller, making it easier to reach all
members of the community. I would handpick my sample, based
on varied factors such as age, religious affiliation, race, and
social status. I would, therefore, have an affluent specimen,
which increases the accuracy level of my results. This technique
is also reasonably inexpensive.
For each variable, I would ensure to select all the specimen
of different category. For instance, under the race variable, I
would have a sample of a black and a white. Under the religion
variable, I would have atheists, Christians, Muslims, and other
available religions as a specimen for the research.
For a larger Population
If I were to survey my city or the entire nation, I would
use the random sampling technique in order to get a
representative sample. The advantage of this method is that it
would ensure that the inference I make will be accurate. One
disadvantage is that I would have no choice over the
specification of my desired samples.
Conclusion
Both dependent and independent variables stake highly in
the fight against drug trafficking. However, analyzing them and
deriving the necessary results from these variables is an
essential step since it leads to further research which might
provide answers to the research question. The convenient use of
accurate data is also critical to the success of the research
project. Hence appropriate data sampling techniques should be
used.

References
Capistrán, J.B. (2019). Drug Trafficking and Propaganda: The
Image of Drug Trafficking in the
Mexican Press 2006-2010. Journalism and Mass
Communication, 9(1), 56-60.
Cheekes, E. (2019). Jonathan D., Rosen and Roberto Zepeda,
organized crime, drug trafficking,
and violence (Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto).
Global Crime, 20(1), 65-68.
Naranjo, A. J. (2015). Turf and Illegal Drug Market
Competition between Gangs. The B.E.
Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 1(1), 61-62.
Traughber, C.M. (2007). Terror-Crime Nexus? Terrorism and
Arms, Drug, and Human
Trafficking in Georgia. Connections: The Quarterly
Journal, 6(1), 47-64.
Running head: DRUG TRAFFICKING 2
DRUG TRAFFICKING 2
Drug trafficking
Name
Course
Instructor
University

Date
Drug trafficking
Trafficking of drugs is a major problem in my area and my
desire is to stop this activity by employing various strategies to
ensure it has reduced. This research topic is important to
address in my community as it will focus on the trafficking vice
that has affected so many youths and identify those that are
associated with these actions. Most of the government officials
are engaged in this activity and through corruption, they use
governments funds to conduct their business (Bagley & Rosen,
2015). Cartels in charge of trafficking have been supplied with
weapons to safeguard their shipment and most of the youths are
employed as guards. It is like the entire community is working
for the cartels, especially in the labs to processes drugs.
Four questions to investigate
Who are the associates of drug trafficking?
This question is hard to answer as most of those doing this
illegal business maintain a low profile. But according to a
research that was done some years back, it was clear that some
of the government officials are the main leaders for this activity
and they relate with other cartels who are suspected to do drug
trafficking. Everyone in the community is silent with the
ongoing business for the sake of their employment in the labs
(Bagley & Rosen, 2015). Basically, the illegal weapon access by
cartels is by the help of corrupted government officials who are
related to the business. Drug trafficking is done with ease as the
police have been warned not to interfere with the shipping even
if it is their role.
To what extend have their business reached?
Over the past years, drug trafficking has been in business and

their shipment is now done outside the country. Growth in this
business has also negatively impacted the airport security and
by use of planes, shipping is carried out. Not forgetting
shipping of drugs along the ocean, which takes a lot of time for
the government to trace but no action is taken (Felson & Staff,
2017).
In what ways should the government intervene?
If all corrupted officials are removed from the government, then
measures to stop these activities can be done. The government
can implement advance methods such as investigations and
detention for all those who are found doing drug trafficking. It
should also visit those labs and shut them down even if they
employ a lot of people in the community (Felson & Staff, 2017).
The latter should be taken care of by allocations of
employments to the people.
What should the government do to ensure no drug trafficking
rule is maintained?
For this action to be maintained, the government should put up
educative programs on the effects of drugs and alternatives
works to do to avoid idleness. It should also put harsh
treatments to all those who are planning to continue with this
business. The two measures will impact the people positively
and make them do legal business.
An interesting question to attempt in a qualitative and
quantitative method is question number one. I will like to know
deeply who are these participants of drug trafficking and why
can’t they be stopped (Bagley & Rosen, 2015). Apart from that,
I would also want to know their hideouts, how much they have
invested in the country and who do they link up with in other
countries. If my desire is meet, then I believe I can be able to
change the illegal act, as the saying goes “one man can change
the world”.
References
Bagley, B. M., & Rosen, J. D. (2015). Drug trafficking,

organized crime, and violence in the Americas today. University
Press of Florida.
Felson, R. B., & Staff, J. (2017). Committing economic crime
for drug money. Crime & Delinquency, 63(4), 375-390.
Running head: DRUG TRAFFICKING
1
Drug trafficking
Name
Course
Instructor
University
Date

Drug trafficking
Name
Course
Instructor
University
Date
DRUG TRAFFICKING 2
Drug trafficking
Name
Course
Instructor

University
Date
Drug trafficking
Trafficking of drugs is a major problem in my area and my
desire is to stop this activity by employing various strategies to
ensure it has reduced. This research topic is important to
address in my community as it will focus on the trafficking vice
that has affected so many youths and identify those that are
associated with these actions. Most of the government officials
are engaged in this activity and through corruption, they use
governments funds to conduct their business (Bagley & Rosen,
2015). Cartels in charge of trafficking have been supplied with
weapons to safeguard their shipment and most of the youths are
employed as guards. It is like the entire community is working
for the cartels, especially in the labs to processes drugs.
Four questions to investigate
Who are the associates of drug trafficking?
This question is hard to answer as most of those doing this
illegal business maintain a low profile. But according to a
research that was done some years back, it was clear that some
of the government officials are the main leaders for this activity
and they relate with other cartels who are suspected to do drug
trafficking. Everyone in the community is silent with the
ongoing business for the sake of their employment in the labs
(Bagley & Rosen, 2015). Basically, the illegal weapon access by
cartels is by the help of corrupted government officials who are
related to the business. Drug trafficking is done with ease as the
police have been warned not to interfere with the shipping even
if it is their role.
To what extend have their business reached?

Over the past years, drug trafficking has been in business and
their shipment is now done outside the country. Growth in this
business has also negatively impacted the airport security and
by use of planes, shipping is carried out. Not forgetting
shipping of drugs along the ocean, which takes a lot of time for
the government to trace but no action is taken (Felson & Staff,
2017).
In what ways should the government intervene?
If all corrupted officials are removed from the government, then
measures to stop these activities can be done. The government
can implement advance methods such as investigations and
detention for all those who are found doing drug trafficking. It
should also visit those labs and shut them down even if they
employ a lot of people in the community (Felson & Staff, 2017).
The latter should be taken care of by allocations of
employments to the people.
What should the government do to ensure no drug trafficking
rule is maintained?
For this action to be maintained, the government should put up
educative programs on the effects of drugs and alternatives
works to do to avoid idleness. It should also put harsh
treatments to all those who are planning to continue with this
business. The two measures will impact the people positively
and make them do legal business.
An interesting question to attempt in a qualitative and
quantitative method is question number one. I will like to know
deeply who are these participants of drug trafficking and why
can’t they be stopped (Bagley & Rosen, 2015). Apart from that,
I would also want to know their hideouts, how much they have
invested in the country and who do they link up with in other
countries. If my desire is meet, then I believe I can be able to
change the illegal act, as the saying goes “one man can change
the world”.
References

Bagley, B. M., & Rosen, J. D. (2015). Drug trafficking,
organized crime, and violence in the Americas today. University
Press of Florida.
Felson, R. B., & Staff, J. (2017). Committing economic crime
for drug money. Crime & Delinquency, 63(4), 375-390.
Running head: DRUG TRAFFICKING
1
Drug trafficking
Name
Course
Instructor
University
Date

Drug trafficking
Name
Course
Instructor
University
Date
Running head: DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 4
1
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 4
3
Developing a Research Proposal 4

PART ONE:
Hypothesis
The suitable hypothesis that can be identified as a causal
relationship is that the financial stability of a drug trafficker is
essential in determining their advancement in the illegal
business.
Key Variables to be controlled
Crime Correlation
This variable will be controlled. The research will not dwell on
the other criminal activities other than drug trafficking. It is
not uncommon for most drug traffickers to run other chains of
criminal activities. The strategy is used by most drug dealers to
instill fear in their competitors and to amass respect from their
workers which will, in turn, propel them to complete dominance
and authority in the market (Chung, 2019). Besides, the drug
dealers will in most cases be ruthless and will indulge in
heinous activities to protect their territories and also to
eliminate those who are a threat to their business (Murch,
2015).
Social Status
This is one of the variables to control. The research will not
have social status as one of the major considerations so as to get
reliable results. Most wealthy individuals will enter into the
business as a result of peer pressure and the urge to blend in a
given social class. However, this is different from the
individuals that come from the middle class. They will enter

into the business just to help them meet their basic needs and
sustain their livelihood (Chung, 2019).
Longitudinal Research Design
In longitudinal research design, I will again use both campus
population and a larger population for the next two weeks.
Through the longitudinal study, I will be able to detect changes
and developments in the characteristics of drug traffickers in
the larger population and the campus within the week. The
changes can be detected both individually and in groups. The
key in this aspect is that longitudinal studies can extend beyond
a single moment. Therefore, it is possible to establish a
sequence of events of drug traffickers within the campus
population or the general population.
PART TWO
Testing Hypothesis
A random sample is to be taken from a population of wealthy
individuals around Malibu Beach who deal in drugs business
and the null hypothesis is to be tested. The sample may be
obtained from investigative agencies and police records. If it is
found that the higher the financial strength of drug dealers the
greater their involvement in the drug business in Malibu area,
then it would be assumed that the financial stability of a drug
trafficker is essential in determining their advancement in the
illegal business and that means the population and the null
hypothesis would not be rejected.
Recruitment and Randomization Procedures
Students were recruited from the campus population and a 2 by
2-factorial design for participant recruitment and randomization
was used. The recruitment strategies were either opportunistic
or systematic. The randomization strategies were either an
individual or by the type of course taken by the students.
Feasibility results comprised the time taken to recruit the
students as the target number of the contributors within the
study.
Internal validity is impacted by mistakes within the study itself

such as inability to control some of the key variables or glitches
with the research instrument. Therefore, results can be
internally invalid since they may have been affected by factors
instead of some thought to have caused them or because the
analysis of the data by the researcher is not acceptable.
To deal with the issue of internal validity in the study, one
should be consistent. Through this instrumentation, threats can
be reduced or eradicated by making an effort to uphold
reliability at each point of observation. Besides, it is important
to avoid selection of participants depending on extreme
performance score.
Given that the sample of the students used in the campus was
not huge, it is clear that there would be no broad
generalizability produced. The sample statistics from campus
may also be significantly different from the statistics of a
different population hence the results cannot be generalized.
Also, the obtained data may not be entirely reliable due to the
sensitivity of the subject. To increase the generalizability,
random samples should be drawn from different areas.
Protection of Human Subjects
The initial step is to ensure that IRB approves the process.
Institutional Review Board must approve the strategy proposed
to employ the research that involves the human subjects. The
process can also deploy a series of decision charts that are
useful in sorting through what constitutes human subject
research and when the research might be exempt from the
approval by the IRB. A consent form will also be part of the
protection of human subjects. Through the consent form, the
participants will have enough details of information on the
study so that they can make informed, voluntary and reasonable
decision to take part in the research.

References
Chung, A. (2019). BCB Activities 2: Drug Trafficking.
In Chinese Criminal Entrepreneurs in
Canada, Volume I (pp. 159-191). Palgrave Macmillan,
Cham.
Hofmann, D. C., & Gallupe, O. (2015). Leadership protection in
drug-trafficking
networks. Global crime, 16(2), 123-138.
Murch, D. (2015). Crack in Los Angeles: Crisis, militarization,
and black response to the late
twentieth-century war on drugs. Journal of American
History, 102(1), 162-173.
Developing a Research Proposal 5
Remember that the answer to all the questions must relate to the
research proposal topic that you chose in Assignment #1
Part 1
1. Write 10 questions for a one-page questionnaire that concerns
your proposed research question. Your questions should
operationalize at least three of the variables on which you have
focused, including at least one independent and one dependent
variable (you may have multiple questions to measure some
variables). Make all but one of your questions closed-ended. If
you completed the research proposal exercises in Chapter 4, you

can select your questions from the ones you developed for those
exercises.
2. Conduct a preliminary pretest of the questionnaire by
conducting cognitive interviews with two students or other
persons similar to those to whom the survey is directed. Follow
up the closed-ended questions with open-ended probes that ask
the students what they meant by each response or what came to
mind when they were asked each question. Take into account
the feedback you receive when you revise your questions.
3. Polish up the organization and layout of the questionnaire,
following the guidelines in this chapter. Prepare a rationale for
the order of questions in your questionnaire. Write a cover letter
directed to the appropriate population that contains appropriate
statements about research ethics (human subjects issues).
Part 2
Add a qualitative component to your proposed study. You can
choose to do this with a participant observation project or
intensive interviewing. Pick the method that seems most likely
to help answer the research question for the overall survey
project.
1. For a participant observation component, propose an
observational plan that would complement the overall survey
project. Present in your proposal the following information
about your plan: (a) Choose a site and justify its selection in
terms of its likely value for the research, (b) choose a role along
the participation–observation continuum and justify your
choice, (c) describe access procedures and note any likely
problems, (d) discuss how you will develop and maintain
relations in the site, (e) review any sampling issues, and (f)
present an overview of the way in which you will analyze the
data you collect.
2. For an intensive interview component, propose a focus for

the intensive interviews that you believe will add the most to
findings from the survey project. Present in your proposal the
following information about your plan: (a) Present and justify a
method for selecting individuals to interview, (b) write out
three introductory biographical questions and five “grand tour”
questions for your interview schedule, (c) list at least six
different probes you may use, (d) present and justify at least
two follow-up questions for one of your grand tour questions,
and (e) explain what you expect this intensive interview
component to add to your overall survey project.
3. Which qualitative data analysis alternative is most
appropriate for the qualitative data you propose to collect for
your project? Using this approach, develop a strategy to analyze
your textual data. Web Exercises

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