For the following four questions, your answer should be about one paragraph for each, but be sufficiently detailed. If you wish, you can use numerical calculations involving the Nernst or Goldman equations as part of your qualitative explanations; however, if you choose to do so, you must establish and justify your basic assumptions, and you must show all calculations. For the following scenarios, explain what the changes in resting permeabilities will do to V_m of an excitable cell. An increase in resting permeability to Na^+ A decrease in resting permeability to Na^+ An increase in resting permeability to K^+. A decrease in resting permeability to K^+. Read the accompanying article, Potassium chloride in hospitals a health hazard, and answer the following three questions. Explain why increasing extracellular K^+ may cause death. For this, you can assume that resting permeability to K^+ does not change. To properly answer this question, you must research the problem using Internet, literature, or library sources. Be certain to provide proper citation. Remember, cutting-and pasting is plagiarism and s forbidden. Explain why increasing extracellular K^+ caused searing pain to the unfortunate patients. Include appropriate clinical and/or research references to support your answer. To properly answer this question, you must research the problem using Internet, literature, or library sources. Be certain to provide proper citation. Remember, cutting-and pasting is plagiarism and is forbidden. Since V_m is close to resting E_K, you can approximate V_m as E_K by using the Nernst equation. Use at least 3 numerical examples of increasing extracellular [K^+], but ones that are physiologically appropriate extracellular [K^+]. Again, you must research this. Calculate the approximate changes in V_m; show all calculations, and explain what is happening. Alternatively, you may employ the Goldman equation, but as mentioned above, you must establish and justify your basic assumptions, and you must show all calculations. Solution 2A)An increase in resting permeability to Na+ results in depolarisation of the cell. 2B)An decrease in resting permeability to Na+ makes cell move positive. 2C) An increase in resting permeability to K+ makes cell more positive. 2D)An decrease in resting permeability to K+ makes cell more negative. Nerst Equation is given by-: Eion =RT ln (Ion1) /ZF(Ion 2) R=gas constant =1.987 cal 7mol - deg T= degree K Z= ion balance F=faraday\'s constant 23.062 cal/ V mol At 37 degree C E in mV = - 61.5/z log10 (Ion 1)/(Ion 2) According to above equation When Na+ permeability begins to exceed the membrane potential approaches to ENa + Decease in Na+ lead to increase in K+ permeability. Increase in k+permeability makes cell more positive Ek+. Decease in k+ permeability makes cell negative..

1. For which column would you create an index?
Solution
Answer:
Indexes are created generally for many reasons like : to speed up the queries , it provides faster
access to the data. Thus we create an index for the column which is been frequently used, when
referential integrity constraints exists on the column or when unique key integirty constraint
exists on the column.