1. nf]s]Zj/ art tyf C0f
;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=
O{6f5+], eQmk'/ –!%
ls:tfaGbL -xfo/ kr]{h_ C0f gLlt @)^*
!_ kl/roM nf]s]Zj/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= sf] C0f gLlt @)^$ cg';f/ ;+:yfsf]
k"“hL clwstd ?kdf kl/rfng u/L ;b:ox?nfO{ :j/f]huf/sf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/L ;fdflhs
cfly{s / ;f“:s[lts :t/ p7fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*
================ ut]sf] a}7saf6 of] gLlt kf; u/L hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
@_ gfd / k|f/DeM
s_ of] gLltsf] gfd ænf]s]Zj/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= ls:tfaGbL -xfo/ kr]
{h_ C0f gLlt @)^*Æ /xg] 5 .
v_ of] gLlt ;+rfns ;ldltaf6 kf; ePsf] ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
#_ p2]ZoM
s_ ;+:yfsf] k"“hL k|efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfng u/L lgis[o sf]if ;d]t pkof]u ug{ .
v_ ;b:ox?nfO{ kof{Kt ;'ljwf ;lxt ;/n C0f k|jfx ug{ .
u_ ;b:ox?nfO{ C0f e'QmfgLdf ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L c;'nL k|lqmof ;d]tdf k|
efjsf/Ltf Nofpg .
3_ kl/jlt{t ;dofg';f/ ;b:ox?sf] 3/fo;L / Joj;foLs cfjZostf tyf pkef]Uo ;fdfgx?df
kx'“r k'¥ofO{ ;b:ox?sf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f“:s[lts :t/ p7fpg .
ª_ :j/f]huf/sf] nflu d]lzg/L Joj:yf ug{ .

2. $_ cjlw / ls:tfM
s_ xfo/ kr]{h C0f $ jif{ ;Ddsf] nflu lbO{g] 5 .
v_ of] C0f lnPsf C0fLn] dfl;s ?kdf ;f“jf / Jofh a'emfpg' kg]{5 t/ ?= !,))).
eGbf sd ls:tf a'emfpg ;Sg] 5}g .
u_ Electronics / ;fwf/0f d]lzg/L ;fdfgdf b'O{ jif{ ;Ddsf] cjlw lbO{g] 5 .
3_ C0fLn] rfx]df Psd'i6 ?kdf ;f“jf / Jofh a'emfpg ;Sg] 5 . o;/L a'emfpbf
af“sL ;f“jfsf] ====== k|ltzt /sd yk nfUg]5 .
%_ C0fLn] 36bf] (Diminishing Rate) jf Psd'i6 (Straight /Flate Rate) df Jofh
a'emfpg ;Sg] 5 .
s_ 36bf] b/df – !$∞ -rf}w k|ltzt_ v_ Psd'i6 b/df – &=%∞ -;f“9];ft k|ltzt_
^_ nufgLsf If]qx?M ;+:yfn] sfg'gL lnvtaf6 :jfldTj b]vfpg ;lsg] lgDg ;fdfu|Lx?df
nufgL ug]{5 .
s_ Electronics v_ d]lzg/L u_ ;jf/L ;fwg
&_ nufgLsf zt{x?M
s_ ;+:yfdf ;b:o ePsf] ^ dlxgf gf3]sf ;b:on] ;fdfu|L v/Lb ug]{ k|:tfj
Quotation ;lxt tf]lsPsf] 9f“rfsf] lgj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] sf] s'n d"Nodf
a9Ldf ^)∞ ;+:yfn] nufgL ug]{5 eg] $)∞ ;b:on] nufgL ug'{ kg]{5 .
v_ cfjZos k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ ;fdfu|L v/Lb ubf{ ;+:yfsf] gfddf ug]{5 .
u_ ;+:yfn] nufgL u/]sf] ^)∞ /sd C0fsf] Jofh lgwf{l/t cjlw / ls:tfdf e'QmgL
ug'{kg]{5 .
3_ ls:tf ;DjlGw dlxgsf] d;fGt leq e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{5 . l9nf ePdf Dofb
gf3]sf] ! dlxgf ;Dd Jofhsf] *∞, bf];|f] dlxgf ;Dd !)∞ n] x'g] u/L ljnDa z'Ns

3. uGtLsf] lx;fan] lnOg]5 . # ls:tf eGbf a9L ljnDa u/]df ;+:yfn] ;DjlGwt
;fdfu|L cfkmgf] sAhfdf lng ;Sg]5 .
ª_ ;fdfg sAhfdf ln+bf ;fdfGotof lgDg ljlw k'¥ofpg ;lsg]5 . C0fLsf] cj:yf,
Jojxf/ / ;do kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;+:yfsf] lgod pn+3g ug]{ C0fLsf] ;fdfg sAhfdf
lng o; k|lqmofn] afwf k'¥ofpg] 5}g .
c_ ls:tf a'emfpg] Dofb gf3]sf] & lbg kl5 klg a'emfpg gcfPdf hfgsf/L kq
k7fOg]5 .
cf_ klxnf] kq k7fPsf] !% lbg kl5 klg ls:tf a'emfpg gcfP bf];|f] kq k7fOg]5
/ hdfgL a:g] ;b:ox?nfO{ lnlvt hfgsf/L lbOg]5 .
O_ bf];|f] kq k7fPsf] & lbg leq klg ls:tf ga'emfPdf k|aGws jf C0f ;xfosn]
e]6g]5 .
O{_ k|aGws jf C0f ;xfosn] e]6]sf] !% lbgkl5 C0f cg'udg pk ;ldltn]
c;'nLsf] nflu cfjZos k|lqmof z'? u/L !% lbg leq k|ltj]bg uof/ ug]{5 .
p_ C0f cg'udg ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bg C0f pk ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ ;
+rfns ;ldltdf k]z ul/g] 5 .
pm_ C0f cg'udg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg ;DjGwdf C0f pk ;ldltn] !% lbg leq yk
hf“ra'em u/L ;+rfns ;ldltdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{5 .
C_ C0f pk;ldltn] a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;fdfg hkmtsf] nflu clGtd k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .
r_ hkmt ug]{ ;fdfg 6'tkm'6 tyf k"0f{Iflt eO{ ;+:yfsf] C0f c;'n pk/ gx'g]
b]lvPdf C0fLsf] 3/3/fgfaf6 c;'n pk/ ul/g] 5 .

4. *_ zt{gfdfM C0fsf] ls:tf /sd, e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ldlt, nufot cGo zt{x? pNn]lvt
zt{gfdf b'O{ k|lt agfO{ Ps k|lt ;+:yfdf / csf]{ k|lt :d/0fsf] nflu
C0fLnfO{ lbOg]5 .
(_ C0f l:js[ltM
s_ ?= %),))). ;Ddsf] C0f, C0f pk;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df cWoIfn] l:js[t ug]{5 . o:tf]
C0fsf] hfgsf/L ;+rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sdf u/fpg' kg]{5 .
v_ ?= %),))). eGbfa9L C0f, C0f pk;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+rfns ;ldltn] l:js[t ug]
{5 .
!)_ ljdf z'Ns / cGo ;'ljwfM
s_ ;b:on] cfkm"n] v/Lb ug]{ ;fdfgsf] a|f08, sDkgL / k;n cfkm}n] 5gf}+6 ug{
;Sg]5 .
v_ ;fdfu|L v/Lb afkt nfUg] b:t'/ / ljdf z'Ns ;b:o cfkm}n] Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .
u_ ;fdfg v/Lb afkt k|fKt x'g] pkxf/ / cGo ;'ljwf ;b:on] g} kfpg]5 .
3_ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] xsdf clgjfo{ ?kdf ljdf ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 .
!!_ ;fdfgsf] ;'/IffM
s_ v/Lb ul/Psf] ;fdfu|Lsf] k"0f{ ;'/Iff ;b:o :jodn] ug'{ kg]{5 .
v_ ;fdfg 6't]km't], lalu|P gfz ePdf, rf]/L ePdf jf s'g} b'3{6gfdf k/L ef}lts Iflt
ePdf ;b:o :jod lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 . ;f]sf] sfg'gL sfo{jfxL klg :jo+n] ;fdgf
ug'{ kg]{5 .
!@_ ;]jf z'NsM ;+:yfn] nufgL u/]sf] @ jif{ ;Ddsf] C0f /sddf !∞ / $ jif{ ;Ddsf]
C0fdf @∞ ;+:yf ljsf; sf]if afkt z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{5 .

5. !#_ arfpM of] gLltdf ePsf s'/fx? o;} adf]lhd / o;df gePsf s'/fx? C0f gLlt cg';f/ tyf
C0f gLltdf klg gk/]sf s'/fx? ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ x'g]5 .