Oil Refining Industry in India

The Oil And Natural Gas Sector
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The oil and natural gas sector is constituted of three major components – upstream, midstream and
downstream. The upstream industry includes exploration and production, midstream includes
processing, storing and transporting while the downstream industry includes oil refineries and
distribution. It provides consumers with various products like petroleum, gasoline, diesel, lubricants.
The purpose of our project is to study the downstream oil and natural gas sector industry
environment, that is, oil refining and distribution in India. The Indian oil and gas sector is one of the
six major industries in India that have a huge impact on the country's economy. We, in this project,
have made an attempt to identify ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusion
Presently the oil refining and distribution sector is dominated by public sector and as the per capita
consumption is increasing in India there is a need to add new capacity to meet demand.
Globalization had a huge impact on this sector as it bought technological advancements which
improved the recovery rate substantially.
Through our studies we came to a conclusion that there is a vast opportunity to increase domestic oil
refining which will eventually be a boom for refineries and distribution companies. This could be
achieved through following strategic actions like approving 100 percent foreign ownership,
promoting the involvement of private organizations and joint–ventures. Tax holidays to new
investors and advancing technology are another measures to enhance the oil refining and
distribution industry in India.
INTRODUCTION
There are number of agencies in Indian government that oversees the energy policies of India &
they include
The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas,
The Ministry of Coal
The Ministry of Non–Conventional Energy Sources,
The Ministry of Environment and Forests,
The Department of Atomic Energy,
The Ministry of Power
The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) and the Oil Coordination Committee comes under
the scanner of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. These (DGH) were established in 1993 to
see the working of various petroleum exploration

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1. Introduction. 1.1. Definitions Of Crude Oil And Refining.
1. Introduction
1.1. Definitions of crude oil and refining
Crude oil is the raw material in petroleum industry which contains variable and complex
hydrocarbons mixture. Oil refinery is a process where the complex mixture of hydrocarbons in the
crude oil is separated and broken down in to standard fuels and non–fuel products. These products
are diesel oil, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), heavy fuel oil, lubricants and bitumen. A
refinery is a highly complex plant as it requires many auxiliary facilities, including large storage
facilities for feedstocks and products and on–site services such as electricity, heat and cooling. Small
refineries may produce only diesel, gasoline and heating fuels while large refineries produce the full
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Fig 1: Typical layout for an oil refinery
2. Wastes and emissions
2.1. Refineries Refineries are a potential source of atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2),
carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including hazardous
substances such as benzene , sulphur, reduced sulphur compounds, oxides of sulphur, ammonia,
oxides of nitrogen, heavy metals, particulate and odour.
2.1.1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) The main sources of CO2 emission in a refinery are; power plants
(producing steam and/or electricity, process furnaces and boilers, flares and process vent emissions.
2.1.2. Methane (CH4) Methane is an important greenhouse gas. Sources of methane emission in
refineries include power generation, process heaters, flares, process vents and fugitive losses.
2.1.3. Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide contributes to global warming in an indirect way as
it is oxidized into CO2. CO is an intermediate product of combustion processes and is also produced
by some refinery processes. CO emission sources in refinery include power generation, process
heaters, flares, catalytic cracking, vaccum distillation, thermal cracking and blowdown systems.
2.1.4. Sulphur compounds (SO2 and SO3) They can both be

Quality Solutions That Arise by Refining Ideas
Quality solutions that arise by refining ideas Original Issue The current issue is the lack of enough
storage in the studio apartment. There is a need to come up with some practical storage solutions as
the apartment has two (2) small closets and these are not enough for storing the person's belongings
and possessions. This makes the apartment look too crammed, and there are clothes strewed all over
the place, and there is no room for anything else. One cannot properly sort the dirty and clean
clothes as clothes usually get mixed up due to lack of enough storage space. There is no space for
one to keep a shoe rack, and that leads to shoes getting mixed up with the clothes. Initial Solution
Screwing hooks on the walls and running strings or ribbons on the hooks would reduce the clutter of
things that are strewn across the floor and would make good use of the vertical space and one can
use the ribbons to hang displays this would add creativity to the whole room. The other idea is to
screw hooks on the walls then attach a net on the hooks that would be used to store more stuff that
are not used very often. Using old wine crates, one can have additional storage space in the
apartment. They allow one to make good use of the vertical space without affecting the dÃ©cor of
the apartment. The wine crates would be mounted on the walls or stacked one on top of the other.
Critical Examination of Best Solution Hanging old wine crates on the wall will add creativity to the
room,

Refining Whole Food
1. It became such a larger process to the modern diet because, white powder was nutritionally
worthless. The history of refining whole food has been a history of figuring out ways not just make
them more durable and portable, but also how to concentrate their energy and, in sense, speed them
up. This acceleration took a great leap forward with the introduction in Europe around 1870 of
rollers (made from iron, steel, or porcelain) for grinding grain. A great deal of modern industrial
food can be seen as an extension and intensification of this practice as food processors find ways to
deliver glucose ‐ the brain's preferred fuel ‐ ever more swiftly and efficiently. Refining grains
extends the shelf life (precisely because they are less nutritious ... Show more content on
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A central purpose from the book is to inform the reader about the biases of the "real world." One
event that illustrates Pollan's argument is the McGovern fiasco, in which senator McGovern in his
report, in the second senate hearing of 1977, advised the American public to "reduce consumption of
meat" (Pollan 23). After hearing this, companies of the food/medical industry sought a way to
counter and influence McGovern's claim; they hired lobbyist. Due to lobbying, McGovern's third
term ends and is not re–elected for a fourth term. This sent a clear warning to all those who would
oppose the American diet, as described by Pollan, "...the National Academy of Sciences... was
careful to frame its recommendations... to avoid offending any powerful interests" (Pollan 25). This
is the bias to which Pollan refers. It also proves to be a central purpose to the

Refining Solutions Paper
Refining Solutions Paper PHL/458 03 September 2012 * Refining Solutions * Refining solutions is
the final step used in creative problem solving. During the refinement process, the creative thinker is
required to work out the details that surround the issue, by checking for imperfections, and
comparing the solution against other possible solutions (Ruggiero, 2009). When the thinker arrives
at a solution, and has worked through the solution's imperfections the creative thinker should
consider what changes the solution will cause and how the solution affects other people. In week
three of the creative minds and critical thinking class, given through University of Phoenix, I
completed an assignment that addressed solving a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution may cause inconvenience by adjusting my employer's expectations. At first, the
implementation may take some time for others to adjust to, but the solution will create greater
efficiency in the office. The solution will only require available resources to implement and will not
require any further expenses. The plan is simple and to the point. Initially, the plan may cause some
discomfort to fellow employees. The solution manifests in the form of a thought and cannot
physically break. My fellow employees will understand the necessity for the plan. The plans
compatibility is reliant on all employees understanding the plans origin, and accepting the decision
from my employer. The third step in solution in the refinement process is to compare solutions
(Ruggiero, 2009). As stated in the first paragraph I have chosen my first solution, which involves me
solving the problem and not relying on others to present solutions, as would be the case if I self
referred to a medical professional. Another refinement step is to consider the changes that my
solution will cause (Ruggiero, 2009). My solution will force my coworkers to increase their
workloads. The last refinement step is to visualize the effects of my solution on other people
(Ruggiero, 2009). The effect on others will be an increase workload as stated in the last step and will
cause my employer to build confidence in the other employees. * * Using refinement to adjust the

Treatment For Diabetes Requires Refining And Management Of...
Treatment for Diabetes requires refining and management of the patient 's lifestyle . A well
developed plan to manage and assess the patient 's circumstances is necessary. An implication of
advocacy is needed in the patient 's everyday life, a strong support system and active engagement
can improve advocacy, and the lives of patients living with diabetes. Reducing the symptom Is
sometimes much more than Changing a person 's "bad habits" it 's fixing the problem at its core.
This means extra efforts are needed to address the problems with the disease and change the societal
determinants at the root of these problems. Future plans for diabetes involve, increasing knowledge
of the disease and its prevention, creating research into a cure, and promoting a better system of
support for people with the disease. Many health care specialist recommend implementing exercise,
and how it can improve a patient 's symptoms, but what does that really mean? For starters it helps
insulin send sugar to the blood. Aerobic exercise, or a exercise that can be maintained for a
prolonged period of time, seems to slightly improve insulin resistance.This is done by increasing the
uptake of glucose into cells. After working out for 20–60 minutes at a VO2 max of (60–90%) for
about 3–5 days, insulin sensitivity is visible.One week of proper training can make an immediate
impact, continuous aerobic exercise has the potential to preserve insulin sensitivity. Strength
exercises can also help with

Refining Solutions
Refining Solutions PHL/458 February 27, 2012 Refining Solutions When in search for a viable
solution into refining ideas there are three main steps to follow. According to Vincent R. Ruggiero,
the three steps to follow are to work out details by determining exactly how solutions will be
applied. The next step is to examine each detail for imperfections, and the last step is to make any
improvements that will eliminate the imperfections. In week two the original issue that was faced
was a computer glitch and improper operations that hindered work deadlines. There were several
reasons to what was causing the computer to act incorrectly. Some of the reasons were viruses,
spyware/malware, old system, hard drive being full, and a few ... Show more content on
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How can one prevent any potential computer glitches with the best possible overall outcome for the
user? With software that allows IT departments to see how computers on the network are running,
there is more a chance to spot an issue. Having a professional IT performing regular maintenance
checks on the computer systems also allows for new problems to be spotted. If say, there was only
software that detected malfunctions there would be no way to fix the problem immediately. There is
also no way for the software to be able to be programed for any and all computer glitches or
malfunctions because there are so many circumstances and situations. By having someone who can
fix the potential problems doing regular checks, the possibility of something unfortunate happening
is lowered Having the ability to contact an IT professional immediately allows for the IT
professional to open the software developed and handle any issues that might have come up. The
ability to critically think and problem solve doesn't have to be as stressful as some believe it to be.
As long as one is able to develop questions to ask and answer them to the best ability than the
stresses that come with critical thinking and problem solving can be lessened. There is more than
just work problems that be answered with these methods. By knowing the best way to begin,
continue and end a critical thinking problem you can apply that knowledge to home issues and
relationships. The potential to

Analysis Of Transcanada's Proposed Keystone Xl Pipeline
Introduction TransCanada's proposed Keystone XL pipeline would move oil sands from Canada and
shale oil produced in North Dakota and Montana to Nebraska for further delivery to the Gulf Coast
where many refineries are located. This pipeline would be 875 miles of 36–inch pipe with the
capacity to transport 830,000 barrels per day. Since the pipeline would cross the US border from
Canada to the United States, the pipeline requires a Presidential permit from the state department.
This decision is based on whether the department determines that the project would serve the
nations best interests, which includes environmental impacts. Our main focus coming from the
Keystone XL pipeline is the environmental impacts that come along with it. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The shallow deposits are scooped up by electric shovels and then taken away to separate the
bitumen from the sand. The waste is then dumped into lakes of pollution. When the oil sands are
near the surface it leaves the area completely treeless and when it is harder to extract numerous steps
like, steam plants are required to extract. The tar sands oil that they plan to extract is under the world
largest intact ecosystems. This area is the Boreal forest in Alberta. The Boreal spreads over
continents and many counties. It plays a significant role in the planet's biodiversity and even its
climate. The Boreal represents around 29% of the worlds forest cover and is home to 85 species of
mammals, 130 species of fish, 32,000 species of insects, and 300 species of birds. This forest is not
only an important part of the natural ecosystem but it as serves as an important carbon sink. The
process that goes along with digging up tar sands oil the forests will be destroyed. Since the crude
was discovered in 2000, nearly two million acres of this ecosystem have be clear–cut, and if the
Keystone XL pipeline is approved much more of the forest will be lost. Not only will the world be
losing a precious ecosystem, but it will also lose a significant carbon sink and biodiversity loss.
Pipeline Spills The second major environmental impact that will come from the Keystone XL
pipeline is the chance of

In Developing And Refining The Goals Of A Task Such As
In developing and refining the goals of a task such as the capstone paper, one must ensure he or she
has a clear understanding of the scope of the policy issues at hand, along with how such issues will
assist or impede the progress of the capstone. For help achieving this level of understanding, Eugene
Bardach, in his book A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, outlines an eight–step process by which
one can diagnose the problems with and begin making changes to existing policy. Bardach further
enumerates a number of questions intended to help guide his readers down this eightfold path. By
answering Bardach's questions, I will therefore gain valuable insight into how the agency involved
in my capstone project, the settlement conference ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even the few trial judges that expressed slight misgivings about not hearing their own cases'
settlement conferences admitted that the overall monetary and time savings (if they are indeed
occurring) are far better for the court as a whole. This strong level of support has additionally
prevented any competitors from interfering with the scope of the settlement unit, which has enjoyed
an all but unobstructed assimilation into the court's operations. As a result of the high level of
support behind the settlement unit, its task environment has also remained relatively stable as the
same judges continue to work within the unit and no significant changes have seen implementation.
While the overall budget of the Superior Court of Alameda does continue to face unpredictable
changes, the settlement unit will not likely experience any major disruptions as a result, as this unit
is saving money, not expending unnecessary resources. With the settlement unit's mission and
operating environment thusly defined, I can now make an accurate diagnosis of the problem my
capstone will solve, namely, that no court employees have yet undertaken a formal analysis of the
settlement conference unit. This is problematic for the court because, while the settlement unit
should theoretically save time and money, the court does not know whether such theoretical savings
have manifested themselves. By analyzing the

PHL 458 Complete Class Week 1
PHL 458 Complete Class Week 1 – 5 – All Assignments, Presentations, DQs – A+ Graded Course
Material
Click on the Link Below to Purchase A+ Work for PHL458 http://hwminute.com/downloads/phl–
458–whole–wks–1–5–dqs–assignments–amaterial/ Week 1 Individual Critical Thinking and Society
Exercise
Write 150– to 200 words on each of the following topics:
Describe a situation in which critical and creative thought could have been used for a better
outcome. Describe why it is important to think critically and creatively in similar situations.
Define free will, truth, knowledge, and opinion. Explain how we use them to form thoughts.
Identify three hindrances to the critical thinking process. Determine methods for overcoming these
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Week 5
Learning Team
Persuasive Communication Presentation
Use the issue addressed in your previous Learning Team Activity and Assignment. Select the most
appropriate format to persuade your intended audience of the resolution to your issue. Possible
formats include a political campaign, a city council proposal, an editorial article, a commercial, a
radio–style podcast, a comprehensive political pamphlet, an interactive game, a website, and so
forth. Explain why you chose your format for your intended audience. Create a presentation of your
message as you would present it to your intended audience. Include the following in your
presentation:
Consider possible reasons your audience might reject your ideas. Address anticipated audience
objections to your proposal.
Devise strategies for persuading your audience to accept your proposal and incorporate that
persuasion in your presentation of the message.
Strategically organize your material to deliver your message with the ultimate effect.
Online Campus: Post your Persuasive Communication Presentation in the Main forum to allow your
classmates to review it.
Review the Persuasive Communication Presentation

Risk Analysis in Oil Refining Sector
Topics Covered
Overview of the oil industry Major companies in oil sector & their briefings Some statistics
regarding oil sector in India Challenges faced by the oil sector in India ONGC Limited 1.
Introduction 2. Composition 3. SWOT Analysis of ONGC 4. PEST analysis 5. Matrix showing the
risks
Conclusion References
Overview of the Oil Industry
In current scenario there is one section in economy which is really hot and boiling and it is oil
sector. With crude oil at $146 per barrel and raring to cross $200 per barrel this sector is suddenly
giving sleepless nights to all the major economies of the world & ... Show more content on
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▪ Cairn India Limited ▪ ONGC Limited ▪ Reliance Petroleum Limited ▪ HPCL ▪ Chennai Petroleum
Corporation Limited ▪ Essar Oil
Statistics regarding Oil sector in India
Growing dependence on oil reserves & thus leading to more imports
[pic]
The gap in demand and output will lead India to become No. 1 in Asian continent in imports of oil
& natural gas.
Key challenges/ risks faced by Indian Oil sector
▪ Energy Security
▪ Absence of independent regulatory framework in the upstream industry
▪ Incidence of low price charge due to social obligations
▪ Human Capital Deficit

▪ Worsening Fiscal Terms
▪ Cost Control
▪ Supply Shocks
▪ Climate Concerns
▪ Energy Conservation
▪ Uncontrollable price fluctuations
▪ Risk of fire, sea storms & failure in machinery
Basic diagram of a refinery operation
[pic]
Michael Porter's Five Force Model: [pic] DEGREE OF RIVALRY: MODERATE
The country produced about 37 MMT of crude oil and total crude processing was at 127 MMT.
Thus, 90 MMT of crude oil, representing nearly 70% of the total processing, was imported. The
refining industry is fairly consolidated and the country had a surplus in refining capacity and various
refineries resorted to exports. High spreads between crude oil and products have made exports a
viable option.
A considerable growth in the automobiles sector, both

Current Status Of The Refining Industry Essay
The refining industry is a massive global industry that brings in billions of dollars every year.
Millions of Americans use gasoline and petroleum products in their daily lives but rarely give much
thought to how these fuels get refined, or which states or nations do the majority of the reining.
Even fewer people give thought to the impact that the lack of refineries has on oil–producing states,
and/or oil–rich nations. This research paper examines the current status of the refining industry, the
domestic and global locations of oil refineries, the impact of the aging domestic refineries, as well as
considering if/where the U.S. should build new refineries to keep up with the growing demand. An
analytical look into the status of the refining industry reveals that this billion dollar industry is
relying on aging refineries, why refineries are located where they are and the impact that not having
a refinery has on both oil–producing states (in America) and on oil–rich nations around the globe.
Oil refineries are dispersed throughout the world and throughout the United States, but what makes
one location better suited for a refinery than another? Many refineries are located close to crude oil
production centers such as the Gulf Coast (which has significant volumes of crude oil produced both
onshore and offshore); near destinations for importing crude oil; or near major population centers
where much of the refineries ' output will be needed (e.g., California and the areas near

Rising Gas Prices
No Room Equals Big Bucks There are many different elements that contribute to rising gasoline
prices. The major cause for increasing gasoline prices has to do with refining capacity. Even if oil
were inexpensive, we would still have a problem converting it into the gas that fuels our economy.
That is what keeps the gas prices high. When gas supplies are short, due to an "inability to refine
crude oil into gas efficiently," prices increase. This is a component of supply and demand
economics. In a positive aspect, rising gasoline prices do serve a purpose; they curtail usage so that
we do not eventually run out of fuel. If gasoline continued to retain its cheap price, despite how
much was available, people may pull up to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's like pouring oil into a funnel; a fixed amount will come out the skinny tube no matter how much
oil one pours into the wide opening. Rosenberg presented a puzzling question on this matter: "Why
was the national average for a gallon of gasoline in 2007 $3.25 when a barrel of oil cost $60 and
now that oil is $100 a barrel the price for a gallon of gasoline is $2.80?" (Para 2, Rosenberg). The
answer is consolidation. Consolidation is when two or more companies or corporations merge
together. Consolidation in the refining industry has limited America's refining capabilities. The three
biggest American oil companies ExxonMobile, ConocoPhillips, and ChevronTexaco were once six
individual companies. There was a time when the oil industry was not making an astronomical
amount of profit, like they do now. When they merged, they also bought out some of the smaller
refiners. The top refiners now control more than half of the refining capacity in the United States.
Unfortunately, this has allowed the big oil refiners to tightly control gasoline reserves, thus greatly
affecting availability and prices. Without a competitive market the consumer will continue to suffer
because there is no incentive for big oil refiners to increase refining capacity when there is a
shortage. Spending millions to construct new refineries to produce gasoline faster will only lower
their profit margins. Big oil companies made multi–billion dollar profits in 2005 with

Crude Oil Refining or Petroleum Product Importation: Which...
CRUDE OIL REFINING OR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IMPORTATION: WHICH IS
ECONOMICAL FOR NIGERIA?
ABSTRACT: One of the most crucial challenges facing Nigeria is being able to meet the energy
need of the energy hungry populace; the exponential population growth makes it even more
challenging. The approach adopted to meeting this need has impacted severely on the economy of
the nation as reflected in the year–on–year economic figures. This can be attributed to her choice of
net importer of petroleum products status to the much more economic domestic refining option. This
paper analyses the best economic option between refining crude oil and importing the products in
Nigeria, at the end making probable suggestions.
TABLE OF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the production of 229,008,126 barrels of crude oil and condensates increased in the third
quarter of 2010 with an average of 2.49 million barrels per day of domestic production in recent
years, four refineries of 445,000 b/d refining capacity, the issue of meeting domestic oil demand
should have been substantially addressed. However, with the 0 – 15% refining capacity in 2009[2],
which is often the case over the years, importation became the only available alternative. Hence,
Nigeria though a leading exporter of crude oil in the world is also, ironically, a net importer of
petroleum products.
This paper is divided into four chapters; chapter 2 looks at crude oil refining in Nigeria, offering an
overview and challenges that confronts it. In chapter 3, crude oil refining and petroleum products
economics is examined and chapter 4 looks at the implications of both crude oil refining and
importation vis – à – vis the economy. The chapter 5 concludes the paper with few suggestions as to
what the best economic option should be in meeting the petroleum products demand in Nigeria.
2. CRUDE OIL REFINING IN NIGERIA
2.1OVERVIEW
The petroleum products consumed in Nigeria had been imported from refineries abroad; this
continued even a couple of years after the discovery of crude oil in a commercial quantity in the
country. However, as the demand for the products increased and with the availability of

The Potential Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Oil Industry
The Potential Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Oil Industry Question A Crude price differentials
refer to the differences which are seen in the prices of the different types of crude oil (Oosterman,
2013, para. 2). Sweet crude, such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), tends to be favored over sour
crude as it has a higher yield, requires less refining to meet sulfur content standards, and has fewer
environmental issues (Oosterman, 2013, para. 4). Therefore, the sweet crude tends to have a higher
price compared to other types of crude. If a technological breakthrough occurs, making electric
vehicles popular and cheap to purchase resulting in 50% of consumers switching to electric vehicles
this will have a significant impact on the demand for the gasoline, which would see a decline of
50% (assuming that all consumers use the approximately the same level of fuel). If there is a decline
in the demand for the gasoline, this will result in a demand for the oil used to make the gasoline, as
shown in figure 1 below. If the supply remains the same but the demand decreases the price will
decrease (Nellis and Parker, p119). Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1; Decrease in demand
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../AppData/Local/Temp/scl3.PNG" * MERGEFORMAT (Adapted from
Nellis and Parker, 2006, p27) However, this is the overall position of the oil, as there are some oils
that are in a greater demand than others, it is likely that the price equilibrium will move at a different
rate, as

Sample Essay 1000 Words
My name is Karmele Sagarzazu, I 'm the second of a family of three kids. I was born in a hard
working Venezuelan–Basque family in Caracas, Venezuela. In this application I hope to demonstrate
not only the academic and professional qualifications that make me an exceptional candidate to
XXX University 's Master 's program in Refinery Design and Operation and to your scholarship, but
also the personal characteristics that will allow me to obtain the most from studying at XXX
University.
As mentioned before I was born in Caracas, Venezuela. Aside from traveling abroad on family
vacations, I 've had the opportunity to be exposed to several cultures throughout my life. I lived in
Tegucigalpa, Honduras, for 6 years due to my father 's work; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Beyond the continued technical learning 's, in my years at Inelectra I have learned about work
ethics, working under strict time constraints, visualizing abstract ‎
concepts, and applying concepts to
industrial projects in real time. Additionally, I have also gained an in–depth understanding of the
major production processes of an oil field as well as the main problems that an oil field might face.
My main motivation to apply to the Master program in refining is that I want improve my
knowledge in refinery design and operations. While Venezuela provides excellent opportunities for
undergraduate studies in oil related fields. At the graduate level, we don 't have the diversity of
opportunities and institutions to acquire the necessary knowledge. Given this reality, I would like to
go attend your master program.
Learning doesn 't stop when you graduate it is a process that continues throughout life. I expect that
the knowledge I obtain in the master program will allow me to return home and obtain a job in the
oil sector which would allow me to contribute in improving refining and operation processes. I 'm
also

A Study On Refining Organizational Training Essay
I. INTRODUCTION In today's global economy the role of training employees goes beyond
providing traditional instruction to meet organization training needs. Developing new hires and
managing their full capabilities is at the core front of any organization. This capstone literature
review plan focuses on refining organizational training research, demonstrating an understanding of
current organizational environment and limitations, and how the capstone project can fit in the
global context of training. II. Describe a plan to collect and organize literature that explains the
history of the topic. This capstone project literature review will consist of historic and present
studies of employee training. This capstone project is compiled of literal evidence on employee
training from primary and secondary literal findings. According to Gills and Johnston, (1997) as
cited by Saunders et al., (2007) the fact that, knowledge does not exist in vacuum has made the
researcher visit as much literature on sited research problem. The secondary research is collected
from peer reviewed articles; published books, library, online databases, and validated websites.
There are several theories that the capstone will help future research by in–depth analysis of study
outcome. The capstone focuses on past research work to gain better understanding of the framework
for organizational training. The following Literature Review publications two of three are areas of
strength as it relates to the

Exxon Mobil On The World 's Premier Petroleum And...
Exxon Mobil Corporation is a leading company in the world. It is one of American's best employers
and a world leader for valuable brand products. The company markets and operates products
throughout the U.S. as well as most countries of the world. Exxon Mobil produces several different
products for consumer use. Exxon Mobil is the leader over three different brands: Exxon, Esso, and
Mobil. These three different brands are leading producers in the world's fuels, services and
lubricants for both private and commercial sale. The corporation produces different fuels,
petrochemical materials, and motor lubricants. According to the corporate Exxon Mobil website,
their guiding principles is "Exxon Mobil Corporation is committed to being the world's premier
petroleum and petrochemical company. To that end, we must continuously achieve superior
financial and operating results while simultaneously adhering to high ethical standards." While
Exxon Mobil was founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1882, the history of oil began in 1859 in
Titusville, Pennsylvania by Colonel Edwin Drake and Uncle Billy Smith. Those two men are
credited with drilling the first successful oil well. From that point forward the Standard Oil
Company began and started producing oil related products such as gasoline, engine oils, and other
motor lubricants. As the years progressed, the company began expanding to several locations in
America with different brands such as Esso, Mobil and Exxon. In 1926, the Standard

Oil Refinery in India
Oil Refinery in India
An Industry Overview
 
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 2
GLOBAL VIEW ON REFINING 3
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 4
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 8
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 9
FUTURE OUTLOOK 11
REFERENCES 12
"THE ONCE RELIABLE CONSTANTS HAVE BECOME GALLOPING VARIABLES"
–ALVIN TOFFLER
India the world's seventh largest country and the second most populace nation has been a destination
of unrealized potential. In the recent past it has seen as stir of economic activity changing the prim
face of the nation. The country has had breath taking reforms bringing in foreign direct investments
and foreign institutional investments into the country at a brisk pace. Today India is one of the most
exciting emerging markets in the world to be in. A new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 
Product MMT %
Diesel 40.2 35.9%
Petrol 8.6 7.7%
LPG 10.3 9.2%
Kerosene 9.4 8.4%
FO/LSHS 12.7 11.4%
Naphtha 12.2 10.9%
Bitumen, ATF, Lubes, Solvents 18.5 16.5% 111.9 100%
 
Key Indian Players
Regulatory Framework NELP (New Exploration Licensing Policy) is the new government policy
which is to have a direct impact on the E&P activity in India and an indirect effect on the refining

sector. This is to promote the participation of foreign companies in India and have a check on the on
the rising crude bill. In India one of the major problems is the price control that the government has
over selling end products what this has done in that made refining companies less profitable even
though this is done in the larger interest of the nation. The government is also planning to put in
strategic petroleum reserve but this on paper as of now. For India to sustain its economic growth this
sector is to play a vital role and the government understands this and doing all to liberalize it the
fullest.  
Industry Analysis
This sector has so far been dominated by public sector companies and now is getting a tang of
liberalization. The government has spoken about the export of refined oil products as this provides a
value addition in reducing the oil prices on

Hollyfrontier Case
The HollyFrontier is an independent petroleum refining company located in the United States. The
refinery operations of the company serve the Mid–Continent, Southwest, and Rocky Mountain
regions. The company own and operate five complex refineries which have a combined oil
processing capacity of 443,000 barrels per stream day. The company produces high–value refined
products, such as diesel fuel, gasoline, jet fuel, liquid petroleum gas, fuel oil, specialty lubricant
products (lubricant products include oil and wax), and specialty and modified asphalt. The company
owns and operates complex refineries and supporting infrastructures including warehouses, office
buildings, maintenance shops, laboratories, utility facilities, and waste water plants; ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
HollyFrontier compete with a broad range of refining companies, including multinational oil
companies including Valero Energy Corporation, Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Philips 66
Company, Chevron Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell Corporation, Tesoro Corporation, BP
Corporation, and the biggest competitor Exxon Mobil Corporation with a market share of 16%.
Because of their geographic diversity, larger and more complex refineries, integrated operations and
greater resources, some of the competitors may be better able to withstand volatile market
conditions, to obtain crude oil in times of shortage and to bear the economic risks present in all areas
of the refining industry. HollyFrontier is not engaged in petroleum exploration and production
activities and is not producing any of the crude oil feedstocks at its refineries. Also, the company
does not have a retail business and because of that is dependent upon others for outlets for its refined
products. Certain numbers of HollyFrontier competitors, however, obtain a portion of their
feedstocks from company–owned production and have a retail outlets. Competitors that have their
own production or widespread retail outlets, with brand–name recognition, are at times able to

Oil And Gas Industry : Exploration, Drilling, Refining,...
Cross–Cultural Perspectives
British Petroleum or BP is among the six largest oil and gas companies in the world with a large
multinational presence. BP is a British multinational organization with headquarters in London,
England, and that pursues commercial interests throughout the world. BP has a strong global
presence due to its production and marketing operations in several regions of the world. The global
operations of BP comprise a large geographical area due to the effective vertical integration of the
organization in all sectors of the oil and gas industry. This organization is relatively gigantic as
compared to other organizations of this industry and that is why several stakeholders trust its
viability. BP manages operations in exploration, drilling, refining, production, distribution, and
marketing of oil and oil based products including petroleum products. Although BP is a British
organization, a large portion of the revenue of the company depends on foreign locations. BP relies
on several international regions for achieving strategic objectives including the United States,
Africa, Middle East, and Asia–Pacific. BP faces several cultural issues due to its interactions with
stakeholders in various geographical locations.
The two most important cultural issues that affect BP include diversity management and global
cultural competence. The company has faced several issues with respect to global competence and
the inability of the management to cope with cultural

Nursing Philosophy And Experience Paper
How My Nursing Philosophy and Experience Will Continue Evolving and Refining Through the
Program A philosophy refers to a set of values, attitudes, and beliefs that an individual or group
have. I think my nursing philosophy and experience will continue developing and refining through
this nursing program by reviewing philosophical persuasions that include realism, idealism,
existentialism, and experimentalism. The program provides a platform of exercising the persuasions,
therefore, helping in the development of my nursing philosophy. This program helps in evaluating
the philosophical categories that assist in utilizing the knowledge they offer, therefore changing the
philosophy of an individual, improve its development and refinement. Alpers,

Refining Solution Paper
Refining Solution Problem
As with any other major purchase, to be satisfied, a person must invest time and determination to
identify the best opportunity before handing over his or her hard–earned cash. You haven't divulged
the particulars of your situation or budget, but there are some general guidelines to keep in mind. In
this paper, the individual will discuss the original issues, initial solution, and the critical examination
of the best solution. Also do an evaluation of the argument and revise the argument to come up with
a better solution to the problem (University of Phoenix, 2013). As a final point I will refine the
solution with an implementation plan and the come up with a final solution to the problem.
First, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refined solution with implementation plan but I still had to make a decision whether or not I wanted
to go through a dealership or private, and whether to finance the car or pay cash for the car. My plan
is to purchase a small compact car so that I will be able to save gas. A car that is the right size for a
family of three and that did not require any maintenance for a couple of years. I had to plan and look
at the total cost for repairs if there was work that needed to be done and how much gas it take to run
the car. My final solution was to get a small compact car and pay the car off in full so that I will not
have to worry about paying a car note.
In conclusion, the individual discussed the original issues, initial solution, and the critical
examination of the best solution. Also evaluated the argument and revised the argument to come up
with a better solution to the problem. As a final point I refined the solution with an implementation
plan and the final solution. As people know the process of buying a car for the first time can be a
tough decision to come up with a solution to because been young and trying to maintain a good life
is not easy. Further than deliberate and remaining inside his or her financial plan, the strategic to
happiness is finding a car that will encounter the requirements now, and

Essay about Hbs Case Study
Midland Resources 1. How are Mortensen's estimates of Midland's costs of capital used? How, if at
all, should these anticipated uses affect the calculations? The cost of capital is the minimum
acceptable rate of return for new investments in the corporation. Estimates of Midland's cost of
capital are used in many analysis within Midland, including asset appraisal for both capital
budgeting and financial accounting, performance assessments, M&A proposals, and stock
repurchase decisions. These estimates are used at the divison or the business unit level and also on
the corporate level. When asses the cost of capital on different levels of business, managers must
invest in new ventures that have an expected rate of return higher than ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Should Midland use a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in all of
its divisions? Why or why not? Each division has different business operations which has different
risks. 4. Compute a separate cost of capital for the E&P and Marketing & Refining divisions. What
causes them to differ from one another? Assume the business is on–going for a long period of time.
We use 4.98% rate as Rf from 30 years U.S. Treasury bond. Rd=Rf+Spread to Treasury Cost of
Debt:: E&P: Rd=4.98%+1.60%=6.5 ,8% Refining & Marketing: Rd=4.98%+1.80%=6.78% Cost of
Equity: For EMRP, Midland adopted the estimate of 5.0%. We assume the Beta for Exploration &
Production and Refining & Marketing is the average of the companies listed in Exhibit 5, which are
1.15 and 1.20, respectively. We also ass`ume the company's Beta is the weighted average of the
three operations an assets level, which is 1.25. Then the Beta for Petrochemicals is calculated to be
1.91 Exploration & Production: Re=4.98%+1.15(5%) =10.73% Defining & Marketing:
Re=4.98%+1.20(5%) =10.98% WACC: Exploration & Production: WACC=6.58%*46.0 %*( 1–
40%) +10.73 %*( 1–46.0%) =7.61% Refining & Marketing: WACC=6.78%*31.0 %*( 1–40%)
+10.98 %*( 1–31.0%)

[Fossil fuels are expected to continue supplying much of...
[Fossil fuels are expected to continue supplying much of the energy used worldwide. Although
liquid fuels–mostly petroleum–based–remain the largest source of energy, the liquids share of world
marketed energy consumption falls from 34 percent in 2010 to 28 percent in 2040, as projected high
world oil prices lead many energy users to switch away from liquid fuels when feasible.
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/more_highlights.cfm]
Competition
Drilling
Price Competition In the gas and oil drilling industry price competition isn't as high as you would
think for numerous reasons. Within the industry it is very monopolistic. In a recent energy article
titled Energy Efficiency: May the Cheapest Fuel Win it states that the industry as a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were then joined by Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria,
Ecuador, Gabon and Angola. Recently though Ecuador,Indonesia, and Gabon have suspended or
terminated their membership http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm. The mission of
the OPEC is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries and ensure the
stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum
to consumers, a steady income to producers and a fair return on capital for those investing in the
petroleum industry"http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/23.htm. "Fair return on capital for
those investing" is a huge understatement being that the average ROI of these countries is way over
fair being that they control over 65% of the worlds oil reserves
http://www.api.org/aboutoilgas/upload/oilprimer.pdf. This is where the competitiveness and
disagreeing start between OPEC and Non–OPEC in that Non–OPEC do not agree with OPEC's
stockpile of crude oil not being released to the market. This forces Non–OPEC countries to produce
and sell their barrels at full capacity. This is a problem because once production is slowed down and
a shortage occurs the bargaining power of the

Indian Oil Industry Is The Backbone Of A Modern Economy
The oil refining industry is the backbone of a modern economy (Senevirante, 2006). Refined
petroleum product remain fundamental to our economic life – in everybody's daily life and
economic activities of a nation (Wauquier and Favennec, 2001) ranging from domestic cooking to
transportation, employment, etc. In terms of the refining capacity India ranks eighth in the world
(U.S. EIA 2009). The private sector owns about 38% of total capacity while the public sector owns
the rest. End of 2013, India has 4.35 million bbl/day of refining capacity, making it the second
largest refiner in Asia after china. There are projections that there would be an increase in the
refining capacity to 6.3 million bbl/day by the year 2017. Indian oil Corporation Limited is the
major company which controls most of the refineries in India. In total there are 22 refineries in
India. The total refining capacity of India has increased from 175.9 Million metric tons (MMT) in
2007 to 215.06 Million metric tons (MMT) in the year 2014. Reliance industries a private owned
petroleum company has the largest refining complex in the world and it is located in Gujarat in
India. It has a capacity of 1.24 million barrels per day. Based on the current proposed growth and
projections India plans to add 1.6 million bbl/day of refining capacity by the end of 2015. India is
steadily emerging as an international destination for oil refining as the investment is less compared
to other Asian counterparts. According to

Zipcar: Refining the Business Model
Zipcar Case
Case Analysis Template
Reading: Zipcar: Refining The Business Model
Who: Robin Chase, CEO and Co–Founder of Zipcar
Immediate Issue/Problem Being Faced:
Zipcar needs additional funding if it hopes to survive and expand. In order to gain additional
funding they would have to bring in there best arguements to why they should be funded by outside
investors. On pages 1 and 11 it states that Chase needs to work on a pitch that will get investors to
invest. In other words, she needs to look at revising the current business model so investors will
want to buy in.
Basic Issues:
Lack Of Experience with start ups and cars has led many investors to dismiss them.
Overhead is growing faster then she anticipated, parking and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2. Pros: Reduction of expenses may lead to the profitable operation. And improvement in
technology will made the business process smoothly and increase the customer satisfaction level.
Pilot approach in developing market helps save costs and accumulate experiences. Finally, letting
the person go as quickly as possible will cut the losses of zipcar.
Cons: The is difficulty in carry out this approach. And it takes long time. The investors cannot see
the good performance of Zipcar immediately. Then it will increase the difficulty of raising fund.
3. Pros: Dissipate suspicion of management's qualification. Then investors will have more
confidence of zipcar. Use their good performance to persuade investors to do more investment.
Cons: There will be more risk in developing market in such a high speed.
Selection of Preferred Alternative:
The second alternative is preferred. Though alternative three is good and in time to persuade the
investors to invest more money, it is more risky. Alternative two is perfect in solving zipcar's current
problems and improves the company's operation performance.
Assumptions: * One assumption with alternative two would be that gas expenses stay favorable with

the amount of money invested into that portion. * Anything can go wrong with a vehicle, so if you
were going to go with this alternative, you may not be

The Effect Of Process Parameters On Microstructure And...
EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS AND Cr ADDITION ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND
HARDNESS OF SURFACE MODIFIED HIGH CARBON STEEL
Arun Sreenivasan1*, R. Sellamuthu2
1*DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, AMRITA VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM,
COIMBATORE, 641112, arunsreeniz@gmail.com
2DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, AMRITA VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM,
COIMBATORE, 641112, r_sellamuthu@cb.amrita.edu
Abstract
The effect of process parameters on microstructure and hardness of High Carbon Steel (HCS)
surface modified with Cr has been investigated in this study. Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) was used as
the heat source for surface modification process. The Carl Zeiss metallurgical optical microscope
was used for the microstructural evaluation and Vicker's microhardness tester ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Surface modification process involves melting the surface of a substrate with an appropriate heat
source and allowing it to cool so that a modified layer forms upon solidification. The so formed
modified layer exhibits improved surface properties which can be utilized for the industrial
applications
Researches were conducted on the effect of surface modification process on various steels and are as
follows. Eroglu.M and Zdemir.N.O (2002) conducted a study on low carbon steel using Tungsten
Inert Gas surface alloying. They showed that surface alloying increased the hardness as well as wear
resistance of the alloy. Suleiman et.al. (2013) observed the effect of laser surface melting on the
microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon steel. A fine structure was observed on the
laser surface melted layer and they attributed this to the fast cooling rate after surface melting.
Marek (2003) investigated the Laser surface alloying of medium carbon steel and found that the
cavitation erosion resistance increased due to surface alloying. Kwok.C.T et.al. (2006) observed an
increase in hardness on tool steels by laser surface melting process. Shunsuke Yagi et.al. (2008) used
Alternating Pulsed Electrolysis for alloying Fe–Cr to the carbon steel surface. Dyuti.S et.al. (2010)
observed an enormous increase in mechanical properties of mild steel by surface modification
technique. Babu.P.D et.al (2012) showed a significant increase in surface

Chalcopyrite Synthesis Lab Report
The process of extraction of copper varies depending of what ore, copper is being extracted from.
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is a sulphide ore and it is one the most common ores of copper. The process
of extracting copper from chalcopyrite is a quite complex procedure in which both physical and
chemical processes are involved.
As chalcopyrite is around 0.5% copper and 99.5% "unwanted rocky material", the first step to
extract copper from chalcopyrite is to increase the concentration of copper in the ore to high enough
levels by getting rid of as much of the 'unwanted rocky material'. This can be done by a physical
process called 'froth flotation'.
The process of 'froth flotation' is quite simple and requires little energy. The process is as follows:
1. The ore is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A substance is added to the crushed ore. This substance attaches only to the metal compound
particles and gives them a hydrophobic (water repellent) property. For copper, this substance is often
pine oil.
3. The ore is then put into a large bath containing water and a foaming agent. Air is blown inside to
make bubbles.
4. Because the compound's particles are hydrophobic, the bubbles will be able to catch them and
bring them afloat where they can flow out from the bath while the unwanted rocky material stays in
the bath.
5. The ore now contains around 30% copper and it is ready to be smelted. This ore is called
"concentrated ore"
Once the ore has been concentrated it is put inside a furnace where it is mixed with sand and
oxygen. The temperature inside the furnace is risen up to around 1000oC and oxygen is blown
inside. Due to the intense heat inside the furnace, the following things happen:
 The copper(II) ions in the chalcopyrite are reduced to copper(I) sulphide
 The iron in the chalcopyrite reacts with the sand and it is converted into an iron (II) silicate slag
which floats on the copper (I) sulphide and is discarded.
 Most of the sulphur in the chalcopyrite is converted into sulphur dioxide

How External Factors And The Economic Environment Affect...
All businesses, including those found in the engineering industry (e.g. 'Britannia refined metals'),
need to pay attention to factors outside of the organisation, which are beyond their control. These
factors can potentially have a large impact on business – thus, enforcing the need for management
and control measures regarding such external influences.
The recognised acronym which spells P.E.S.T.L.E (political, economic, social, technological, legal
and ethical/ environmental) highlights some of the key contributing external factors which can affect
a business directly or indirectly. Proactive analysis and solutions to each external factor found in the
acronym can prevent unwanted outcomes and potential 'pests' for any organisation.
(P4) Explain how external factors and the economic environment affect the way in which an
engineering company operates.
Britannia refined metals (BRM) operates on a single site which manufactures/ refines metals such as
lead and silver (base and precious metals) for various different customers. The company is a wholly
owned subsidiary of Glencore plc. – One of the world's largest natural resource companies with
production and trading facilities located worldwide, supplying metals, minerals, crude oil and
related products. Due to the large scale of operation, the following external influences must be
considered by Glencore– as well as Britannia metals;
Political
Political factors affecting business are of a paramount importance, as aspects

Australian Institute of Petroleum
Australian Institute of Petroleum – Submission to the Inquiry into Australia's Oil Refinery Industry
 Global market refining trends 1. "Global oil production will continue to grow as conventional
supplies are increasingly complemented by unconventional sources to meet demand. Physical
production limits (so‐called 'peak oil') are unlikely to be reached before 2035." 2. Asian excess
supply capacity "this excess refining capacity helps provide a buffer against unexpected demand or
supply shocks" "surplus capacity does, however, place competitive pressures on refineries globally,
and there will remain a risk of further rationalization in the Australian refining industry as
Australia's relatively small refineries continue to struggle to compete against mega‐refineries in
Asia." 3. Structural change in refining Based on the IEA's latest Medium Term Market Outlook
(October 2012), structural change is largely the market response to: Excess capacity in Asia and
Middle East changing demand patterns and the makeup of the demand‐barrel (including due to fuel
efficiency) New sources of supply including unconventional supplies Shifts in regional storage,
distribution and trade. In the context of a global surplus of refining capacity, weak demand and tight
refining margins, refiners are lowering refinery utilization (as they have done globally to historically
low levels) and are closing more marginal refineries. Refinery rationalization since the GFC in 2008
has been, and

The Effects of Fracking on the Environment Essay
While it is true "fracking", a procedure to obtain natural gas removal from shale formations, it is
also true there have been infrastructure security issues associated with this practice. Furthermore,
there have been ecological considerations from fracking brought to the forefront by countless
environmentalists. Indeed, hydraulic fracturing, as it is referred to, is a process by which shale gas
and oil is uprooted from a depth far below the earth's exterior. The process of extracting shale gas
and oil is employed aggressively while water is forced deep beneath the earth surface through a
geological arrangement. From this arrangement, oil and gas is exerted back to the earth's surface.
Moreover, once the hydraulic fracturing process is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where this agreement usually ends, however, is with the question of quality control refining
processes from my viewpoint. Anotherwords, what control measures are enforced to ensure all
contaminants are entirely removed to guarantee a high level of quality assurance and security of the
petroleum sectors within the nation's infrastructures? Are there residual contaminants affecting the
quality of fuel supplied to the nation's energy consumers? From a preceding viewpoint, it can be
related to the Colorado Floods that occurred in September 2013. Even the prevailing thought of
hazardous waste introduced to the Colorado geographical landscape does not eliminate the second
and third order affects imposed on the nation's petroleum pipeline infrastructure by way of
corrosion, introducing chemicals into the pipeline arteries through small cracks that may extend
beyond Colorado, an implication that cannot be ruled out. Water contamination prevention–or across
the board programs–from the negative effect of hydraulic fracturing should be an expectation from
petroleum energy producers. Moreover, it reminds us of an infrastructure security vulnerability,
which is not often specified, when hydraulic fracturing is correlated to the role water functions
through the conventional petroleum refining process, along with vast arrays of petroleum pipelines
that exist across the nation's geographical landscapes. These concerns should be brought

Personal Narrative: Refining My Writing Skills
Refining My Writing Skills According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary the word refine is a verb
that means "to improve (something) by making small changes". This word perfectly describes my
goals as an out of practice writer and new college student. In order to make improvements as a
writer a person must be willing to make mistakes. They must be open and accepting of any feedback
whether it is negative or positive. After all, you cannot refine your skills and become a better writer
if you aren't willing to take the bad with the good and learn from your mistakes. My first assignment
as a college student was to write a self–evaluation paper explaining my experiences as a writer. It
had been quite a while since I had written a paper. Almost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I try to sum up with bits and pieces from my thesis to bring my paper to a close. However, I never
feel confident with how it sounds. In my own opinion, most of the time the conclusion sounds
rushed. I have researched ideas to help with this problem. I found a helpful tip from Lester Faigley's
textbook that I will utilize for writing conclusions in the future. "Restating your thesis usually isn't
the best way to finish; conclusions that offer only summary bore readers. The worst endings say
something like "in my paper I've said this." Effective conclusions are interesting and provocative,
leaving readers with something to think about." (Faigley–71) This information will be very useful
when I write future

Industry Analysis : Tesoro Corporation Essay
Industry Description
Tesoro Corporation operates in the Oil and Gas Refining and Marketing sector within the United
States. This is actually a sub–industry, making up ten percent of Oil, Gas, and Consumable Fuels,
which is–generally speaking–one of several sectors of the energy industry. The industry codes for
Petroleum Refining are 2911 (SIC) and 324110 (NAICS). The way firms generate revenue in this
industry is by purchasing crude oil for a low price, refining it, and then selling the product for a
higher price, primarily at gas stations to customers who drive passenger cars (Figure 1). The refining
operations are known as "upstream" processes, while the marketing portion of the firm is its
"downstream" operation. Tesoro does not actually proceed so far "upstream" that they actually drill
for oil, however.
In petroleum refining and marketing, firms' costs and profits are very dependent on the price of
crude oil, and incumbent companies generally own a great deal of capital equipment (refineries and
gas stations). Tesoro has six of its own refineries, all located in the western United States, with a
total capacity of 850,000 barrels per day. Barrels per day is an important metric in this industry; one
barrel is equal to 42 gallons. The largest market share in this industry belongs to ExxonMobil, a firm
that operates 30 refineries worldwide and refines 5.3 million barrels daily. Tesoro Corporation buys
crude oil from both foreign and domestic sources called

Refining Solutions Paper
Refining Solutions
Meghan L Adams
PHL/458
July 16, 2013
David Boswell
Refining Solutions
There are a number of solutions that can be reviewed to solve most any problem and most require a
touch of creative or critical thinking. William Hughes once said, "If we are not prepared to think for
ourselves, and to make the effort to learn how to do this well, we will always be in danger of
becoming slaves to the ideas and values of others due to our own ignorance." This quote is one that
can be considered as individuals encounter issues or problems. This paper will discuss the solutions
initially considered to resolve the problem of understaffing at a place of employment, and how these
resolutions can be further honed to provide the best ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been determined that the best potential solution for the issue of understaffing would be to
cross train the existing employees.
Examination of Best Solution
Cross training can be defined as, "To undergo or provide training in different tasks or skills" ("Cross
Training," 2013). Cross training can provide the most well rounded employees, thus creating more
potential for productivity in a business. By cross training there is also more potential for employees
to fill in for other area or department when necessary, thus reducing the possible downtime that a
company or vendor may experience. Cross training has many benefits to the employee as well as the
employer and company.
Evaluation of the Argument
Cross training can eliminate the need to hire an additional person to fill the role and job required,
which also reduces the cost of labor. The existing employees may require a slight adjustment to their
pay on the days that they are utilized in an "out of normal" job role, but this is minute compared to
the potential of adding an additional salary. These persons who are cross trained also are able to
become more mobile as they are now able to transfer amongst the sites in which they are needed.
This also allows for the person who are cross trained to become familiar with

Entrepreneurship : A Worldwide Economic Driver Essay
As a worldwide economic driver, entrepreneurship adds real value through the creation of new jobs
and the production of innovative products and services. In today 's business environment, the
concept of entrepreneurship has gained immense importance as the entrepreneurs have
revolutionized the way businesses carry on their operations to compete effectively. Entrepreneurs
are individuals who are willing to risk everything in order to create innovative products or services
that will fulfil the many needs of the people. In summary, entrepreneurship promotes the generation
of money and wealth through the creation of products, services and/or startup companies. One good
entrepreneur from the nineteenth century and the twentieth century, and considered the wealthiest
American who ever lived, was John D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company,
Inc. in 1870. The company grew so much that at his peak, he controlled 90 percent of oil. His
company was at the heart of the American petroleum revolution and its industry dominance led to
the creation of anti–trust legislation and fair competition laws. This research paper will cover the
startup, success, and birth and growth of John Rockefeller's company.
John D. Rockefeller first started saving money when he was a 12–year–old. He had saved 50 dollars
from working for his neighbors and raising some animals for his mother. He then loaned his 50
dollars to a farmer at an interest of 7% a year. When he got paid back by the

What Are The Advantages Of Mechanical Pulping
Mechanical pulping is typically used for softwood.One of the advantages of mechanical pulping is it
has a great yield around 95% from dry weight of input material,however it requires great energy,
because the resulted paper are opaque, weaker and easily to discoloration with the exposure to the
light.The mechanical pulps are more weaker than the chemical pulps, however it ia more cheaper to
produce (about 50% of the costs of chemical pulp). Moreover, they gives the yield with the ranging
of 85–95%24.
Many methods used in mechanical pulping, the earliest method is groundwood process. This method
is pressed length wise against a rough, revolving grinding stone. Another process, refiner
mechanical pulp (RMP) utilizes chips are shredded into fibers between large rotating disks of a
device called a refiner. The objective of refining are to increase contact area of cell wall through
increasing flexibility and the second to increase the total surface area of fiberavaiable for bonding
through fibrillitation the external surface
The basic RMP process has evolved to employ thermal and/or chemical presoftening of the chips,
which reduces energy use and modifies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The weaker paper or paperboard is one of the resulted damage from the fibers separated
mechanically. However, this process resulted the yield of paper per unit volume of wood is still
greater than that produced by chemical pulping, because since both lignin and cellulose fibers
remain intact. The Pulp yields from all of the mechanical pulping processes typically are near 90 to
95 percent recovery, which is a much higher yield per unit of wood than with the chemical pulping
methods because of the retention of lignin. However, paper made from mechanical pulp is
discoloured and becomes brittle with age because of its lignin content, which results in a shorter
useful life than paper made from chemical

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mechanical Pulping
Mechanical pulping is typically used for softwood.One of the advantages of mechanical pulping is it
has a great yield around 95% from dry weight of input material,however it requires great energy,
because the resulted paper are opaque, weaker and easily to discoloration with the exposure to the
light.The mechanical pulps are more weaker than the chemical pulps, however it ia more cheaper to
produce (about 50% of the costs of chemical pulp). Moreover, they give the yield with the ranging
from 85–95%24.
Many methods used in mechanical pulping, the earliest method is groundwood process. This method
is pressed length wise against a rough, revolving grinding stone. Another process, refiner
mechanical pulp (RMP) utilizes chips are shredded into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chemical thermomechanical pulping involves treating softwood chips with mild sulfite solutions to
modify the lignin and partially delignify the wood prior to grinding in a refiner. High tear resistant
paper is resulted from "sulfonation" treatment compare with thermomechanical, refiner, or stone–
ground pulps. Chemical thermomechanical pulping results the decreasing of pulp yields between 85
to 90%, however, these yields are still higher than chemical pulping (40 to 56 %). Chemical
thermomechanical pulping is commonly used for manufacture printing & writing papers, tissue and
packaging boards
Alkaline and peroxide are commonly used in Chemical thermomechanical pulping. The Alkaline
peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) gives had several advantages, such as give a good pulp
quality, eliminate a bleach plant, and energy savings compare to the conventional chemical
thermomechanical pulping process. Therefore, APMP is a good pulping method for low–density
hardwoods such as for aspen and eucalyptus28,

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