SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 16
HRM OUTRSOURCING :
MAKE OR BUY DECESION
Presented By:
Lia Borsha Gomes
Contents of presentation
 Outsourcing
 Four Stages Process Make or Buy Decision
 Five competitive force driving organizations to outsource HR
activities
 Rationales for outsourcing
 Positive and negative outcomes of outsourcing
 Conclusion
Four Stages Process Make or Buy Decision
Planning
Stage
Evaluation
Stage
Analyzing
Performance
Stage
Selecting
Stage
Planning Stage
Assess Risks
Senior Management & Employee Announcement
Appoint the Project Team
Choose Independent advisor
Choose the project leader
Evaluation Stage
 Evaluate Implication on Company’s Strategy
 Determine Core Competences
 Define Motive, Objective, Scope
Analyzing Performance Stage
 Measure Current and Future Costs
 Measure Current and Future
Performance
Selecting Stage
 Define Organization Needs
 Engage the Market place
 Prepare and Deliver Request of Proposal (RFP)
Fivecompetitive force driving organizations to outsource HR activities
Downsizing
Rapid Growth or Decline
Globalization
Increased Competition
Restructuring
Rationales for outsourcing
Strategic Reasons for
outsourcing
Operational/ Tactical
Reasons for Outsourcing
Strategic rationales for outsourcing
Innovations and economies of scale in HR technology used
by outside vendors
 Gain access to world class capabilities
 Get access to resources that are not available internally
 Improve customer satisfaction
 Increase Flexibility
 Sharing Risk
Operational rationales for outsourcing
 Innovations and economies of scale in HR technology used by
outside vendors
 Time sensitive issues better handled by outsourcing
 Reduce control cost and operating cost
 Improve performance
 Outsourcing reduce liability and risk in legally sensitive HR
activities
 Ability to manage functions that are out of control
 Efficient vendor management practices drive costs down
more
than economies of scale
 Specialized vendors offer activities as their core business and
strategy focus
 Lower HR costs
 Higher Service Quality
 Redeployment of Internal HR Expertise
 Enhanced Credibility of HR Function
 Improve economy
 Risk and Uncertainty Absorption by HR Vendor
Positive outcomes of outsourcing
Negative outcomes of outsourcing
 Significant Cost Savings not always Experienced
 Vendor Switching Cost
 Long Term Vendor Contracts
 Disruption of Firms Culture
 Removal or Distancing of HR Function from Employees
Conclusion
 Determination whether to manage HR activities internally
or to buy them from an outside logistics provider
involves both qualitative and quantitative factors.
 Qualitative considerations include service quality and
the necessity for long-run business relationships with
subcontractors. Quantitative factors deal with cost.
 Thank You All….

More Related Content

What's hot

Paramount Search Partners
Paramount Search PartnersParamount Search Partners
Paramount Search Partnersjjmcdermott
 
Trimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management Strategies
Trimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management StrategiesTrimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management Strategies
Trimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management StrategiesGeorge Varghese
 
Credit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivables
Credit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivablesCredit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivables
Credit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivablesNAFCU Services Corporation
 
Decision Making for Managers
Decision Making for ManagersDecision Making for Managers
Decision Making for ManagersReema
 
Tips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID Times
Tips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID TimesTips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID Times
Tips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID TimesWitmer Health | i-calQ | Elado
 
Vendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto Series
Vendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto SeriesVendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto Series
Vendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto SeriesContinuity Control
 
Operational Risk: Marketing and sales risks
Operational Risk: Marketing and sales risksOperational Risk: Marketing and sales risks
Operational Risk: Marketing and sales risksIgnacio Reclusa
 
Return On Investment Cons
Return On Investment ConsReturn On Investment Cons
Return On Investment ConsSarah_netedge
 
Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?
Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?
Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?EDR
 
Outsourcing decisions final
Outsourcing decisions finalOutsourcing decisions final
Outsourcing decisions finalPrithvi Ghag
 
Functional allocation
Functional allocationFunctional allocation
Functional allocationrheuermann
 
Organisational appraisal dr pramila patil
Organisational appraisal dr pramila patilOrganisational appraisal dr pramila patil
Organisational appraisal dr pramila patilShriram Patil
 
Benchmarking For Best Practice
Benchmarking For Best PracticeBenchmarking For Best Practice
Benchmarking For Best PracticeMichael Barger
 

What's hot (20)

3a 4 Expectations Of Stake Holders
3a   4  Expectations Of Stake Holders3a   4  Expectations Of Stake Holders
3a 4 Expectations Of Stake Holders
 
Benchmarking
BenchmarkingBenchmarking
Benchmarking
 
Stakeholder Mapping
Stakeholder MappingStakeholder Mapping
Stakeholder Mapping
 
Paramount Search Partners
Paramount Search PartnersParamount Search Partners
Paramount Search Partners
 
Audit ratings
Audit ratingsAudit ratings
Audit ratings
 
Trimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management Strategies
Trimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management StrategiesTrimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management Strategies
Trimming the fat - Traditional Vs. Strategic Cost Management Strategies
 
Credit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivables
Credit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivablesCredit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivables
Credit Control: Best practices for outsourcing receivables
 
Decision Making for Managers
Decision Making for ManagersDecision Making for Managers
Decision Making for Managers
 
Tips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID Times
Tips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID TimesTips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID Times
Tips for Small Business Owners For staying afloat financially during COVID Times
 
Bm intro 2019
Bm intro 2019Bm intro 2019
Bm intro 2019
 
Vendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto Series
Vendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto SeriesVendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto Series
Vendor Management - Compliance Checklist Manifesto Series
 
Operational Risk: Marketing and sales risks
Operational Risk: Marketing and sales risksOperational Risk: Marketing and sales risks
Operational Risk: Marketing and sales risks
 
Return On Investment Cons
Return On Investment ConsReturn On Investment Cons
Return On Investment Cons
 
Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?
Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?
Vendor Management Best Practices: Is Your Program Up to Par?
 
Outsourcing decisions final
Outsourcing decisions finalOutsourcing decisions final
Outsourcing decisions final
 
Functional allocation
Functional allocationFunctional allocation
Functional allocation
 
Organisational appraisal dr pramila patil
Organisational appraisal dr pramila patilOrganisational appraisal dr pramila patil
Organisational appraisal dr pramila patil
 
Benchmarking For Best Practice
Benchmarking For Best PracticeBenchmarking For Best Practice
Benchmarking For Best Practice
 
Workshop A: Pragmatic benefits realisation management
Workshop A: Pragmatic benefits realisation managementWorkshop A: Pragmatic benefits realisation management
Workshop A: Pragmatic benefits realisation management
 
Benchmarking for Superior Performance
Benchmarking for Superior PerformanceBenchmarking for Superior Performance
Benchmarking for Superior Performance
 

Similar to HRM OUTRSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECESION

HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION
HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION
HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION lia borsha
 
Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000
Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000
Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000Kazia Ahmed
 
Outsourcing: Issues & Technicalities
Outsourcing: Issues & TechnicalitiesOutsourcing: Issues & Technicalities
Outsourcing: Issues & TechnicalitiesElijah Ezendu
 
HR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market Report
HR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market ReportHR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market Report
HR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market ReportCharles Bedard
 
Outsourcing concept, goals and objectives
Outsourcing concept, goals and objectivesOutsourcing concept, goals and objectives
Outsourcing concept, goals and objectivesKaustubh Vartak
 
Ch&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&Ops
Ch&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&OpsCh&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&Ops
Ch&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&OpsThibault Le Pomellec
 
Demand Organisation 2010
Demand Organisation 2010Demand Organisation 2010
Demand Organisation 2010Robin Adriaans
 
Point of View on Demand Organisation Development
Point of View on Demand Organisation DevelopmentPoint of View on Demand Organisation Development
Point of View on Demand Organisation DevelopmentMarjolein Dijkshoorn
 
Rationale for Outsourcing
Rationale for OutsourcingRationale for Outsourcing
Rationale for OutsourcingUPES Dehradun
 
Lecture Slides 12 01 08
Lecture Slides 12 01 08Lecture Slides 12 01 08
Lecture Slides 12 01 08danie158
 
HRD Challengesand Outsourcing
HRD Challengesand OutsourcingHRD Challengesand Outsourcing
HRD Challengesand OutsourcingRajan Neupane
 

Similar to HRM OUTRSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECESION (20)

HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION
HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION
HRM OUTSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECISION
 
IT Outsourcing
IT OutsourcingIT Outsourcing
IT Outsourcing
 
Out sourcing
Out sourcingOut sourcing
Out sourcing
 
Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000
Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000
Human resourcesoutsourcingpresentation 000
 
Outsourcing- MBA/ MBS- Masters level
Outsourcing- MBA/ MBS- Masters levelOutsourcing- MBA/ MBS- Masters level
Outsourcing- MBA/ MBS- Masters level
 
Hro
HroHro
Hro
 
Outsourcing: Issues & Technicalities
Outsourcing: Issues & TechnicalitiesOutsourcing: Issues & Technicalities
Outsourcing: Issues & Technicalities
 
HR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market Report
HR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market ReportHR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market Report
HR Fractional HR Services for the Mid-Market Report
 
Quality 1 40
Quality 1 40Quality 1 40
Quality 1 40
 
Outsourcing concept, goals and objectives
Outsourcing concept, goals and objectivesOutsourcing concept, goals and objectives
Outsourcing concept, goals and objectives
 
Ch&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&Ops
Ch&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&OpsCh&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&Ops
Ch&cie_HR transformation teaser_IT&Ops
 
Current Trend in HR Outsourcing
Current Trend in HR OutsourcingCurrent Trend in HR Outsourcing
Current Trend in HR Outsourcing
 
Erp (Re) Implementation
Erp (Re) ImplementationErp (Re) Implementation
Erp (Re) Implementation
 
Demand Organisation 2010
Demand Organisation 2010Demand Organisation 2010
Demand Organisation 2010
 
Point of View on Demand Organisation Development
Point of View on Demand Organisation DevelopmentPoint of View on Demand Organisation Development
Point of View on Demand Organisation Development
 
Rationale for Outsourcing
Rationale for OutsourcingRationale for Outsourcing
Rationale for Outsourcing
 
Lecture Slides 12 01 08
Lecture Slides 12 01 08Lecture Slides 12 01 08
Lecture Slides 12 01 08
 
HRM_EVALUATION.pptx
HRM_EVALUATION.pptxHRM_EVALUATION.pptx
HRM_EVALUATION.pptx
 
HRD Challengesand Outsourcing
HRD Challengesand OutsourcingHRD Challengesand Outsourcing
HRD Challengesand Outsourcing
 
Outsourcing
OutsourcingOutsourcing
Outsourcing
 

More from manarat international university

Causes of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale Company
Causes of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale CompanyCauses of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale Company
Causes of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale Companymanarat international university
 

More from manarat international university (15)

HRM practices in NCC Bank ltd.
HRM practices in NCC Bank ltd.HRM practices in NCC Bank ltd.
HRM practices in NCC Bank ltd.
 
Compensation practice
Compensation practiceCompensation practice
Compensation practice
 
Causes of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale Company
Causes of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale CompanyCauses of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale Company
Causes of Employee Turnover of any Kind of small Scale Company
 
Financial Performance Analysis of FSIBL
Financial Performance Analysis of  FSIBLFinancial Performance Analysis of  FSIBL
Financial Performance Analysis of FSIBL
 
Crime and it's remidies
Crime and it's remidiesCrime and it's remidies
Crime and it's remidies
 
Rohiga problem
Rohiga problemRohiga problem
Rohiga problem
 
Training & Development Of Banglalink Telecom
Training & Development  Of Banglalink Telecom Training & Development  Of Banglalink Telecom
Training & Development Of Banglalink Telecom
 
FDI Inflow & It’s impact of the Bangladesh Economy
FDI Inflow &  It’s impact of the  Bangladesh EconomyFDI Inflow &  It’s impact of the  Bangladesh Economy
FDI Inflow & It’s impact of the Bangladesh Economy
 
Ransomware ( Billion dollar crime)
Ransomware ( Billion dollar crime)Ransomware ( Billion dollar crime)
Ransomware ( Billion dollar crime)
 
Expectation becomes a reality
Expectation becomes a realityExpectation becomes a reality
Expectation becomes a reality
 
Rampal Power Station
Rampal Power StationRampal Power Station
Rampal Power Station
 
Mudaraba ( Islamic Banking's one most important term)
Mudaraba ( Islamic Banking's one most important term)Mudaraba ( Islamic Banking's one most important term)
Mudaraba ( Islamic Banking's one most important term)
 
Corporate Icon Exploring Ourselves
Corporate Icon Exploring OurselvesCorporate Icon Exploring Ourselves
Corporate Icon Exploring Ourselves
 
Difference & Similarites Between DSE & NSE
Difference & Similarites Between DSE & NSEDifference & Similarites Between DSE & NSE
Difference & Similarites Between DSE & NSE
 
Yamaha Piano Industry
Yamaha Piano IndustryYamaha Piano Industry
Yamaha Piano Industry
 

Recently uploaded

How Leading Companies Deliver Value with People Analytics
How Leading Companies Deliver Value with People AnalyticsHow Leading Companies Deliver Value with People Analytics
How Leading Companies Deliver Value with People AnalyticsDavid Green
 
Webinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislation
Webinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislationWebinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislation
Webinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislationPayScale, Inc.
 
Cleared Job Fair Handbook | May 2, 2024
Cleared Job Fair Handbook  |  May 2, 2024Cleared Job Fair Handbook  |  May 2, 2024
Cleared Job Fair Handbook | May 2, 2024ClearedJobs.Net
 
Mercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human Resources
Mercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human ResourcesMercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human Resources
Mercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human Resourcesmnavarrete3
 
Employee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational Success
Employee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational SuccessEmployee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational Success
Employee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational SuccessHireQuotient
 
VIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escortsaditipandeya
 
HRM PPT on placement , induction and socialization
HRM PPT on placement , induction and socializationHRM PPT on placement , induction and socialization
HRM PPT on placement , induction and socializationRishik53
 
Mastering Vendor Selection and Partnership Management
Mastering Vendor Selection and Partnership ManagementMastering Vendor Selection and Partnership Management
Mastering Vendor Selection and Partnership ManagementBoundless HQ
 
Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024
Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024
Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024Dan Medlin
 
Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...
Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...
Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...gurkirankumar98700
 
Arjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In Arjan
Arjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In ArjanArjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In Arjan
Arjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In Arjanparisharma5056
 

Recently uploaded (12)

How Leading Companies Deliver Value with People Analytics
How Leading Companies Deliver Value with People AnalyticsHow Leading Companies Deliver Value with People Analytics
How Leading Companies Deliver Value with People Analytics
 
Webinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislation
Webinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislationWebinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislation
Webinar - How to set pay ranges in the context of pay transparency legislation
 
Cleared Job Fair Handbook | May 2, 2024
Cleared Job Fair Handbook  |  May 2, 2024Cleared Job Fair Handbook  |  May 2, 2024
Cleared Job Fair Handbook | May 2, 2024
 
Mercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human Resources
Mercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human ResourcesMercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human Resources
Mercer Global Talent Trends 2024 - Human Resources
 
Employee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational Success
Employee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational SuccessEmployee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational Success
Employee Roles & Responsibilities: Driving Organizational Success
 
VIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Russian Call Girls in Indore Komal 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
 
HRM PPT on placement , induction and socialization
HRM PPT on placement , induction and socializationHRM PPT on placement , induction and socialization
HRM PPT on placement , induction and socialization
 
Mastering Vendor Selection and Partnership Management
Mastering Vendor Selection and Partnership ManagementMastering Vendor Selection and Partnership Management
Mastering Vendor Selection and Partnership Management
 
Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024
Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024
Austin Recruiter Network Meeting April 25, 2024
 
Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...
Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...
Kesar Bagh } Escort Service in Lucknow - Phone 🍹 8923113531 🧩 Escorts Service...
 
Arjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In Arjan
Arjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In ArjanArjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In Arjan
Arjan Call Girl Service #$# O56521286O $#$ Call Girls In Arjan
 
escort service sasti (*~Call Girls in Rajender Nagar Metro❤️9953056974
escort service sasti (*~Call Girls in Rajender Nagar Metro❤️9953056974escort service sasti (*~Call Girls in Rajender Nagar Metro❤️9953056974
escort service sasti (*~Call Girls in Rajender Nagar Metro❤️9953056974
 

HRM OUTRSOURCING :MAKE OR BUY DECESION

  • 1. HRM OUTRSOURCING : MAKE OR BUY DECESION Presented By: Lia Borsha Gomes
  • 2. Contents of presentation  Outsourcing  Four Stages Process Make or Buy Decision  Five competitive force driving organizations to outsource HR activities  Rationales for outsourcing  Positive and negative outcomes of outsourcing  Conclusion
  • 3.
  • 4. Four Stages Process Make or Buy Decision Planning Stage Evaluation Stage Analyzing Performance Stage Selecting Stage
  • 5. Planning Stage Assess Risks Senior Management & Employee Announcement Appoint the Project Team Choose Independent advisor Choose the project leader
  • 6. Evaluation Stage  Evaluate Implication on Company’s Strategy  Determine Core Competences  Define Motive, Objective, Scope
  • 7. Analyzing Performance Stage  Measure Current and Future Costs  Measure Current and Future Performance
  • 8. Selecting Stage  Define Organization Needs  Engage the Market place  Prepare and Deliver Request of Proposal (RFP)
  • 9. Fivecompetitive force driving organizations to outsource HR activities Downsizing Rapid Growth or Decline Globalization Increased Competition Restructuring
  • 10. Rationales for outsourcing Strategic Reasons for outsourcing Operational/ Tactical Reasons for Outsourcing
  • 11. Strategic rationales for outsourcing Innovations and economies of scale in HR technology used by outside vendors  Gain access to world class capabilities  Get access to resources that are not available internally  Improve customer satisfaction  Increase Flexibility  Sharing Risk
  • 12. Operational rationales for outsourcing  Innovations and economies of scale in HR technology used by outside vendors  Time sensitive issues better handled by outsourcing  Reduce control cost and operating cost  Improve performance  Outsourcing reduce liability and risk in legally sensitive HR activities  Ability to manage functions that are out of control  Efficient vendor management practices drive costs down more than economies of scale  Specialized vendors offer activities as their core business and strategy focus
  • 13.  Lower HR costs  Higher Service Quality  Redeployment of Internal HR Expertise  Enhanced Credibility of HR Function  Improve economy  Risk and Uncertainty Absorption by HR Vendor Positive outcomes of outsourcing
  • 14. Negative outcomes of outsourcing  Significant Cost Savings not always Experienced  Vendor Switching Cost  Long Term Vendor Contracts  Disruption of Firms Culture  Removal or Distancing of HR Function from Employees
  • 15. Conclusion  Determination whether to manage HR activities internally or to buy them from an outside logistics provider involves both qualitative and quantitative factors.  Qualitative considerations include service quality and the necessity for long-run business relationships with subcontractors. Quantitative factors deal with cost.
  • 16.  Thank You All….