Introduction Essay Structure

Strong Introductions
How to Write Strong Introductions
Understanding Introductions All papers should include an introduction for their readers found at the
beginning of the paper. Usually the introduction is one paragraph, but it may be two paragraphs in
length. The introduction presents the topic of the paper and provides the main idea and supporting
details which will be explained and developed in the paper. It is essential that all parts of the
introduction relate to each other. Generally, the finalsentence of the introductory paragraph contains
the thesis statement. Well–written introductions guide the reader's understanding of the paper.
Furthermore, well–constructed introductions make papers easier for authors to write.
Writing Introductions For best results, it is usually necessary to write the introduction twice. First,
write an introduction that contains the components that will be included in the paper. This will
serve to guide the development of the paper. Once the paper has been revised, return to the
introduction and check to make sure it covers all the areas discussed in the paper. Finally ask, "Does
the introduction engage and focus readers' attention?" (Aaron, 2006, p. 6). If either of those areas
need improvement, revise the introduction accordingly....show more content...
Thesis statements express the topic of the paper, the main idea that will presented regarding the
topic, and evidence to support the topic. However, "A thesis is not an announcement...is not
introduced by an opinion phrase such as I think, I feel, I believe...is not a statement of fact...is not a
question...is not a quote" (Roane State Community College). Begin with a working thesis that may
be revised as necessary depending on the course the paper takes during the writing
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Brain Structure And Basic Functions
INDEX
Preface
I–Introduction
–Brain Structure and Basic Functions
II–Memory
–Introduction
–Improve your Memory
–Memory Disorders
III–concentration/focus
–Introduction
–Improve concentration/focus
–Concentration/Focus Disorders
IV–Brain & Nutrition
V–Brain & Sleep
VI–Brain & Exercise
VII–Brain & Social Life
VIII–Negatives for brain health
–Stress
–Alcohol
–Smoking
–Drug Addiction
–Traumatic Brain Injury
–Cerebrovascular Disease Preface
The brain is the control center of the body. It controls the conscious and the unconscious body
processes.
It is the center for conscious thoughts and mood , allows us to make decisions , think , feel and
communicate with outside . It also controls the voluntary movements and regulates digestion and
breathing.
Being a complex organ, it is difficult for us to understand how the brain works, how it controls
everything in our bodies and how its function declines. Throughout many year , people try to solve
the mystery of the brain . Many structures and functions of brain are now well known , but that
knowledge is not enough to deal with that mystery.
We know that it is made up of neurons (about 100 billion nerve cells). Neurons are connected like
wires in a giant telephone exchange.
Keeping brain health is a challenge as most of disturbances of the brain functions do not occur
immediately but in a progressive way.
In this book, you will have some information on how the brain works , what affects the brain and how

The Structure Of A Building
Introduction
In several aspects, the structure of a building is vulnerable to failure during the construction
phase. Since buildings are made by humans, using their knowledge, failures are always probable to
happen. These failures may be caused by a single error or a combination of errors. However, the
probability of failure should be predicted and solved by an Engineer of Record during the design of
this building.
Any fail during the construction phase may not involve a construction error. It may be the product
of an error made during design. As engineers, they are responsible to observe the construction as a
complete unit, with all the elements interacting to resist the loads. Failing to consider a load or
combination of loads, connection details and calculation errors are the main cause of accidents,
according to Kenneth (1987). Besides loading, the engineer of record is also responsible for
developing and supervising the construction sequence.
Moreover, according to the code of ethics of ASCE (2010), all engineers need to recognize their
responsibility with the general public, and make their judgments and decisions about structures,
machines and products thinking in their client and target public with the view to avoid collapses
during the construction.
Research studies have concluded that the design aspect of projects has contributed to increase
accidents in the construction. Studies also have proved that besides any calculation, responsible
considerations in the

Mg/561 Organizational Structure
Date: January 18, 2013
To: MG 561 Class
From: Jessica Rushing
Subject: "Organizational Structure"
Introduction:
Organizational structure provides the framework of an organization determining how roles and
responsibilities are delegated throughout the different levels of the organization. It has been defined
by some as the looking glass through which coworkers see their organization and its surrounding
environment while others have described structure as the backbone of the organization. In this memo,
I will briefly discuss the importance of organizational structure, give examples of some major
organizational structures, and provide factors influencing the choice of organizational structure.
Importance of Organizational...show more content...
For organizations which produce standardized goods and services, a functional service is beneficial.
Within this structure, employees perform very specialized tasks (Naoum, 2001). For example, an
engineering department would be staffed with only software engineers. Divisional structures, also
known as product structures, groups each function into a division. Automobile industries typically
use this divisional structure. Within this industry, divisions may include: SUVs, subcompact cars,
and sedans. Although not discussed in detail in this memo, other organizational structures include:
organizational circle, team, network, lattice, and virtual ("Organizational Structure", 2013).
Factors influencing the choice of Organizational Structure
The following factors can affect the type of structure which an organization may use: strategy,
characteristics, management, operation, and environment. Strategy is the most important factor
influencing type of structure. According to Phillips and Gulley in their book Organizational
Behavior: Tools for Success, higher performance will be achieved if structure and strategy are
directly related). Organizational characteristics include the age and size of the organization. If the
organization is small, there is less need for formal structure as communication

The Respiratory System Essay
The respiratory system is the process responsible for the transportation and exchange of gases into
and out of the human body. As we breath in, oxygen in the air containing oxygen is drawn into the
lungs through a series of air pipes known as the airway and into the lungs. As air is drawn into the
lungs and waste gas excreted, it passes through the airway, first through the mouth or nose and
through the pharynx, larynx and windpipe – also known as the trachea. At this point it then enters
the lungs through the bronchi before finally reaching the air sacs known as alveoli. Within the lungs,
through a process known as diffusion, the oxygen is transferred to the blood stream through the
alveoli (air ducts) where it is then transported inside...show more content...
Within the alveoli, the oxygen is transferred to the blood whilst simultaneously collecting waste
carbon dioxide for excretion as we breath out. This transference is known as diffusion and is linked
to the cardiovascular system.
Diffusion is an automated process by where the levels of oxygen, water and carbon dioxide pass
over a 'semi–permeable membrane' between the walls of the cells and blood vessels to create a level
environment. This membrane only allows these three elements to pass whilst retaining other
elements such as blood cells, hence semi–permeable. The high concentration on one side of the cells
transfers through this membrane until the level is equal on both sides.
The human body comprises of two respiratory sponges called lungs. The left lung is slightly smaller
than the right as it makes room for placement of the heart. Due to this slightly smaller size, it only
contains two lobes whereas the right lung has 3 lobes. Both lungs are host to the network of air sacs
or alveoli which transport the air from the outside environment to the external and internal respiration
processes.
As we breathe in, the muscles in the chest wall force the thoracic area, ribs and connective muscles
to contract and expand the chest. The diaphragm is contracted and moves down as the area inside
the chest increases as air enters the lungs. The lungs are forced open by this expansion and the
pressure inside the lungs becomes enough that it pulls

Introduction to Mysql
MySQL is an open source Relational Database
Management System based on the Structured
Query Language (SQL). It is very fast reliable and flexible Database Management System based
on relation model that is developed to manage large volumes of data at very high speed with
security. MySQL can be used for verity of applications but it is one of the most popular RDBMS
used for the web applications on the Internet.
It is referred as open source because it can be run on different platform such as Unix, Linux,
Windows, OS/2, and etc. It is possible for anyone to use and modify the software. If you wish, you
may study the source code and change it to suit your needs.
MySQL is based on a client/server model; its database package...show more content...
Transaction Control
The purpose of Transaction Control is to provide transactions and concurrency.
Transaction allows the users to manipulate data atomically and concurrency where multiple
concurrent users can access the data in a consistent way. The transaction control subsystem consists
of Transaction Manager and
Lock Manager components. The transaction manager takes care of atomic manipulation of data by
temporarily storing copies of data. The lock manager sets locks in tables or records of a table.
Recovery Manager
The Recovery Manager is responsible for keeping copies of data and record in which changes has
been done. So that in case of primary data files crash, the database can be restored in a consistent
state as just before the crash occurred.
Its sub–system consists of the Logger that records any modifications done in the database in log
files, and Backup & Recovery through which a DBA can save copies of the data files that can be
used later in concurrence with log files to restore the database in a consistent state. Introduction to
Basic SQL statements
As we have discussed that, most commercial
RDBMS's use the Structured Query Language
(SQL) to access the database.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for making interactive queries from and
updating a

Essay about Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Plant cells have many different parts that are need to work together and function as a whole. These
parts are the cell membrane which can be compared to a "Condom" due to the fact that is a very thin
protective layer that lets certain substances to pass through. Cell wall is a thicker rougher membrane,
which gives the plant most of its structure and support, the cell wall also bond with other cell walls
to form the structure of the plant. Centrosome may be also referred to as the "Microtubule
organizing center" it's looks like a small body near the nucleus having a dense center and radiating
tubules, here in the centrosome is where the microtubules are made. Chloroplast is a CD shaped
organelle that holds the plants...show more content...
Smoother ER moves newly made proteins and lipids to the Golgi apparatus. Vacuole is a large
membrane–bound space within the plant cell that is filled with fluid, within the fluid often is stored
materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Animal Cell The animal cell like the plant cell has many different organelles but each one is need
to work as a whole. Here are the organelles and their functions, Cell membrane is a thin layer of
protection which can be viewed as a "Condom" which is made for a payer of protein and fats, the
membrane allows some substance to pass though but not others. Centrosome is a rather small
organelle located near the nucleus, it has a rather dense center and radiating tubules. Here is where
microtubules are made. Cytoplasm is a jell like material that surrounds the nucleus which is where
the organelles are located. Golgi body is a flat, layered organelles that looks like a stack of
pancakes, it produces the membrane that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages protein
and carbohydrates to be sent out of the cell.
Lysosome also called vesicles sphere shaped organelles surrounded by a membrane, contain digestive
enzymes. This is where the digestion of nutrients takes place. Mitochondrion is a sphere shaped rod
like organelles with two membrane, the mitochondrion converts the

Example of a Well Structured Essay
Example of a well structured essay. The content isn't that exiting and the conclusion is quite weak,
but there are many good points to make on the way the essay is structured and the way the
information is put across. All my comments are highlighted thus. A good introduction. Does the job
of clearly defining the topic covered in the essay and the specific aspects which will be discussed.
See in particular last sentence of introduction. ( We will be looking at the structure of introductions
more specifically in another class. ) Grabs reader's attention by including stats and a quote. If you
suffer from shyness, you are not alone, for shyness is a universal phenomenon. According to recent
research, "close to 50 percent of...show more content...
Researchers Henderson and Zimbardo argue that one explanation of the cultural difference between
Japanese and Israelis lies in the way each culture deals with attributing credit for success and blame
for failure. (2005, p. 20). "In Japan, an individual's performance success is credited externally to
parents, grandparents, teachers and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person. Therefore
the Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group–shared decisions."
(Henderson and Zimbardo, 2005, p.22). In Israel, the situation is entirely reversed according to
Henderson and Zimbardo. "Failure is externally attributed to parents, teachers, friends and other
sources, while all performance success is credited to the individual's enterprise" (2005, p.22).
The consequence is that Israelis are free to take risks since there is nothing to lose by trying and
everything to gain.(2005). Paragraph 5 Covers 3rd environmental cause In addition to family and
culture, technology may play a role as well. In the United States, the number of young people who
report being shy, has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years (Payne, 2005). The rising
number of shy young people may be "due in part to the growing dependence on non–human forms of
communication, coming about as a result of our huge advances in technology" (Payne, 2005, p.6).
Watching television, playing video games and surfing the web have displaced recreational activities
that

Enzymes Essay
Introduction:
Enzymes are an important part of all metabolic reactions in the body. They are catalytic proteins,
able to increase the rate of a reaction, without being consumed in the process of doing so (Campbell
96). This allows the enzyme to be used again in another reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by
lowering the activation energy, the energy needed to break the chemical bonds between reactants
allowing them to combine with other substances and form products (Campbell 100). In this
experiment the enzyme used was acid phosphates (ACP), and the substrate was p–nitrophenyl
phosphate.
Enzymes are very specific in nature, which helps them in reactions. When an enzyme recognizes its
specific substrate, the...show more content...
In this experiment, NaOH was the inhibitor used to stop the enzymatic reactions. NaOH is very
basic and when added to a solution, will cause a drastic increase in pH, causing denaturation of the
enzyme. The amount of product formed could be calculated by placing the test tube in a
spectrometer after the addition on NaOH. A spectrometer measures the absorbance of a solution,
which helps compare how much of a substance is in a solution.
I hypothesized that the rate of the reaction would increase, producing more product as the amount of
ACP in solution was increased because more enzymes allow for more substrate to be converted to
product. The same hypothesis was made that when we increased the substrate, p–nitrophenyl
phosphate, the amount of product produced would increase as well because there would be more
substrate that could bind to the enzyme and be converted to product. For the environmental
experiments, both temperature and pH, I predicted that the amount of product formed would
increase with the temperature and pH, but then begin to decline after the enzymes reached optimal
conditions. In other words, at the optimal temperature and pH, the enzyme velocity would be
greatest, producing the most p–nitrophenol. Also, I predicted when the pH and temperature

An Introduction Of Cell Biology
Introduction to Cell Biology
A Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism and consists of cytoplasm and a
nucleus enclosed in a membrane
A Prokaryotic Cell are cells without a membrane–bound nucleus. An example of a prokaryotic cell is
bacteria.
A Eukaryotic Cell does have a membrane–bound nucleus, making it different from a Prokaryotic
Cell. The Nucleus contains genetic material and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope. An example is
an animal cell.
Both types of cells contain organelles, each with a specific function. Plant and animals cells both
contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria. What defines the two cells is the
plant cell also contains a rigid cell wall, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts. The Nucleus contains
genetic material and controls how the cell operates. The Cell surface membrane, or plasma,
surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves. Membranes are said to divide up the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The Cytoskeleton, which is made up of microtubules and
microfilaments, moves the cytoplasm during cell migrations. Mitochondria is where aerobic
respiration is performed. Protein synthesis happens in the Ribosomes. In terms of the plant cell, the
Rigid Cell Wall strengthens the cell and helps maintain the structure. The Chloroplasts contain
chlorophyll, which absorbs light for a plant to perform photosynthesis. The Permanent Vacuole is
filled with sap and keeps the cell turgid.
A Eukaryotic cell has

Information System Essay
1. Introduction
It is generally accepted that information is a vital commodity for the successful operation of today's
organizations. Nowadays modern business organizations are using computerized information
systems in order to obtain such information. However as the technology advances rapidly the main
issue is how can an organization should effectively use such an information system – which its
management sometimes can be unpredictable – in order to effectively help the whole organization
structure to improve and take the most out of it.
This report will try to analyze intranet and its impact on the use of information in organizations, as
well as what actions an organization might take to make the most effective use of it.
2. What is...show more content...
Server software: Today's Web servers come with a variety of servers ranging from HTML editors in
search engines to application servers.
Client Software: Two main browsers here. Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Site Management Software: Web site management includes such things as uploading HTMLfiles,
showing a graphical view of a site, checking for bad links, etc.
Application development tools: The tools listed under this category have much in common with the
site management tools. Both edit HMTL and upload files to the server. The tools have built in
support, usually drag and drop, for scripting.
Application servers: These servers use special tags within an HTML file to direct processing. They
also can have hooks to call external programs to handle processing that is not built into the server,
and they also separate developer and server portions into separate packages.
Implementation approaches: Such as ASP, CGI, Java, Application servers.
4. Intranet architecture
There are several ways to build up an intranet. However some common characteristics of an intranet's
architecture, in order for organizations to gain the more out of it, are:
Integrating information design with business planning
Intranets should help employees to collaborate on business processes, such as product development
or order fulfillment, which create value for a company and its customers. Successful intranets allow
employees from a variety of

Essay about Organizational Structures
Introduction
McShane and Von Glinow state that "the best organizational structure depends on the organization's
external environment, size, technology, and strategy" (409). To identify the best organizational
structure for ProtegГ© Engineering, I will first determine what 'Organizational Structure' means. In
a second step I will analyze its elements and carve out the important components for the considered
organization. Finally I will provide a conclusion and recommendation. Organizational Structures
In general, organizational structure is related to the way that an organization organizes employees
and jobs, so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. McShane and Von Glinow
define 'Organizational Structure' in...show more content...
We can admit that informal communication is necessary in no routine and ambiguous situations
because employees can exchange large volume of information through face–to–face communication
and other media–rich channels. Therefore informal communication is important for ProtegГ©
Engineering because their work involve new and novel situations when developing specific solutions
for each client. Even if informal communication is difficult in large firms it can be possible when
keeping each production site small (McShane and Von Glinow 388). Now, that we identified what
organizational structure means, and that informal communication is necessary for ProtegГ©
Engineering, we need some more information of how structures differ from each other. McShane and
Von Glinow state that "every company is configured in terms of four basic elements of
organizational structure"; namely: span of control, centralization, formalization, and
departmentalization (390). Further on, I will explain these four elements and carve out what this
means for ProtegГ© Engineering.
The span of control "refers to the number of people directly reporting to the next level hierarchy"
(McShane and Von Glinow 390). Today's research found out that a wider span of control (many
employee directly reporting to the management) is more appropriate especially for companies with
staff members that coordinate their work mainly through standardized skills and do not

DNA Essay example
DNA is a term that has been used in science as well as in many parts of daily life. The general
public knows that DNA is a part of our bodies but they may wonder what exactly is DNA? DNA
is a term used for deoxyribonucleic acid and it is the genetic material of all organisms, it is the
molecule of life and it determines all of our physical characteristics. DNA is present in every
single form of life. More than 50 years after the science of genetics was established and the patterns
of inheritance were clarified, the largest questions remained unanswered: How are the chromosomes
and their genes copied exactly from cell to cell, and how do they direct the structure and behavior of
living things?
Two American geneticists, George...show more content...
"To make a new, identical copy of the DNAmolecule, the two strands unwind and separate at the
bases which are weakly bound; with more nucleotides available in the cell, new complementary
bases can link with each separated strand, and two double helixes result." (Caldwell) Since the
"backbone" of every chromosome is a single long, double–stranded molecule of DNA, the
production of two identical double helixes will result in the production of two identical
chromosomes.
The DNA backbone is actually longer than the chromosome but is tightly coiled up within it. This
packing is now known to be based on minute particles of protein known as nucleosomes, that can
only be seen under the most powerful electron microscope. The DNA is wound around each
nucleosome to form a beaded structure.
The structure is then further folded so that the beads associate in regular coils. Thus, the DNA has a
"coiled–coil" configuration.
After the discoveries of Watson andCrick, the question that remained was how the DNA directs the
formation of proteins, compounds central to all the processes of life. Proteins are not only the major
components of most cell structures, they also control virtually all the chemical reactions that occur
in living matter. The ability of a protein to act as part of a structure, or as an enzyme affecting the
rate of a particular chemical reaction, depends on its molecular shape. This shape, in turn,

Structure Of Protein Essay
The Structure of Proteins
Introduction
Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined
through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of
thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein
. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central
carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl
grouping, and a unique side chain or the R–group (Campbell and Farrell 61).
Proteins serve a myriad of functions whether within or outside of the cells. These functions include
structural roles (cytoskeleton), transport of...show more content...
The primary protein structure can be likened to a human chain in which each person is assumed to
be an amino acid and their hands viewed as the carboxyl and amino groups. The person on one end
of the chain, who has a free left hand, is assumed to be the free carboxyl group. The person on the
other end, who has a free right hand, is assumed to be the free amino group. Everyone in this chain
has a left hand linked to somebody's right hand and a right hand linked to somebody else's left hand
forming peptide bonds. The heads and legs just like the side chains and hydrogens, do not take part
in the linking.
In most instances, protein molecules are usually embedded from hundreds to thousands of amino
acids. A repertoire of twenty different amino acids, joined in any possible sequence allows the
existence of an inconceivably large number of proteins that is infinite in nature.
2.Secondary Structure of Proteins
Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell and Farrell assert that polypeptide chains do not extend in straight
lines but rather they fold in various ways and give rise to a large number of three–dimensional
structures (594). This folding or conformation of amino acids in the localized regions of the
polypeptide chains defines the secondary structure of proteins. The main force responsible for the
secondary structure is the non–covalent

Body Paragraphs: Act 3-Act Structure
I had no real knowledge of the three–act structure before now. It seems very similar to how I was
taught to write an essay. Act 1– Introduction; Act 2– Body Paragraphs; Act 3– Conclusion. Thinking
back to any movies or tv shows I have watched it seems like this structure should have been very
obvious. Many of you may feel the same way. This structure makes a lot of sense for captivating
and maintaining an audience. It seems as though this would be the only way to tell a story because
it has been used for so long and any other way would be classified as boring because it is the
structure that man–kind has been using for

Essay on Social Structure
This essay will begin by describing the three spheres that tie society together. The main institution of
society is the family or household which is broken up into thousands of units. Secondly, it will
discuss the economic institution and its ties to the family. The use of labour power and how that
effects the power struggle with the capitalist marketplace will also be discussed. Lastly, the political
institution of government will be shown along with its relationships to the family and the families
ability to create reform and change regulation.
One of the main institutions in society in the household or family. It is here that almost all the
consumption in society takes place. It is also here that almost all the labour power in...show more
content...
In 1901 only 12% of Canadian women were economically active, however, in 1961 there were
29.5% economically active. (Wilson, 1982:71). This percentage has gotten exponentially bigger with
time.
In 1981, 54% of women with dependent children were economically active.(Purdy,
1988:203)Another facet of the economic family unit is reproduction. The goal of the family unit is
to produce children, which in turn expands the labour force, which creates a larger economic base.
In Canadian families the emphasis is on quality not quantity and because of this there are gaps in the
unskilled labour force. It is only through immigration that the capitalist economy has been able to
keep up with the demand for cheap unskilled labour. (Purdy, 1988:229) So the value of labour power
is determined outside capitalism, in non–capitalist units that maintain and reproduce labour
power...families. Corporations produce wealth in the form of goods and services and a can last well
beyond an individuals life span.
Capitalism is a powerful institution with holds on the economy, political state and family as well.
The payment of wages allows the corporations to grow and continue to produce goods and exploit
workers. (Bailey, 1974:127)Families consume. In the modern era, most families are not units of
production and consumption, mainly just consumption. They do not accumulate wealth, but simply
take the wage and spend it on commodities that satisfy their needs. As Karl Marx put

The Structure and Agency Debate
Introduction The structure and agency debate is a common one in the field of sociology and
different theorists come up with different ways of accounting for the actions of social actors. This
essay takes the position that structuration solves the problem of this much contested debate. Initially
key concepts and elements of structuration will be pointed out .These elements include structure,
agency, social systems and power amongst many others. Subsequently, there will be engagement of a
discussion of different schools of thought and finally it will be demonstrated how structuration
prevails over the structure–agency debate. Socialization Socialization is an ongoing process in
which individuals obtains a personal identity, learns norms, values and behaviour appropriate to his
/her position. People constantly require approval of the things they do, they continually seek to be
socially competent and to be accepted by those around them. It is human nature to want to be similar
from others in order to be accepted in a certain social spheres but at the same time wanting to be
different and unique. There are primary and secondary agents of socialization. The primary agents
are those that are basic and fundamental to social beings, these include family and friends from
which we learn behaviour at young age; they transmit norms and values to us. The secondary agents
are those that are more external to us than family such as social institutions/organisations, these
include schools,

Essay on Capital Structure
Introduction
The relationship between capital structure and firm value has been discussed frequently in the
literature by different researcher accordingly, in both theoretical and empirical studies. It has also
been discussed that whether the firm has any optimal capital structure that has been adopted by an
individual firm, or whether the proportions of debt usage is completely irrelevant to the individual
firm value.
A firm can choose a mix of three modes of financing i.e. issuing shares, borrowing from the market
and use of retained earnings. The ratio of this mix of funds purely depends on the firm and known as
optimal capital structure of the firm. This leads to the different capital structure theories. These
theories explain their...show more content...
Limited research work exists on this area, like Booth et al (2001) studied 10 developing countries
including Pakistan. However, this study was confined only to top 100 index companies. Second
study by Shah and Hijazi (2004) was an improvement on the first one as it included all non–financial
firms listed on KSE for the period 1997–2001. However, the second study too was basic in nature in
terms of its use of pooled regression model avoiding the fixed effects and random effects models.
The purpose of this study is to extend the work of Shah and Hijazi (2004) by extending the sample
period i.e 2001–2006 and including more firms in sample as convenient random selection of
samples, using relevant models of panel data and using more explanatory variables.
This study will further lead to the dynamics of KSE listed firms. Investor trends towards highly
leveraged firms and determination whether the optimum capital structure effects the decision of
investor resulting change in the balance sheet of a company.
Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to check whether the changes in structure of capital has impact on the
overall value of the firms, and specifically in leverage ratio of firms listed in Karachi Stock
Exchange (KSE).
Literature Review
This section starts with the theory of irrelevancy of capital structure. Following subsections give the
overview of theories that suggest that the capital

Structures of Proteins Essay
Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and
functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There
are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary
structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary
structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from
long–range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein
subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains. The primary structure of a protein is
simply the sequence of amino acids. The structure or...show more content...
There may also be sections where the secondary structure is neither helix nor sheet. Then the
structure is called a random structure, indicating that it folds in random directions. The amino acids
in an alpha helix are arranged in a right–handed helical structure resembling a spring. The alpha helix
is the most common form of regular secondary structure in proteins. The beta–sheet is the second
form of regular secondary structure in proteins consisting of beta strands connected laterally by three
or more hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. The beta–sheet is sometimes
called the beta pleated sheet since sequential neighboring atoms are alternately above and below the
plane of the sheet giving a pleated appearance. Turns are the third of the three "classical" secondary
structures that serve to reverse the direction of the polypeptide chain. They are located primarily on
the protein surface and accordingly contain polar and charged residues. However, they are not very
common in discussions of protein structure today.
The tertiary structure of a protein molecule, or of a subunit of a protein molecule, is the arrangement
of all its atoms in space, without regard to its relationship with neighboring molecules or subunits.
Tertiary structure is simply the grouping of different separate secondary structures, such as multiple
helices or multiple sheets or a combination of helices and sheets.
The final structure of the protein is the quaternary

My Family Structure
I grew up in a nuclear family. There are four people in my family, consists of my father, mother,
my sister and me. My father is 62 years old. He's working as a insurance agent. My mother is 10
years younger than my father. She used to work as a store manager before she gave birth to me.
She quitted her job in order to take care of me and my sister because she believes that the mother
daughter bond can grow stronger day by day by spending time with us. My sisters and I are four
years apart. She is currently studying in Tsun Jin Independent School. Even though we fought a lot
growing, got mad at each other, but she is still my one and only sister and that's all that matters. I
think is normal for siblings to fight despite the age difference...show more content...
I am also aware of my role as a student, studying and doing the best I can to score in my exams so
that in the future I may provide a higher living standard to my family. For my sister, apart from also
being a student like myself, she basically carries the role of the helper at home. Unlike myself, she
spends a lot of time at home with mom while I'm out doing assignments and juggling college life.
By spending a lot of time at home, she spends more time with my mom, helping her with house
chores. With all these roles, comes rules as well, my parents have always given my sister and I
curfews. It is understandable because of all the crime rates shooting sky high these days, our parents
just wants us to be safe. Another important rule set by my parents is that all family members must
have dinner together. This is so that all of us can have our bonding time as a family. Communication
is the knot that ties it all and it is no doubt the most important thing needed in any kind of
relationship. For my family, the communication methods that we practice are pretty much very
decent. My parents, after years and years of being together, they can understand each other very
well. They can understand each other without even saying a word, just a face expression would do.
My parents communicate differently as compared to when they communicate with my sister and
myself. This is because of the hieratical

Introduction Essay Structure

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