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የአለምኅይማኖቶች ቡዲዝም. ክርስትና: ሂንዱይዝም: እስላም ይሁዲ: ሲኪዝም:	.
የመጀመሪያጽሁፎች = Manuscripts
የመጀመሪያዎቹጽሁፎችእስከ1452 በእጅነበርየሚጻፉት በ1452 የማተሚያመኪናስለተፈለሰፈአደራረጉተለወጠ።
I. የመጻፊያመሳሪያዎች
ድንጋይ Tel Dan inscription: ‘House of David’
ድንጋይ
ድንጋይ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ሸክላ
ሸክላ ,[object Object],[object Object]
እንጨት ኢሳያስ30.8 --
እንጨት እንባቆም2.2 --
ቆዳ ,[object Object]
ኤር. 36.23 --,[object Object]
ፓፓይረስ
የበግቆዳ/ ብርና
የተጠቀሙበትቋንቋ ዕብራይስጥ አራማይክ ግሪክ
ጥንታዊቅዱሳትመጽሐፍት/ታሪካዊመዝገቦች የቀኖናአመጣጥ ,[object Object]
የቀደሙትመጽሐፍትየተሰሩትከፓፓይረስነበር፤ papyrus ከተክልየሚገኝሲሆንብራናደግሞከቆዳይሰራል።
የአይሁድብሉይኪዳንየተጻፈው በ ዕብራይስጥናአንዳንድቃላትምከፋርስየገቡአሉ።
አዲስኪዳንከግሪክናአልፎአልፎም የ ዕብራይስጥ፣የአራማይክናየላቲንቃላትአሉበት። The Masoretic Text ‘The traditional text of the Hebrew Bible, revised and annotated by Jewish Scholars between the 6th and 10th centuries Anno Domini’ The Septuagint ‘A Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made in the 3rd or 2nd centuries BC to meet the needs of Greek-Speaking Jewish people outside Palestine.  The Septuagint contains some books not found in the Hebrew Canon’  (from Latin septuaginta meaning 70 because it is thought that around 70 scholars worked on the translation) The Vulgate ‘A Latin version of the Bible produced by Saint Jerome in the 4th Century Anno Domini’ (from the Latin word vulgatus meaning ‘public’ or ‘for the public’) Various Codex's ‘A collection of manuscript texts, especially of the Scriptures, in book form’ Examples include: ,[object Object]
Codex Leningradensis
Codex Bezae
Codex Vaticanus
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus,[object Object]
የመጽሐፍ ቅዱስ ቀኖናadapted from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/a/canon.html Canon = ቀኖና (የቅዱሳት መጽሐፍት ስብስብና ወደ አንድ ጥራዝ መለወጥ ሂደት)
1000-50 BCE: Tanak = ብሉይ ኪዳን  ተጻፈ
[object Object]
 The LXX 46 አሉት…..
30-100 CE: ክርስቲያኖች LXX ትርጉምንበየዕለቱይጠቀሙነበር። (ዕብራይስጥንማንበብአይችሉምነበር።).,[object Object]
1536: ማርቲንሉተርከዕብራይስጥናከግሪክወደጀርመንኛተረጎመው። አይሁድብ.ኪ. ስለጻፉትትክክለኛው ያ ነውብሎያምንነበር። 7ቱን የአዋልድመጽሐፍት "Apocrypha."  እንደዋቤመጨረሻላይጻፋቸው..  ፕሮቴስታንትናአንግሊካንይህንንመጽሐፍቅዱስንይጠቀሙበታል
የኦሪት/ቶራአመሰራረት ሌሎችየብ.ኪመጽሐፍትየተጻፉበትጊዜ
የአዲስኪዳንቀኖና
ca. 51-125 CE: አዲስኪዳንተጻፈ ሌሎችምተጨማሪጽሁፎችነበሩ:- The Didache (ca. 70) 1 Clement (ca. 96) The Epistle of Barnabas (ca. 100) 7 Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (ca. 110) The Shepherd of Hermas (ca. 100) ማንበብከፈለጉ: www.earlychristianwritings.com/
የሙትባህር (የቁምራንዋሻዎች)

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7ቱ የመንፈሳዊ ብስለት መለኪያዎች -7 signs of spiritually matured christian