3. âGivenâ and âNew Informationâ
in Sentences
In English, we can put important information at
the beginning or at the end of a sentence. There
are two types of important information.
âGivenâ Information - Information that the
listener already knows.
âNewâ Information - Information that is new to
the listener.
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4. âGivenâ and âNew Informationâ
in Sentences
âGivenâ information normally goes at the
beginning of a sentence.
âNewâ information generally goes at the end of a
sentence.
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5. âGivenâ and âNew Informationâ
in Sentences
âGivenâ information normally goes at the
beginning of a sentence.
âNewâ information generally goes at the
end of a sentence.
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6. âGivenâ and âNew Informationâ
in Sentences
The lecturer is talking about budgeting, so
budgeting in general = given information.
A budget (given) can be short-term, such as
operating budgets. (new)
In this type of budget, (given) day-to-day cash
availability is looked at, for instance. (new)
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7. Giving Sentences a Special
Focus
We sometimes change the normal word order to
emphasize a particular point, e.g., a person, an
object, a time.
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8. Giving Sentences a Special
Focus
Normal sentence
Henry Gantt invented the Gantt chart in the
1990s.
Focusing on person
It was Henry Gantt who invented âŚ
Focusing on Object
It was the Gantt chart which Henry Gantt âŚ
Focusing on Time
It was in the early 1990âs that Gantt ..
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9. Introducing New Information
We can use special structures to introduce a
new topic.
Budgeting is my subject today.
What Iâm going to talk about is budgeting.
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10. Introducing New Information
Viability is very important.
What is very important is viability.
Money is the problem.
The reason for the problem is simply money.
Break-even point means where you just cover
your cost.
When you just cover costs, we call that break
even point.
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11. Clarifying Points
When we are speaking, we often have to clarify
points. There are many expressions we can
use.
Examples:
Let me put in another way âŚ
Look at it this way âŚ
What Iâm trying to say is âŚ
The point/ thing is âŚ
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