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1. WATER in CONCRETE
Content :
1. Indian standards for quality of water for use in concrete
2. Effect of impurities in water in concrete

2. Indian standards for quality of water in
cement concrete
LIMIT OF PERMISSIBLE OF IMPURITIES
TYPE OF IMPURITIES PERMISSIBLE % OF SOLID
BY WEIGHT OF WATER
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT
1) Organic 0.02% 200 mg/L
2)Inorganic 0.30% 3000 mg/L
3)Sulfates (SO₃) 0.04% 400 mg/L
4) Alkali chlorides as Cl₂
a) plan concrete 0.02 2000 mg/L
b)R.C.C 0.05 500 mg/L

3. 1. Minimum water cement ratio for hydration = 0.03
2. Additional water is required for workability and lubrication, and this Additional water
should be minimum.
3. Silt, oil, acid, alkali, organic matter, sewage, chemical industrial waste, etc. will have a
bad effect on concrete.
4. QUAILITY OF WATER –A popular thought is that the water fit for drinking is fit for
making concrete. But this is not a true statement for all condition. Some water
containing a small amount of sugar would be suitable for drinking but not for making
concrete and water fit for making concrete may not be fit for drinking.
If water is not obtained from satisfactory source. Then the strength of concrete/mortar
made with questionable water should be compared with similar concrete/mortar made
with pure water.
The best course to find out whether a particular source of water is suitable for making
concrete or not, is to compare its 7 day and 28 day strength with cube made with distilled
water and if the compressive strength is upto 90%, the source of water is accepted.

4. EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES
1. If Dissolved salts are present
it reduces compressive strength by 10-30%.
Then, from another source if the difference in compressive strength is less than
10% then that source of water is permissible.
2. Large quantity of chlorides –
• causes dampness
•surface efflorescence
•corrosion of steel

5. 3. SUSPENDED PARTICLES – Allowed = 0.02%
IS :456:2000 Allowed =2000mg /L
It is found that high content of suspended particles does not affect the strength of
the concrete, but affect other properties of the same.
4. ACID AND ALKALIES :
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER – Unsuitable
In terms of pH value, the water that has a pH value between 6-8 can be employed for
the concrete construction. But the pH value will not give a proper and adequate
measure about the acid content in the water.
The acid content in water can be gauged accurately based on total acidity, in the
extend to satisfy the below requirement, i.e.
The amount of 0.02 normal NaOH required to neutralize 100ml of water sample by
using phenolphthalein as the indicator should not be greater than 5ml. Here, the
acidity is equivalent to 49 ppm of H2So4 or 36 ppm of HCL.

6. 5. SUGAR
The sugar content in water if is less than 0.05 percent by weight of water, then no
adverse effect is observed in the concrete structure. The sugar content in 0.15 percent
will result in retarding of setting time and the early strength of the concrete. But it is
observed that the 28th day strength of concrete is improved.
The sugar content increased by an amount to 0.20 percent is said to improve the setting
(time is accelerated). Further increase of sugar will cause rapid setting but the 28th day
strength is affected.
6. Oil
Mineral oil in water, that have no animal or vegetable oil content have no adverse effect
on the concrete properties. The mineral oil content to a percentage of 2% is said to
increase the strength of the concrete. But for more than 8% mineral oil, the strength is
reduced.
The vegetable oil in water used for concrete manufacture shows its detrimental effects
on the strength of concrete at its later stages.

7. SEA WATER – (short notes)
• Sea water contains 3.5% of dissolved salts.
•Sea water contains chlorite of sodium and potassium
sulfate of magnesium
IONS Cl =51% sulfate = 7.2%
Na =28.5 , Mg =3.6% , Ca = 1.3%
K = 1.0%
•Sulfate content is harmful , as it can cause SULFATE ATTACK
•Salts reduces – strength, durability, corrosion, efflorescence
1. 0.5 % SO₄ - 4%
2. 1% SO₄ - 10%
3. 5% NaCl -30%

8. Sea water -The seawater comprises of 3.5 percent of the dissolved salts. The seawater
chemical composition is uniform throughout the world. Most of the chlorides are
associated with the sodium, where some are with potassium, while sulfate is
associated with magnesium.
•When considering approximate values, different ion content due to the presence of
salts can be specified as 51.3% of chlorides, magnesium in 3.6%, 7.2% of sulfates,
28.5% of sodium, 1.3% of calcium and 1% of potassium. But the total amount of salt
may vary widely.
•The ingress of any considered ion into concrete mass is directly proportional to the
seawater’s salinity. This is with respect to a given mass of seawater.
•When the chemical effects are of more priority it is mentioned that of all, sulfate is
the most problematic. This is the reason for the development of sulfate resistant
cement. The concrete of very lower water/cement ratio facilitates this requirement of
sulfate resistance.
•The salt content in sea water reduces the concrete strength by an amount of 10 to 20
percent. More than strength factor, the corrosion of the reinforcement is considered
as the adverse effect. The chlorides are the main cause of corrosion.

9. •The risk of reinforcement corrosion is higher when it is exposed to air than when it is
submerged in water. Another effect of chlorides is the efflorescence.
•It is advised to use cement with high C3A content, as the chloride ion will be
intercepted by the aluminate present. This is by the precipitation of calcium
chloroaluminate which has no detrimental effects. This will hence increase the life
period of steel and the durability of the structure.
The two main reasons for the presence of chloride ions in the concrete are
1. Addition of calcium chloride as accelerating admixture
2. Use of seawater as mixing water
•For those cements that are not sulfate resistant, the use of CaCl2 will adversely affect
the sulfate resistances of the concrete mix. This is not a problem if the cement has
some amount of sulfate resisting measure in it.
•Hence in cold weather conditions, the CaCl2 can be employed to accelerator add
some content of sulfate resisting cement (in a measure equal to that added to the
normal cement).
•The codes do not support the use of calcium chloride when the sulfate resisting
cement is employed. But in situations which are unavoidable, it is used in plain
concrete that is submerged under water.