1. STRUCTURES Structures are groups of elements somehow joined together to support a load with stability.

3. Shell structures

4. Archs

5. Mass structures

6. Suspension structures

8. They are composed of long elements which are joined to each other at the ends.

9. Elements are built with strong materials and the space between them is empty space.

10. They are easy to desing and build, inexpensive, lightweight and they don't require much materials.

11. However they are not goodfor very big loads or strong impacts.

14. That volume can be empty or filled with something that has not structural relevance.

15. It mantains the shape and it's strong.

16. The cut layer can be thin because the forces are spread throughout the whole structure.

19. Althought there are many types the semicircular arch is the most used.

20. They are made of stone and the stone at the very top is called the “key stone”.

21. They are used like bridges, the key is that the geometry of the arch spreads the forces to the sides leaving a space under the arch.

24. Mass structures can be made by piling up materials into a shape or desing.

25. They have some advantages its held by its own weight and losing small parts has little effect on the overall strength of the structure.

26. However they also have disadvantages, they are heavy, need much material and occupy large areas.

29. The space between one column and the next is called span.

30. They are the best for bridges.

31. They are good for covering a very large span.

32. However they are very expensive to build.

34. Local structures

35. International sructures

37. In a structure the forces for every elements are calculated and the element is desingned to whithstand the force

39. The whole structure is often united to the floor

40. The union are classified as permanent and non-permanent

44. There are five tipes of forces:

46. Compression forces: They are those forces which causes an element to get squeezed.

47. Shear strain: Shear forces act across a material in such way that they can force one part of an element to slide over another.

48. Torsion forces: If you apply turning force at one end of an element and, if the element is fixed to a support at the other end, the element twist.

49. Bending forces: Bending forces act at an angle to a member making it bend

50. BY: Paola Caro Domínguez & Maria Alejo Hernández