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1. COMPARITIVE INVITRO ANTIHELMINTIC ACTIVITY
OF ELECTERIA CARDAMOM AND AMOMUM SUBULATUM
AGAINST PHERITIMA POSTHUMA
 ABDUL NAUMAN (Y16BPH203001)
 B.ANANTHA LAKSHMI PRASANTH (Y16BPH203010)
 M.SUCHARITHA (Y16BPH203046)
 R.SATYA DURGA PRASAD (Y16BPH203062)
 SHAHEENA BEGUM (Y16BPH203070 )
Under the guidance of
KAKUNURI LAKSHMI, M. Pharm.,
Assistant Professor
In partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
by

2. INTRODUCTION :
Helminthiasis (alternatively spelled Helminthiasis;
plural helminthiases) is any macro parasitic disease of humans
and animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic
worms known as helminthes. These parasites are broadly
classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often
live in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, but may also
burrow into other organs, where they
induce physiological damage. They remain the major cause
of wildlife diseases, economic crises in the livestock industry,
and human socio-economic problems in developing countries.

3. PLANT PROFILE
Cardamom is valuable spice that is obtained from the seeds
of a perennial plant Elettaria cardamom. There are two main types of
cardamom:
(a) Small /green cardamom (E. cardamom) and
(b) Large red/black cardamom (A. subulatum).
The most common type is the small green cardamom while large
cardamom is mainly grown in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. They both
come from Zingiberaceae family of plants.

4. ELETTARIA CARDAMOMUM
INTRODUCTION:
Elettaria cardamomum Known as the 'queen of spices', it is from Sri
Lanka and the tropical rainforests of the Western Ghats along the Malabar
Coast of southern India. This hilly region, known as the Cardamom Hills,
remains a centre of commercial cultivation although it is also grown on a
large scale in Guatemala and Tanzania.
SYNONYMS:
cardamon, cardamom
VERNACULAR NAMES:
English: Green cardamom
Hindi: Elaichi
Urdu: Elaichi
Marathi: Elachi
Tamil: Elam Ancha
Malayalam: Elatarri
Telugu: Elaki
Kannada: Elakki
Sanskrit: Trutih
Parts Used: Whole fruit (15)

5. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom - Plantae
Subkingdom - Tracheobionta
Division - Magnoliophyta
Superdivision -Spermatophyta
Class - Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
Subclass - Zingiberidae
Order - Zingiberales
Family - Zingiberaceae
Genus - Elettaria Maton
Species - Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

6. AMOMUM SUBULATUM
INTRODUCTION:
Amomum subulatum Roxb is one of the spices commonly used in Ayurvedic,
Yunani, Chinese and Tibs medical system to treat various ailments. In Ayurveda it is
commonly used for dyspepsia, cough, nausea, vomiting and itching. It is also used as
preventive as well as curative for throat troubles, congestion of lungs, inflammation
of eyelids, digestive disorders and in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
SYNONYMS:
Cardamomum subulatum
VERNACULAR NAMES:
English: Black cardamom, hill cardamom, Bengal cardamom, greater
cardamom, indian cardamom, Nepal cardamom, winged cardamom, brown
cardamom
Hindi: Bari ilaichi
Urdu: Bari elaichi
Nepali: Alaichi, thulo sukumel
Malayalam: Harenuka, Kattelam, Karutta elakka, Karuppu elakka
Marathi: Masalyachi velchi ,Veldode
Sanskrit: Brihatupakunchika, Upakunchika, Harenuka
Tamil:Katuelam,Karupuelakkai
Telugu: Nalla Elakulu
Parts Used: Whole fruit

7. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom - Plantae
Subkingdom - Tracheobionta
Infrakingdom- Streptophyta
Class - Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
Subclass - Zingiberidae
Order - Zingiberales
Family - Zingiberaceae
Genus - Amomum
Species - Amomum subulatum

8. FIGURE : Elettaria Cardamomum and Amomum subulatum fruits

9. PLAN OF WORK
Collection of Elettaria Cardamomum and Amomum subulatum fruits
Powdered
Subjected to extraction with polar (water) solvent by using
maceration method
Drying
Preliminary phytochemical analysis
Comparative anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm.
Results and discussions

10. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. V. K. Bisht et.al, Amomum subulatum Roxb: Traditional, Biochemical and
Biological activities -An overview African Journal of Agricultural Research,
6(24), 2011, 5386-5390.
2. P. Saravana Bhavan et.al, Effects of spices, Papaver somniferum, Elettaria
cardamomum, Foeniculum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum on growth
promotion in Macrobrachium malcolmsonii early juveniles International
Journal Pure Applied Biosciences, 2 (6), 120-131, 2014.
3. D.Prasath et.al, Compound inflorescence cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum (L.) Maton) in India Genet Resour Crop Evol, 2009, 56,749–
753.
4. R. Senthil Kumar et.al, Evaluation of elite cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum) genotypes for yield,quality and resistance to Cardamom
mosaic virus Journal of plantation crops,45(2),
2017,129-134.
5 S K Vermaet.al, Blood pressure lowering, fibrinolysis enhancing and
antioxidant activities of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Indian Journal
of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 46, 2009, 503-506.

11. 6. Goutham Sagarkatte Puttanna1 et.al, Effect of Amomum subulatum
seeds against cypermethrin induced haematological changes in wistar
albino rats International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology,
March 2019, Vol 8, Issue 3, 604.
6. Surendra Kumar Verma1 et.al, Effect of Greater cardamom (Amomum
subulatum Roxb.) on blood lipids, fibrinolysis and total antioxidant
status in patients with ischemic heart disease Asian Pacific Journal of
Tropical Disease, 2012.
6. Alam K et.al, Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ammomum
subulatum Fruit Extract International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Drug Research, 2011, 3(1), 35-37.
9 . M.A. Jafri et,al, Evaluation of the gastric antiulcerogenic effect of large
cardamom (fruits of Amomum subulatum Roxb) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 75, 2001, 89–94.
10. Khare Divya Prakash et,al, Evaluation of antioxidant activity of large
cardamom (leaves of AMOMUM SUBULATUM) International Journal of
Drug Development & Research, January-March 2012,
Vol. 4, Issue 1.

12. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM:
To evaluate the comparative in vitro anti-helmintic activity of Elettaria
Cardamomum and Amomum subulatum against Indian earthworms.
OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of present study are:
 To carry out the Elettaria Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum and mixed
extracts extraction with polar (water) solvent by using maceration
method.
 To carry out the preliminary phytochemical analysis of Elettaria
Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum and mixed extracts.
 To screen the comparative in vitro anti-helmintic activity of Elettaria
Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum and mixed fruits against Indian
earthworms.

13. MATERIALS AND METHODS
COLLECTION:
The fruits of Elettaria Cardamomum and Amomum subulatum was identified and
purchased from local market of nuzvid.
PREPARATION OF EXTRACT:
The dried fruits of Elettaria Cardamomum and Amomum subulatum was
collected, then dried fruits were powdered to get a coarse powder. The dried
powder fruits (250gm) were taken in beaker and add 1000 ml of distilled
water.Then it was kept for maceration for 7 days. The extract was double filtered
by using muslin cloth and Whatman no.1 filter paper and concentrated by
evaporation on water bath. The extract was dried and used.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING:
The preliminary phytochemical investigation was carried out with aqueous
extracts of Elettaria Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum and mixed fruits for
identification of phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical tests were carried
out by standard methods.

14. TEST ORGANISM
Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used during the
experiment. The earthworms were collected from a local supplier. Worms were
washed with normal saline to remove all fecal matter .The earthworms of 8-10
centimeter (cm) in length and 0.2 -0.5 cm width were used for all the experiment
protocol. Ready availability, anatomical and physiological resemblance of
(Pheretima posthuma) made it to be used initially for in-vitro evaluation of
anthelmintic activity. Time for paralysis was noted either when any movement
could not be observed except when the worms where shaken vigorously. Death
was included when the worms lost their motility followed by white secretions
and fading away of their body colour.
Evaluation of Antihelmintic activity:
The antihelmintic activity was evaluated on adult Indian earthworm. The
earthworms were randomly chosen and divided into five groups having five
earthworms in each as follows:
Group I: Control Group
Group II: Standard Group – Albendazole (35) -50,100, 200 mg/ml
Group III: Test-I -Aqueous fruit extract of Elettaria Cardamomum
[ECAE- 50,100, 200 mg/ml]
Group IV: Test -II - Aqueous fruit extract of Amomum subulatum
[ASAE- 50,100, 200 mg/ml]
Group V: Test –III- Mixed fruit aqueous extract of Elettaria
Cardamomum and Amomum subulatum [MFAE- 50,100, 200 mg/ml]

15. Observations were made for the time taken by worms to paralyze and death was
observed. Time for paralysis was noted when no movement could be observed
with a slight pin prick method. Death was ascertained by applying external
stimuli which stimulate and induce movements in worms as well as fade of the
body color was noted.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
The values are expressed as mean± SEM. The statistical analysis was performed
using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s multiple
comparison test. Comparisons were made between haloperidol group and
test/standard groups. P-values <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The statistical analysis was done by using Graph pad prism version no: 6.0.

16. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, we found that aqueous fruit extract of Elettaria Cardamomum,
Amomum subulatum and mixed possess the following chemical constituents
TABLE : Phytochemical screening of ECAE, ASAE & MFAE
Phytochemical
constituents
Aqueous fruit
extract of Elettaria
Cardamomum
Aqueous fruit
extract of Amomum
subulatum
Aqueous mixed fruit
extract
Alkaloids + + +
Carbohydrates + + +
Flavonoids + + +
Phenols _ _ _
Saponins + + +
Terpenoids _ _ _
Sterols _ _ _
Tannins + + +
Proteins _ _ _
Amino acids _ _ _
Glycosides + + +
Fixed oils and fatty
acids
+
+
+

17. T
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T e s t-I (E C A E )
T e s t-II (A S A E )
T E S t-III (M F A E )

19. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
 In the present investigation, Elettaria Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum
and mixed fruits posses the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins,
tannins, Flavonoids and glycosides.
 Tannins are chemically polyphenolic compound and where shown to
produce anthelmintic activities and reported the effect of tannin can bind to
free proteins in gastro intestinal tract of host animal or glycoproteins on the
cuticle of parasite and may cause death.
 These facts suggest that tannins present in the aqueous fruit extract of
Elettaria Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum and mixed showed the
antihelminthic effect by above mentioned mechanisms.
 From the result shown in table-2 aqueous fruit extract of Elettaria
Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum and mixed showed anthelmintic activity
in dose dependent manner giving shortest time of paralysis and death.
 The aqueous fruit extract of Elettaria Cardamomum, Amomum
subulatum and mixed at normal concentration i.e. 50 mg/ml to higher
concentration i.e. 200mg/ml showed good anthelmintic activity and this is
compared with effect produced by reference standard drug albendazole.
 The study finally concluded aqueous mixed fruit extract i.e.
combination of Elettaria Cardamomum, Amomum subulatum showed marked
and potent anthelmintic activity than the aqueous extract and standard drug
albendazole.

20. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Modhvadia, Avdabhai R., “A Contribution to Ethnobotany of Mehsana
District, North Gujarat”, Saurashtra University, 2009.
2. Bishnu P. Chapagain and ZeevWiesman, Larvicidal activity of the fruit
mesocarp extract of Balanitesaegyptiacaand its saponin fractions against
Aedesaegypti, Dengue Bulletin. 2005, Vol 29, 203-207.
3. GehanG.Mostafa and Mona F. Abou Alhamd, Effect of gibberellic acid and
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composition in Balanitesaegyptiaca plants, American journal of plant
physiology 2011, 6(1): 36-43.
4. Preeti Shukla, Satyawati Sharma. Effect of Balanites aegyptiacaon bran bugs,
2011 International Conference on Biotechnology and environment management
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December 2010).
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