2. 2
HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
A project report submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
Submitted By
Akash-120301ELR044
Srinibash Parida-120301ELR045
Sandip Kumar Sahoo-120301ELR046
Gayatri Praharaj-120301ELR025
Subas Sahoo-120301ELL042
Sagar Das-120301ELR026
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
BHUBANESWAR-752050
Year-2014-15
3. 3
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CUTM, JATANI-752050
CERTIFICATE
It is certified that this project report “Hydro Electric Power ”, which is being submitted
here for the award of B. Tech. minor project report, is the result of the work completed by
Akash, Subas Sahoo, Srinibas Parida, Sandip Kumar Sahoo, Sagar Das and Gayatri
Praharaj under my supervision and guidance and the same has not been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree.
Signature of HOD Signature
(Prof. J. Padhi) (Mr Surya Narayan Sahoo)
Head of Department Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude towards all the people who have contributed their
precious time and effort to help us. Without whom it would not have been possible for us to
understand and complete the project.
We would like to thank Asst. Prof. Mr Surya Narayan Sahoo, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, our Project lecture for his guidance, support, motivation
and encouragement throughout the period this work was carried out. His readiness for
consultation at all times, his educative comments, his concern and assistance even with
practical things have been invaluable.
We are grateful to Prof. Jagannath Padhi, Professor and Head, Dept. of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for providing necessary facilities in the department.
We would also like to give our respect and gratitude to all the faculty members and staffs of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for their generous help in
various ways for the completion of this project.
We would also like to thank our family and friends for their encouragement and support
throughout the entire period.
Gayatri Praharaj
Akash
Subas Sahoo
Srinibash Parida
Sandip Kumar Sahoo
Sagar Das
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Name Page No.
Certificate 3
Acknowledgement 4
Table ofContents 5
List ofFigures 7
List ofTables 8
Abstract 9
Chapter 1: Introduction 10-11
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Objective 10
1.3 History 11
Chapter 2: Hydro Power Plant 12-14
2.1 Impound 12
2.2 Diversion 12
2.3 Pumped Storage 13
Chapter 3: Sizes, Types and Capacities of Hydroelectric Facility 15-17
3.1 Large Facilities 15
3.2 Small Facilities 15
3.3 Micro Facilities 16
3.4 Pico Facilities 16
3.5 Underground 17
3.6 Calculating Available Power 17
Chapter 4: Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plant 18-19
4.1 Dam 18
6. 6
4.2 Spillway 18
4.3 Penstock and Tunnel 19
4.4 Surge Tank 19
4.5 Power Station 19
Chapter 5: Inverter and Batteries 20-22
5.1 Inverter Circuit 20
5.2 Working Principle of Inverter Circuit 21
5.3 Batteries 22
Chapter 6: Advantages and Disadvantages 23-24
6.1 Advantages 23
6.2 Disadvantages 23
6.3 Comparison With other methods of power generation 23
Chapter 8: World Hydroelectricity Capacity 25
Chapter 8: Conclusion 26
References 27
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page No
Fig.2.1 Impoundment Facility 12
Fig.2.2 Diversion Facility 13
Fig.2.3 Pumped Storage 13
Fig.3.1 A Micro Hydro Facility in Vietnam 16
Fig.3.2 A Pico Hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia 17
Fig.4.1 Dam Layout 18
Fig.4.2 Spillway Layout 18
Fig.4.3 Power Generation Layout 19
Fig. 5.1 Inverter Circuit 20
Fig. 5.2 Series and Parallel Connection of Two Batteries 22
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page No
Table 3.1 Facilities Over 10 GW Capacity 15
Table 7.1 10 of The Largest Hydroelectric Producer as at 2009 25
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ABSTRACT
Alternative energy sources are a popular topic of conversation these days, as many believe they
hold a promising solution to meeting our current energy needs in a clean and environmentally
friendly way. These renewable resources get their energy from naturally occurring phenomena.
Water is one of those phenomena. Hydro electric power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is
plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during
operation.
Hydro electric turbines operate on a simple principle. The kinetic energy of water turns two or
three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins
a generator to create electricity. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy,
accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity
production in 2010 and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of
global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-
hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable
electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to
5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. It is also a flexible source of electricity since the amount
produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy
demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and
building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife. Once a
hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a
considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel
powered energy plants.
Here we are producing Hydro power by using a proto type model.
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CHAPTER-1
. INTRODUCTION .
1.1 Introduction
Renewable Energy Sources are those energy sources which are not destroyed when their
energy is harnessed. Human use of renewable energy requires technologies that harness
natural phenomena, such as sunlight, wind, waves, water flow, and biological processes such as
an aerobic digestion, biological hydrogen production and geothermal heat. Amongst the above
mentioned sources of energy there has been a lot of development in the technology for
harnessing energy from the water.
Hydro means "water". So, hydropower is "water power" and hydroelectric power is electricity generated
using water power. Potential energy (or the "stored" energy in a reservoir) becomes kinetic (or moving
energy). This is changed to mechanical energy in a power plant, which is then turned into electrical energy.
Hydroelectric power is arenewable resource.
In an impoundment facility (see below), water is stored behind a damin a reservoir. In the damis a water
intake. Thisis anarrow opening to atunnel calledapenstock.
Water pressure (fromthe weight of the water and gravity) forces the water through the penstock and onto
the blades of a turbine. A turbine is similarto the blades of a child's pinwheel. But instead of breath making
the pinwheel turn, the moving water pushes the blades and turns the turbine. The turbine spins because of
the force ofthe water. The turbine is connected to an electrical generator inside the powerhouse. The
generator produces electricity that travels over long-distance power lines to homes and businesses. The
entire process iscalled hydroelectricity.
1.2 Objective
To reduce the greenhouse effect.
To reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.
To meet the challenge of increasing electricity demand.
To reduce the price of electricity.
To provide electricity to every households of the world.
To gain knowledge about Hydro electric energy and the history and future it can have.
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1.3 History
Humans have been harnessing water to perform work for thousands ofyears. The Greeks used water
wheels for grinding wheat into flour more than2,000 years ago. Besides grinding flour, the power of the
water was usedto sawwood and power textile mills and manufacturing plants.
For more than a century, the technology for using falling water to create hydro electricity has existed.The
evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military
engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulic. In this four volume work, he described
using avertical-axis versus ahorizontal-axis machine.
During the1700s and1800s, waterturbine developmentcontinued.In1880,a brusharclightdynamodriven
by a water turbine was used to provide theatre and storefront lighting in Grand Rapids, Michigan; and in
1881, a brush dynamo connected to a turbine in a flour mill provided street lighting at Niagara Falls, New
York. Thesetwo projects used direct-current technology.
Alternating current is used today. That breakthrough came when the electric generator was coupled to the
turbine, which resulted in the world's, and the United States', first hydroelectric plant located in Appleton,
Wisconsin in1882
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CHAPTER-2
. HYDRO POWER PLANTS .
There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Some
hydropower plants usedams and some do not. Theimages below show both types of hydropower plants.
Many dams were built forother purposes and hydropower was added later. In the United States, there are
about 80,000 dams of which only 2,400produce power. The other dams are for recreation, stock/farm
ponds, flood control, water supply, and irrigation. Hydropower plants range in size fromsmall systems for a
home or villageto largeprojects producing electricity for utilities.
2.1 Impoundment
Fig.2.1 ImpoundmentFacility
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility,
typically a large hydropower system, uses a damto store river water in a reservoir. Water released fromthe
reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The
water may be releasedeither to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain aconstant reservoir level.
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2.2 Diversion
Adiversion,sometimes called run-of-river,facilitychannels aportionofa river throughacanal orpenstock. It
may not require the useofadam.
Fig.2.2 Diversion Facility
2.3 PumpedStorage
Fig.2.3 Pumped StorageFacility
When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water froma
lower reservoir toan upper reservoir.During periods of high electrical demand,the wateris released back to
the lower reservoir to generate electricity.
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Pumped storage hydro-electricity works on a very simple principle. Two reservoirs at different altitudes are
required.When the wateris released,fromthe upper reservoir,energyis created by the down flow whichis
directed through high-pressure shafts,linked to turbines.
Inturn,the turbines powerthegenerators tocreateelectricity.Water is pumpedbackto the upper reservoir
by linking apump shaftto the turbine shaft,using amotor to drive the pump.
The pump motors are powered by electricity from the National Grid - the process usually takes place
overnight when national electricity demand is at its lowest . A dynamic response - Dinorwig's six generating
units can achieve maximumoutput, fromzero, within 16seconds. Pump storage generation offers a critical
back-up facilityduring periods of excessivedemand on the national grid system.
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CHAPTER-3
SIZES,TYPES & CAPACITIES OF HYDROELECTRIC FACILITIES
Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply manyconsumers with electricity to small and
micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sellpower to utilities.
3.1 Large Facilities
Large-scale hydroelectric power stations are more commonly seen as the largest power
producing facilities in the world, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of generating more
than double the installed capacities of the current largest nuclear power stations.
Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large hydroelectric power
stations, facilities from over a few hundred megawatts are generally considered large
hydroelectric facilities.
Currently, only four facilities over 10 GW (10,000 MW) are in operation worldwide, see table
below.
Table 3.1 Facilities over 10 GW
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3.2 Small Facilities
Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small community or
industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to
10 megawatts (MW) is generally accepted as the upper limit of what can be termed small
hydro. This may be stretched to 25 MW and 30 MW in Canada and the United States. Small-
scale hydroelectricity production grew by 28% during 2008 from 2005, raising the total world
small-hydro capacity to 85 GW. Over 70% of this was in China (65 GW), followed by Japan (3.5
GW), the United States (3 GW), and India (2 GW).
Small hydro stations may be connected to conventional electrical distribution networks as a
source of low-cost renewable energy. Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in
isolated areas that would be uneconomic to serve from a network, or in areas where there is no
national electrical distribution network. Since small hydro projects usually have minimal
reservoirs and civil construction work, they are seen as having a relatively low environmental
impact compared to large hydro. This decreased environmental impact depends strongly on the
balance between stream flow and power production.
3.3 Micro Facilities
Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to
100 kW of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small
community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks. There are many of these
installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an
economical source of energy without purchase of fuel. Micro hydro systems complement
photovoltaic solar energy systems because in many areas, water flow, and thus available hydro
power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a minimum.
Fig.3.1 A micro hydro facility in Vietnam
3.4 Pico Facilities
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Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 kW. It is useful in small,
remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity. For example, to power one
or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio for a few homes. Even smaller turbines of 200-
300W may power a single home in a developing country with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft). A Pico-
hydro setup is typically run-of-the-river, meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes
divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before returning it
to the stream.
Fig.3.2 Pico Hydro electricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia
3.5 UndergroundFacilities
An underground power station is generally used at large facilities and makes use of a large
natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake. An
underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall
built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal
tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.
3.6 Calculating Available Power
A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric station is:
where,
= Power in watts,
= The density of water (~1000 kg/m3),
= Height in meters,
= Flow rate in cubic meters per second,
= Acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2,
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= A coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher (that is,
closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines.
Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations,
the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
CHAPTER-4
. LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT .
Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into electrical energy.
Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are available.The layout covered inthis article isjust
asimpleone and only cover the important parts of hydroelectric plant. Thedifferent parts of ahydroelectric
power plant are
4.1 Dam
Fig.4.1 Dam Layout
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and forma reservoir. The reservoir stores the
water flowing down the river.This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water
during the rainyseason and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the
year. Dams arealso used for controlling floods andirrigation.The dams should be water-tightandshould be
able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it.There are different types of dams such as arch
dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of waterin the damiscalled head race .
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4.2 Spillway
Fig.4.2 Spillway Layout
Aspillwayas the namesuggests could becalledas a wayfor spilling of waterfromdams.Itis usedto provide
forthe releaseofflood water froma dam.Itis usedto prevent overtoping ofthe dams whichcould resultin
damage orfailure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types
start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation
of flow ispossible.
4.3 Penstockand Tunnel
Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are
usually made ofsteel and are equippedwith gate systems. Water under high pressure flows through the
penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present
between the damand power station such asamountain.
4.4 Surge Tank
Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water
hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by
thesurgetank,andwhenthewaterrequirements increase,itsupplies thecollected water therebyregulating
water flow and pressure insidethe penstock.
4.5 Power Station
Powerstationcontains aturbinecoupledtoagenerator.The water broughtto the powerstation rotates the
vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational torque is transferred to
the generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is released through the tail race. The
differencebetween headrace andtail raceis calledgross headandbysubtracting thefrictionallosses weget
the net head available to the turbine forgeneration of electricity.
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Fig.4.3 Power generation Layout
CHAPTER-5
. INVERTER AND BATTERIES .
5.1 Inverter
A powerinverter,or inverter,isan electronicdevice orcircuitrythatchanges directcurrent(DC)
to alternatingcurrent(AC).
The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the
design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is
provided by the DC source.
A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects
(such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in
the conversion process.
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Fig.5.1 InverterCircuit
5.2 WORKINGOF INVERTER
An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and generators. When connected, an
inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The
inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC
electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a
microwave oven, or some other electronics appliances.
In a simple inverter circuit it consist of two transistor Q1 (2N3055) , Q2 (2N3055), Capacitor
(10nf), Step up Transformer, Capacitor 2 (357PR,16Khz), RF coil. It is parallel inverter circuit in
this commutation circuit capacitor is connected parallel to both transistors collector terminal.
We can explain the circuit in two modes (MODE 1 & MODE 2)
MODE 1
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First current will pass through the RF choke coli then it goes to the tapping point of
transformer, then it goes to the Capacitor (C1) at that time the capacitor lower plate is having
positive charge & upper plate is having negative charge, then it goes to the collector terminal of
transistor (Q1) & grounded by through the emitter terminal. In this period transistor (Q2) is in
off condition. In this mode it creates a one half of the sinusoidal wave.
MODE 2
In mode 2 operation the current come from the RF coil then reach at the tapping point of
transformer then the current goes to the capacitor in this time capacitor upper plate poses
(+ve) & the lower plate poses (-ve) polarity. After commutation then it comes to the collector
terminal of transistor (Q2) & then grounded through emitter terminal. In this mode it forms
another cycle of sinusoidal wave.
Filtering the AC
The rectangular shaped waves can be smoothed out, however, using appropriate inductances
and capacitors, in a so-called AC filter mechanism. The somewhat jagged appearance of the
voltage does not disappear completely. After this we will get the output across the secondary
side of the transformer.
5.3 Batteries
The runtime of an inverter is dependent on the battery power and the number of plugs utilizing
the inverter at a given time. As the amount of equipment utilizing the inverter increases, the
runtime will decrease. In order to prolong the runtime of an inverter, additional batteries can
be added to the inverter.
When attempting to add more batteries to an inverter, there are two basic options for
installation: Series Configuration and Parallel Configuration.
Series configuration:
If the goal is to increase the overall voltage of the inverter, one can daisy chain batteries in a
Series Configuration. In a Series Configuration, if a single battery dies, the other batteries will
not be able to power the load.
Parallel configuration:
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On the other hand, if the goal is to increase capacity and prolong the runtime of the inverter,
one can connect batteries/cells in a Parallel Configuration. In a Parallel Configuration, if a single
battery dies, the other batteries will be able to power the load.
Fig.5.2 Series and ParallelConnectionOf TwoBatteries
N.B-Here we have connected two 4 volt, 2.5 Amp Batteries to increase the overall voltage.
CHAPTER-6
. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .
Hydropoweroffersadvantagesoverotherenergysources butfacesuniqueenvironmentalchallenges.
6.1 Advantages
1.Hydropoweris afuelledbywater,soit's acleanfuelsource.Hydropower doesn'tpollute theairlike power
plants that burn fossilfuels,such ascoalor natural gas.
2.Hydropower isadomestic source of energy.
3.Hydropower relies on the water cycle,which isdriven by the sun, thus it'sarenewable power source.
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4.Hydropoweris generallyavailableas needed;engineers cancontrol theflow of waterthrough theturbines
to produce electricity on demand.
5.Hydropower plants provide benefits inaddition to cleanelectricity.
6. Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably
fishing,swimming,andboating.Mosthydropowerinstallations are requiredtoprovidesome publicaccess to
the reservoir to allow the public to takeadvantage of theseopportunities.Other benefits mayinclude water
supply and flood control.
6.2 Disadvantages
Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning
grounds or ifthey cannot migrate downstreamto the ocean. Upstreamfish passage can be aided using fish
ladders orelevators,or by trapping andhauling thefishupstreambytruck.Downstreamfishpassageis aided
by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by
maintaining aminimum spillflow past the turbine.
6.3 ComparisonWithOther Methods Of Power Generation
Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion, including
pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal.
Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of coal mining and the indirect health effects of coal
emissions. Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity generates no nuclear waste, has none
of the dangers associated with uranium mining, nor nuclear leaks.
Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power stations have a more predictable load factor.
If the project has a storage reservoir, it can generate power when needed. Hydroelectric
stations can be easily regulated to follow variations in power demand.
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CHAPTER-7
. WORLD HYDROELECTRIC CAPACIT .
The ranking of hydro-electric capacity is either by actual annual energy production or by
installed capacity power rating. Hydro accounted for 16 percent of global electricity
consumption, and 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, which continues the
rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.
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Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generated 32 percent of
global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-
hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. Brazil,
Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Austria, Switzerland, and Venezuela have a majority
of the internal electric energy production from hydroelectric power. Paraguay produces 100%
of its electricity from hydroelectric dams, and exports 90% of its production to Brazil and to
Argentina. Norway produces 98–99% of its electricity from hydroelectric sources.
A hydro-electric station rarely operates at its full power rating over a full year; the ratio
between annual average power and installed capacity rating is the capacity factor. The installed
capacity is the sum of all generator nameplate power ratings.
Table 7.1 10 of the largest hydroelectric producers as at 2009
CHAPTER-7
. CONCLUSION .
In this project we have made a working model of Hydroelectric mill and then produce hydro
energy and by using an inverter we converted the DC voltage to AC voltage and then distribute
it for domestic and industrial uses. This project flexible, the cost of the produced power is low
and it is also suitable for industrial application and it doesn't harm to our environment.
