The Between Positive And Positive Freedom On The Relations...

The Between Positive And Positive Freedom On The Relations...
Freedom is a difficult doctrine to definite in politics (Berlin, 1969). Philosophy emphasized entirely
determined by the public, particularly in sociology and economics (Swift, 2007). Liberty can clarify
the distinction between negative and positive liberty, the following part of this essay covers two
issues (Berlin, 1969). Meanwhile, the second purpose in this essay is to explore the implication of
negative and positive freedom on the relationship between the individual and the states which will
utilize different real instance in the world.
Modern liberalism tends to advocate as positive freedom which prefers to sacrifice personal interest
toward general will (Berlin, 1969). General will is meant that the public strives to one purpose ...
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Something may bring harm impact on political activities, the generation of Hitler 's Germany which
takes over in positive freedom as autocracy (Loflin, 2014). On the hand, majority rule has been
decided by minority participation during the democratic process like Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, the
administration which has decided from 1,200 people to represents 7 million citizens (Leg Co, 2014).
Some critic claims that the minority may not in accordance with the real interest of human.
Moreover, some people disputed that people may suffer from oppression in the positive liberty.
Actually, if the state would not stand at a boundary of positive freedom obviously that may lose the
object toward the common good and make the individual tends to be a subordinate role , no matter
the state would be a dominant on this relationship.
Second, the negative concept of freedom is most commonly assumed in liberal defenses of the
constitutional liberties typical of liberal–democratic societies, for example, freedom of movement,
freedom of religion, and freedom of speech, and prevention of paternalist or moralist state
intervention (Swift, 2007). The government aims the citizens should achieve self–sufficient and
self–realization, also would not rely on the state (Tansey, 1995).
Negative freedom (Formal freedom) can describe two diversities term (Barry, 2000). Firstly, law has
been the main restriction of human freedom (Barry, 2000). Undoubtedly, freedom advocates self–
determinate as the
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Political Parties In America
The Major Political Parties of America The Democrats and Republicans are two different political
parties. Democrats are the liberal party America, whereas the Republicans are the conservative party
in America (Jeremy & Demand, n.d.). The Democrats are the oldest voting based party in the world.
Ever since 1854, U.S. politics has been a battle between the Democrats and the Republicans.
*D*Since 1912 the Democrats have made it self the liberal party. Roosevelt, influenced American
liberalism,and has shaped the Democratic agenda since 1932. Democrats support welfare, social
justice, and social progressivism ("Political parties in the United States," 2015).
*D* The democratic use the ideology of social liberalism which wants a balance ... Show more
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The party is generally split on the issue of how to deal with illegal immigration ("Republican Party
(United States),"2015).
The Republican and Democrats have many similarities and differences. Republicans want less
government, whereas Democrats want more. Both the Democrats and Republicans support tax code
simplification, the only reason it has yet to be changed because no one knows how to change it. In
addition to this they are both for change in the voting system which could mean short lines and free
and fair elections.( Medha Chandorkar,

The Political Differences, Social Liberalism And Conservatism
"We will not agree on every issue. But let us respect those differences and respect one another. Let
us recognize that we do not serve an ideology or a political party; we serve the people", by John
Lynch. In this quote written by John Lynch, it expresses the fact that there are many differences
within ideology and political parties, but at the end of the day they are to serve the people and they
should be respected for their differences. Therefore, there are wo major ideologies that have
numerous differences and similarities. Within these ideologies there are social conservatives, which
is "a version of conservatism that advocates public policies based on traditional morals and religious
values." (Demichele 2017). Likewise, there is social liberalism a version of liberals that belief "of
liberty, rights, and egalitarianism with a focus on collective equally" (Demichele 2017). The social
liberalism represents more of collectivism and the social conservatives is more individualism.
Religion in a society and government is very important because the rules and regulation can come
from religion. In a social conservatism society, religion and traditional morals are practiced and
embedded in their society while in a social liberal society is more focused on secular stance where
there is no religious or spiritual basis. This paper would explore, the similarities and differences in
regard to the two ideologies, social liberalism and social conservatives, and their views on
feminism,

Opposition between Liberalism and Conservatism Essay
People's views on a wide range of issues are influenced or determined by the kind of foundational
belief systems they hold. Therefore, the difference in the nature of opinions among individuals or
groups of people alludes to the existence of distinct belief systems. In the course of history, the
distinction between Liberalism and Conservatism has become more vivid particularly in the political
arena where various players have expressed opposing points of view regarding the nation's future. It
is indeed undisputable that the foundational beliefs of Liberalism are diametrically opposed to those
of Conservatism. This essay will give a definition of each term and describe how the two oppose
each other.
Liberalism is a political ideology which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the event that the government turns out to be tyrannical, the people have the power and the right
to overthrow it and bring appropriate changes for the good of all. However, this change has to be
instituted rationally (Riley, 1990).
From a conservative point of view, this liberalist position is flawed with limitations. Instead,
conservatives advocate for a government that acts in a resolute and strong manner in order to
maintain order, traditions, and customs that have been tested and proven to be effective. In any case,
conservatives regard human nature as being selfish and inclined towards acting cruelly and
violently. Therefore, as opposed to entering into a compact with the people on the basis of limited
powers, liberalism encourages governments to act strongly and impose harsh punishment on those
who go against the law. A sense of community and adherence to social values is paramount and
never dependent on voluntary, conscious, or rational decision (Riley, 1990).
The second point is that liberalism upholds the principle of equality for all regardless of name,
social status, and gender, racial, cultural, or ethnic background. Liberalists advocate for a level
playing ground which calls for the government to strictly control the economy and also have more
power in the social arena so as to protect people from economic exploitation. Liberalists strongly
push for controlled corporations, an economy that is well

Examples Of Conservatism
The three major ideologies that have dominated Western thought since the Enlightenment are
conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism. In conservatism the individual are considered not
consistently rational and individuals are inherently unequal in intelligence, skills, and status. In
classical liberalism the individual enjoys rights to life, liberty, and property and is able to use reason
to determine the laws of nature. In socialism individuals are social and caring by nature. As for
society conservatism believes individuals belong to different groups and that there is harmony when
these groups are willing and able to work together, classical liberalism believes no one should be
forced to accept the authority of the state, they may

Relationship Between Liberalism And Conservatism
This essay will assess the relationship between liberalism and conservatism by exploring the
differences in ideological beliefs of these two ideologies. Ideology can be defined as "set of
interrelated and more or less coherent ideas" that constitutes of both "descriptive and normative
element" on how a society works (Heywood, 2007, pp. 6–7). One of the most popular ideology in
contemporary politics is liberalism which accord individual liberty and free market as its primary
priority. On the other hand, conservatism is generally known for advocating tradition, societal state
and authority. Firstly, we will look at theories developed by liberalism and conservatism on creation
of state. It would then be followed by liberalism's notion of individuality and individual liberty
versus conservatism's emphasis on individual imperfectionism and need for society. Thereafter, we
will observe liberalism and conservatism as political ideology and how it has evolved over time. The
essay will be summed up by a conclusion in the end. The terms, liberalism and conservatism
mentioned in this essay are intended to be synonymous to their traditional or classical thoughts and
beliefs. Every argument presented in this essay are intended to support the claim that liberalism and
conservatism are not compatible ideologies. By compatible, I meant being consistent without any
disagreements.
Social contract theory is "theoretical tool and a metaphor" (Kelly 2004, pp. 38) designed by John
Locke and

Primitive Methodist Society Chapter 14
This chapter begins in the year that five working–class MPs closely associated with the Primitive
Methodist Connexion entered the House of Commons. It ends prior to the South African War: a test
of Primitive Methodism's commitment to peace.
It will demonstrate that the Church and its members engaged increasingly in political activity,
primarily through a commitment to the Liberal Party. Their support for trade unions and the
prominence they gave to the Land Question was notable, a reflection of the interests of their core
membership: commonly miners and agricultural labourers residing in industrial villages and the
countryside. Their allegiance to the Liberal Party began to fracture during the Home Rule debate
and consequential to some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The miners had refused to accept significant wage reductions and the owners had locked them out.
The newspaper described the lockout as 'The Coal War' and the dispute dominated its pages for
several months. Letters from Primitive Methodist ministers described the dire straits of those
affected by the dispute and asked for donations of clothes and money to assist those on strike. Huge
numbers of Primitive donors responded. However, in addition to alleviating distress, at least one
minister took an active part in demonstrations in favour of the miners, marching under his chapel
banner. Another chaired meetings in support of the miners and expressed 'his indignation at the
conduct of the Masters' Federation'. Although one anonymous correspondent to Primitive Methodist,
while supporting the justice of the miners' case, blamed them for not accepting arbitration, the
editorials and all other correspondence were firmly behind the miners. One editorial blamed the
coalowners for seeking such a large reduction in wages, describing their actions as 'positive greed'
and 'a wrong–headed policy on their part'. He continued by affirming the Connexion's sympathy
with 'the miners, and with other classes of toilers in this country'. The miners deserved to be 'well–
paid'. The Government eventually interceded to end the dispute; an intervention warmly welcomed
by the paper, which hoped for the creation of Boards of Conciliation on which both employers and
employees would be equally

The Theory Of Liberal Ideology
Political Science Midterm I will be speaking on important political terms, explain the development
of liberal ideology in the United States of America, and touch on a few other areas of political
culture. First off liberalism; liberalism is a way of political worldview by the ideas of liberty and
equality. Although in a certain time in our history equality was somewhat of a lie. Slavery, racism,
and feminism prove that not every single person on the planet had equal rights. In the 1650's to
1780's western Europe had people that were thinking of ways to enlighten the people and bring
change to the world they all live in, called the Age of Enlightenment. Mostly philosophers
emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism. People like ... Show more content on
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There are liberal liberals, conservative liberals, and radical liberals. Which mostly all follow the
basic structure of liberalism. For example liberal liberals believe that for social safety people need
help to feed their families and take care of themselves because not everyone can make it in this
world and put food in peoples mouths, afford medical insurance, civilized people try to help each
other, not leave them starving and without care. On the conservative side, there views are that
people should be responsible for themselves, if they are given the chance they are completely
capable of supporting themselves and their families. They also believe that if government always
picks up and pampers the poor or needy, they will be weak and lose their motivation to work. For
money, taxes, and the part that the government plays; the conservatives believe that government
should serve the people. Not the other way around. The liberals say that the proper function of a
government is to solve issues, decrease poverty, protect civil rights and liberties. And to make sure
that all Americans have a fair chance to succeed.
The dimensions of the ideology of liberalism are political and economic liberalism. Political
liberalism underlines the social contract. Where citizens can make laws and agree to follow those
laws. Most people believe that individuals know what is best for them. Also it allows people to
represent themselves without the need to worry

Liberalism And Social Justice
As globalization becomes a pressing issue of study, and as interaction becomes more and more
contextualized in a global platform, issues of social justice become a concern for sociologists and
for Christians. From the Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory perspectives as well as the
Human rights perspective, it seems as if the march of globalization has brought more injustice and
social inequality into the world.
Before the Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory (WST), Development and
Modernization theories were dominant theories of development and globalization. Both these
theories rested on the assumption that "contact with western countries stimulates successful
development among developing countries" (Harper and Leicht 2011: 306). ... Show more content on
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Liberalism, or focus on liberal rights, which is the dominant perspective in the United States, "deals
exclusively with individual rights within the nation–state" (Smith 2013: 242). This dominant
perspective of rights is damaging to social justice and equity from a human rights standpoint
because "although civil and political rights––individual citizenship rights––are part and parcel of
human rights doctrine, inordinate stress on such right over others, which is the case in the United
States, undermines the larger human rights project" (Smith 2013: 243). Liberalism perpetuates
inequalities, leading "those with privileged, advantages backgrounds to easily feel that their
advantages are hard earned" ignoring a racialized class structure in America and an ignorance of
inequality across the globe (Smith 2013: 243). While liberal rights promote the individual pursuit of
one's own wants at the expense of others, human rights put everyone on the same plane. "human
rights start from the premise of people's shared humanity and the conditions of being human and
having human aspirations" (Smith 2013: 242). Human rights maintain equity and social

Comparing Classical Socialism And Communism
The aim of this essay is to compare the key differences between the ideologies of socialism,
conservatism and liberalism. All three evolved around the 19th century as responses to the
Enlightenment movement with the common aim to offer an ideal social construct, in which society
is the most prosperous (Neill, 2007). However, they differ in regards to implementation. Out of the
many versions of these theories, I chose to compare classical liberalism, classical conservatism and
Marxism because they represent the most mainstream ideas. Firstly, I am going to look at key
arguments on human nature, society and equality. Afterwards, I will examine the role of the state is
in light of these ideas. To facilitate analysis, I will compare the key points ... Show more content on
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In classical liberalism, the state is perceived as a necessary evil. The state is a form of authority and
as such is evil, because it limits a superior liberal principle, freedom (Heywood, 2013). Despite this,
governance is a crucial component to impose certain rules that stop individuals from harming each
other's liberties and causing damage to one another (Neill, 2007). A just way to establish a form of
governance is firstly to have individuals consent to it (Locke). Second, it must be ensured that it
serves the interest of the individuals (Heywood, Politics). Last but not least, it should establish an
order in which individuals can achieve their maximum utility. These conditions can be best met
through a representative democracy with constitutionalized checks and balances in limited
government (Mill, 2011). Conservatism opposes the liberal idea of consent. Authority, just like
hierarchy is viewed as natural and positive. It builds on the need for security and roles,
strengthening people's understanding of their duties and position within the organism of society
(Heywood). Originally, conservatives like Joseph de Maistre favoured traditional monarchies in the
belief that any reform would result in chaos (Lebrun, de Maistre, and Joseph Marie comte de
Maistre, 1974). Karl Marx's view on the state can best be described as a critique of the liberal
capitalist society rather than a clearly

Classical Liberalism V.S. Reform Liberalism on the Issue...
Brayden Sander (UCID 10080322)
October 14th 2011
Jay Makarenko
POLI 201
Writing Assignment
Classical Liberalism V.S. Reform Liberalism on the issue of Wealth Redistribution and Income
Classical Liberalism is against government interventionism in all realms of life. They believe that
everyone should be treated equally regardless of income. This differs from reform liberalism, as
they want government intervention to guarantee equality of opportunity. This is made possible by
progressive income tax, government regulation on big business, and social welfare. In My opinion
Classical Liberalism is superior as its fair and easier to implement than reform Liberalism.
1
Classical Liberalists think that every man or women is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"
2
The Classical Liberalist, would oppose any regulation on the economy. As they believe that those
who are able to make money based on the principle of supply and demand already have helped the
welfare of other in the process. Classical Liberalist's understand inequality as an inevitable result of
free competition, and actually see it as beneficial in the long run as capital is reinvested, to create
new technology, employment and opportunities. If this capital were to be taxed heavily instead,
many opportunities and jobs would be lost further adding to the inequality of wealth and opportunity
for the poor.
The biggest difference's between the set's of ideologies is that Reform Liberalism believes in
equality of opportunity, and that it is ethical to reduce the freedom for some if it means increasing it
for others. Classical Liberalist's believe that the invisible hand will regulate the economy and that
any wealth redistribution to the poor would harm them in the long run. They believe that everyone
should be completely in control of their own destiny. I think that Classical Liberalism is the superior
theory as it sticks to very simple principles, and it hold everyone responsible for their actions.
3

Sources
Dickerson, Mark, Thomas Flanagan, and O"Neill Brenda. An Introduction To Government And
Politics: A Conceptual Approach. 8. Toronto: Nelson Education, 2010. 126–142. Print.

Neo Liberalism And Its Impact On Society
Introduction
There is a heated debate on this concept during the past 20 years and is somewhat named as
exhortation. Many authors have tried to describe this concept and related it with the spread of
capitalism and along with a proactive welfare state. The concept of neo liberalism basically revived
from liberalism. By this it can be suggested that liberalism was absent from politics in order to
emerge in a new form. Neo liberalism is not basically a distinct ideology and a not proper form of
liberalism. It shares only some of the historic views with liberalism which would be general.
Another concept which is introduced is economic liberalism. It is defined as that the states do not
intervene in the matters related to economy rather on the individuals. Economic liberalism and
neoliberalism are separate entities from liberalism. In oxford English dictionary describes economic
liberalism as, Favorable to constitutional changes and legal or administrative reforms tending in the
direction of freedom or democracy.
It also describes neo liberalism as, A modified and revived form of traditional liberalism one based
on the belief in free market capitalism and the rights of the individuals.
Liberalism
Liberalism was an important concept but it also lost some of its importance in order to emerge as a
new form. In the today's world hardly any one speaks for the freedom and democracy

Liberalism Vs Conservatism
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. The difference between Liberalism as an ideology and Liberalism as a theory of International
Relations. 1
3. A contemporary development in IR that links up with Liberalism 2
4. Conclusion 2
5. Reference List 3
1. Introduction
Liberalism as a political concept is defined as a doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the
freedom of the individual to be the principal issue of politics, liberals have faith that government is
compulsory to protect individuals from being harmed by others but they also recognize that
government itself can pose a threat to liberty (Ball, s.a). In other words, the liberals believe that
there should be government if the citizens of the particular liberal country are to feel safe and
protected. They think that it is the duty of the government to ensure that the citizens of its country
are far from threat and harm, thus ensuring maximum security and protection for them. However,
the government in its whole can also be viewed as bad. The liberals believe that the government is a
threat to the freedom of individuals– the existence of the government restricts the individual from
being free to do what they desire (liberals believe that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trademark of liberalism is concerned with the limits of authority and the opposition to state
interference (Goodwin, 2007:36). The liberalists believe that the government should be given
minimum opportunity, roles and duties in the activities of the whole country. The government
should not have a say in what must happen with the individual and their individual affairs. Thus
human rights and liberty should always be uplifted and promoted by the government. Liberals value
the individual over the collective. The role of government should thus be limited and it should not
be allowed to act independently. As long as the individuals do not infringe upon each other's rights,
then they are free to act how they wish

Pros And Cons Of Legalizing Cannabis
Legalising Cannabis:
Q1: Considering all factors: User's views: Life easier, rather than having to hide and smoke. Non–
user views: Bad for you in all sorts of ways, makes you 'stupid'.
Government views: Believe weed can lead to more serious drugs being used. Public views: High
percent (%) of the public agree that marijuana users should Not have long term in jail.
Q2: Consider pros and cons: Pros:
 Less people going to prison and getting in trouble.
 Saves lives, generates money and creates jobs.
 Dealers will be reduced or eliminated.
Cons:
Youngers will think that drug use is acceptable.
Loss of control over physicians.
Inability of employers to allow drugs being bought into the work place, without having to be
searched. Q3: Consider the views of groups affected:
Approximately 9% of people who try marijuana become addicted to it, compared to 15% who try
cocaine, and 24% of those who try heroine.
In the US about 750,000 people are arrested each year for marijuana offenses.
In 2003, Canada became the first country in the world to offer medical marijuana to pain suffering
patients.
A slim majority (53%) of Americans say the drug should be made legal, compared with 44% who
want it to be illegal.
Part B Task 2:
 BLOG
 SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Both blog and scientific journal present, the information on cannabis in sections with bold sub–

headings.
They both have a comment section where

Progressive Reform
The rise of modern American liberalism throughout the history
Having been born in Europe in the epoch of Renaissance and Reformation, the liberalism has
become an inevitable part of the United States. When someone and somewhere talks about the
liberal movement, everybody will mention the American liberalism, which has undergone several
stages of its development and transformed into modern liberalism. This liberalism allows the United
States to be one of the most powerful states in the world.
Since its origin, the United States did not know different political philosophy but liberalism in its
democratic–constitutional form. The liberal doctrine in the United States was influenced by some
factors – the impact of the American Revolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It claims on different freedoms of people despite their gender, race, and age. Also, one of the
principles of American liberalism is the separation of state and church. The main aim of liberalism is
to promote the general welfare of the American citizens. However, sometimes the liberalism was too
controversial. For example, the involvement of the United States to the wars violated the rights of
people. Speaking about the WWI, George William Norris wrote that war brings no prosperity to the
great mass of common and patriotic citizens. It increases the cost of living of those who toil and
those who already must strain every effort to keep soul and body together. War brings prosperity to
the stock gambler on Wall Street – to those who are already in possession of more wealth than can
be realized or enjoyed (149).
Such eager of American people to live in a free society is well understandable and can be explained
by several factors as well. The ultimate goal of the American social ideal is equality of opportunity
and individual initiative. These are not born of bureaucracy. This ideal is the expression of the spirit
of our people. This ideal obtained at the birth of Republic. It was the ideal of Lincoln; it is the ideal
upon which the nation has risen to unparalleled greatness (205). To another word, it is a heritage of
all generations, which made their

Liberalism is define by the desire to minimise the role of...
'Liberalism is defined by the desire to minimise the role of the state' Discuss. Liberalism as an
ideology revolves around the idea of freedom for the individual. The reason for this is due to the
liberal's view of human nature; they see the human being as unique and rational; able to make
decisions in their best interest. Although all liberals agree on individual freedom, when it comes to
the role of the state they are split down the middle. On one side there are the classic liberals who
believe in as little state intervention as possible, and on the other side there is the modern liberals
who believe state intervention is necessary as it can develop people and create equal opportunity.
When looking at a liberal view of the state it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In classic liberals eyes, true freedom is that when the individual is left completely to their own
desire, at best the state can be seen as 'a necessary evil', or as Jefferson summed up, "Government is
best when governed least". On the other hand there are the modern liberals, who in contrast, have
advanced a developmental form of individualism that prioritises human flourishing over the quest
for interest satisfaction. This idea says that people can be developed in order to become the best
person they can be. In contrast to classic liberals, modern liberals follow positive freedom. This was
an idea proposed by Green in the late nineteenth centaury; it recognizes that liberty may also be
threatened by social disadvantage and inequality. This, in turn, implied a revised view of the state.
By protecting individuals from the social evils that threaten to limit their lives, the state can expand
freedom, and not merely diminish it. In the place of the old minimal state, modern liberals have
devised a new 'enabling state', exercising an increasingly wide range of social and economic
responsibilities. Therefore modern liberals differ from the classic liberal in terms of the individual,
as the classics believe the state restricts and limits individual freedom, whereas modern liberals see
the state as enabling and protective, and can therefore boost levels of individual freedom

Classical Liberalism : Through The Ages
Isaac Oraweme
POL 2400
Fall 2015
Northeastern University
Prof. Florencia Gabriele
11/21/2015
Classical Liberalism – Through The Ages
In order to evaluate both concepts of liberalism, we should take in to consideration their historical
contexts. Because every political philosophy is the product of a certain time and circumstance and
therefore has its limitation(s).
Classical Liberalism, which is also known as traditional liberalism, laissez–faire liberalism, or
simply liberalism all over the world is a doctrine that stresses the importance of human rationality,
individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitations of
government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint.
At its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
< Raico, Ralph. "The Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Classical Liberalism." – 01 Aug. 1992. Web. 20
Nov. 2015.> Essentially, western civilization is a product of classical liberalism.
The principles of Classical liberalism are exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Montesquieu,
John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, Voltaire and others. Classical Liberalism is basically seen as the
combination of economic liberalism and political liberalism. Another contention of classical
liberalism is that part of what makes society civil is the ability of its members to help each other.
Classical liberalism also sees the market as a major part of civil society. It asserts that people want
and ultimately need to do good by others, and claims that part of that includes freely exchanging the
fruits of their labor with fellow members of society.
Classical liberals don't just promote the market, limited government, and voluntary association,
classical liberalism asserts that in order for society to remain functional, it has to be democratic, and
maintains that people do not simply need to do good by their fellow man but that they must also
love doing good. Liberals are hopeful that members of a civil society will do the right thing, but
readily they acknowledge that people can be vicious, specifically members of society who are in
positions of

Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism Essay
Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism
The subject given for this paper was to "assess the alienation from liberalism found in modern and
contemporary political theory." To be honest, I don't see a correlation with alienating liberalism and
modern political thought through the time line of political theory in the 18th and19th century and
through the 20th century. So, for this paper, I will prove the opposite. I will show, in my opinion,
how the rise of liberalism has kept alive modern and contemporary political thought and action. I
will begin with what I know of the beginning of liberal ideas and move through time showing how
these liberal movements have been the basis for major changes in countries and that liberalism, in
my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This unprecedented growth and profit was another social change that occurred during the Industrial
Revolution. The laissez–faire method taken by the government permitted to thrive. This allowed the
wealthy, middle–class owners to pursue whichever path was most profitable because no government
action was taken against this harsh treatment of workers. Before the Report, governments were
averse to the implementation of reforms based on their strict policy of laissez–faire the government
found this sacred. Citizens claimed "human rights" and "natural rights" they began to rebel, breaking
into factories and destroying hundreds of them in the span of a few weeks. After this outcry and
revolt of many citizens, the British government was forced to act. In the future many changes were
made due to the social and working conditions in Britain. Politics separated from the electoral
system due to the effects of the Industrial Revolution on.
Guided by the political notion of liberalism in the 18th century this meant a new age in British
politics, which continued through the Industrial Revolution. The industrialization of Europe, like the
French Revolution, left a permanent mark on society. Changes such as the Health and Morals
Apprentices Act, where 12 hours of work a day was all that was allowed with no night shifts and
employers were to provide education and the Factory Act where women and children of the ages
13–18 could not work more than 12

Conservatism In The United States
In the world of politics, there are many people who tend to view the world through a lense that
justifies as to how they view the world around them. Specifically in the US today, there are
individuals who are either conservative, or are liberals. While comparing conservatism and
liberalism, they are extremely different in terms of definition. Conservatism is defined as an
individual who, "believes in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society"
(Merriam Webster). In a broad perspective, conservatism is traditionally interpreted when a person
is unwilling to accept change. In contrast, liberalism is defined, " [as a] belief in the value of social
and political change in order to achieve progress" (Merriam Webster).

Nz Ideology Essay
Government Essay
Question – Do political parties in New Zealand follow this Ideology? Choose three specific policy
commitments each from different New Zealand political parties and discuss the extent to which the
policies reflect a clear ideology.
It is important for New Zealand parties to have a clear ideology and policies since the 2014 election
is coming up. Ideology typically refers to a series of political beliefs, ethical ideals or principles. Do
these New Zealand parties follow these ideologies through their policies? There are parties which
have different ideologies in which they follow through their policies, such as the Green party and the
Labour party. Although, some parties such as the National party do not necessarily ... Show more
If the policy were to follow the ideology of classical liberalism, the policy apply to all ages. Free
vaccinations should essentially be offered to all individuals. However, this would in a sense; prevent
the harm of others, which does follow the ideology of classical liberalism, as classical liberals go by
the principle of liberty as the primary political value. By the government being able to prevent the
harm of others from potential diseases through the improvement and funding of vaccinations for
children. The policy does not entirely follow the National party's ideology of classical liberalism, in
some aspects. However, it is definitely beneficial to the society. The policy of improving the health
of young children through immunization is beneficial for society as it would reduce and prevent
sickness to infants within both short and long term periods so it will provide a solid foundation for
children; being able to live a healthier life (Hamilton, G. (2011).
The Labour party is one of New Zealand's oldest parties, founded in 7 July 1916. Their party is
based on the ideology of social democracy. Social democracy embraced by many parties and it is on
the centre–left of politics. Living costs are rising faster than wages and nothing on the household
expense list is rising faster than power. Household prices are increasing at double the rate of
inflation. Labour are planning on

Difference Between Somalia Is Weak State And Weak Power
Somalia is weak state and weak power
1)Over two decades of conflict have left 1.1 million Somalis displaced in their own country, and
almost a million as refugees in neighbouring countries. High food prices, combined with frequent
droughts and floods have compounded poverty and continue to threaten livelihoods.(UNHCR,nd)
2)Somalia has an estimated population of 12 million. About 82 percent of Somalis are poor across
multiple dimensions (health, education, standard of living). Overall, 73 percent of Somalis live on
under US$2 per day.(UNHCR,nd)
3)A famine in part of Southern Somalia in 2011 killed a quarter of a million people. This was the
first time a famine had been declared in the Horn of Africa region in nearly thirty years.(UNFPA,
2013) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example of classic liberalism's beliefs regarding the role of government is found in Thomas
Hobbes's theory that government was created by individuals to protect themselves from one another.
(Raico,2010).
Social Liberalism argues that governments must take an active role in promoting the freedom of
citizens, and that real freedom can only exist when citizens are healthy, educated and free from dire
poverty. Social Liberals believe that this freedom can be ensured when governments guarantee the
right to an education, health care and a living wage, in addition to other responsibilities such as laws
against discrimination in housing and employment, laws against pollution of the environment, and
the provision of welfare, all of which would be supported by a progressive taxation system.

Liberalism, A Common Ideologies, Social Democracy And...
Liberalism is one of the two most common ideologies in the United States, with the other being
conservatism, and the ideology that I identify with the most. The other two common ideologies,
social democracy and libertarianism, are not brought up as often in politics, and as such, I will be
talking about them minimally. According to the textbook, By The People: Debating American
Government, liberalism is, "[rejecting] the idea that public officials should interfere in people's
private lives," and being, "all for active government when it comes to economic policy or corporate
regulation."(Morone, Kersh, 2016, p.36). Liberalism is, in my words, the belief that government has
little need to restrict certain behaviors or actions in the lives of its citizens, but instead that the time
and money that would be spent on restricting these should go towards helping the economy or
regulating the actions of companies. Some efforts that liberals have been working towards are
protecting the environment, limiting the actions of banks, and creating more government programs
to help people who need it, or at least increasing funding for said programs. Liberals tend to work
towards equality for all, whether it be equality of genders, of race, or minimizing the gaps between
socioeconomic classes. Liberals are more accepting to new areas of science and new breakthroughs
in science than conservatives, and science is the general path I see my life going on. As such, I feel
like I fit in much

The Similarities Between Classical and Modern Liberalism...
Similarities between classical and modern liberalism are greater than the differences. Discuss. (45
marks)
Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; classical liberalism, which was
fashioned during the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution, and the more recent
Modern Liberalism which emerged as industrialisation continued within the UK. Although both
divisions of Liberalism unavoidably overlap in attitudes and approaches regarding the theory behind
the ideology, I believe, fundamentally, that clear tensions between these aspects of Liberalism are
more evident when analysing this ideology.
Some will say that both classical and modern liberalists possess a number of parallel approaches
towards this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So toleration was not simply a guarantee for personal autonomy, but ensured the dynamism and
health of society. All liberalists believed toleration brought about debate, argument and contest,
which was inevitably bring about social progress.
However, I consider the tensions and differences between classical and modern liberalists to be far
more apparent when scrutinising this ideology.
Although liberals agree about the value of liberty, their views on what it means to be 'free' vary
significantly. It was Isaiah Berlin who first created the concepts of negative and positive freedom
that helped to differentiate between the two liberals' views of freedom. The concept of negative
freedom was adopted by classical liberals, who believed that freedom was defined as being left
alone and free from interference. Classical liberals believed this theory to mean that individuals
should be free from external restrictions or constraints. Modern liberals, on the other hand, believed
in positive freedom. This, modernist's perceived to means that all individuals have the ability to be
their own master, and thus reach full autonomy. Unlike classical liberals, who had little faith in
humankind, Modernists conveyed humans in a much more positive light: people are rational beings
that are capable, and therefore should be able, to flourish and

Social Liberalism : Leonard Hobhouse And Social Liberalism
Leonard Hobhouse was a sociologist and a British liberal political theorist and was one of the first
thinkers of social liberalism. (liberalism, 2017). His famous works include the book "Liberalism
(1911)".
Social Liberalism is that liberalism which ranks individual liberty most crucial and hence it requires
social justice. It believes that individual liberty can only be achieved in its true sense if there is a
proper economic and social stability. In order for building a favourable milieu L.T Hobhouse
believes that there is a dire requirement of action which should be driven by a strong and a welfare
orientated state. For L.T Hobhouse the essence of social liberty lied in the compliance of basic
attributes like Civil Liberty, Personal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He developed the argument further stating that a man's religious beliefs rests upon his own
innermost thoughts and feelings, his personal attitude to life and his own dignity and destiny.
Personal Liberty also includes the liberty of peace, written works and that discussions can be
simulated without any threats. However the use of this liberty should be in the extent that it doesn't
lead to conflicts.
He also believes that fiscal liberty is indispensable when it comes to social liberalism and that can
be brought by the arbitrary taxation system which states that taxes should not be fixed permanently
and should be decided on year to year basis in accordance to the needs of the public. He believes
that fiscal liberty will also be helpful in establishing political liberty. His point is apt in the 21st
century in developing countries like China, India and Brazil to stimulate the growth rate as there are
varied backgrounds of income, this would help also in the growth of small and medium size
businesses to contribute to the economy. He also quotes "No taxation without representation".
When it comes to social liberty, it means that there should be no hierarchy and that there Is no
monopoly of some occupations by the corporations and people are free to choose their occupations
and that membership of any corporations should not be based on the hereditary qualifications, nor
by artificial difficult of entry. Also, there should be equality when it comes to treating women, for

Classical Liberalism And Social Justice
The definition of social justice is multifaceted with varying degrees of meaning. Each philosophical
view that is held by the differing political group or individual classes is assigned to provide the
maximum benefit to their ascribed affiliation. The conservative liberals, according to Lorenz (2014),
defines social justice as pertaining to the personal freedoms afforded to its legally recognized
citizens from an intrusive government. Only when individuals are unable to sustain their societal
commitment to their own well–being should government assume responsibility through sanctioned
public support (Lorenz 2014). Classical liberalism ideology differs slightly from the views of their
conservative liberal counterparts in that they emphasize ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of social protection is to introduce productive copy strategies that will guard against shocks
within their environment by initiating policies, services, and education (Social Risk Management,
2003). In its broadest context, protection is the implantation of policy by contractual agreement
between the government and its inhabitants. For example, requiring school age children to be
vaccinated against harmful and contagious diseases is a formal policy to protect the public. Social
Risk Management (SRM), according to Wernet (2015), can be effective by providing: (a) assistance
with risk management skills; (b) support through formal and informal structures; (c) and income to
the chronically poor so they can better manage shocks that has the potential to exacerbate their
condition

Realism, Liberalism, And Social Constructivism
Because global politics guarantees only anarchy and interaction, scholars must analyze the
international system using a variety of theories. Realism, liberalism, and social constructivism are
only a handful of lenses through which we view global affairs. Realism suggests that anarchy causes
states to fight for survival and the balance of power. Liberalism suggests that while states do fight to
survive, anarchy creates an environment conducive to cooperation. On the other hand,
constructivism suggests that people constructed this system of international relations and anarchy is
what states make of it. Although each theory is different, they still seek to explain both history and
the contemporary world.
The realist approach to anarchy treats it as the main mode of the international system. Realist theory
states that because the international system is anarchic, survival acts as a state's primary interest.
Without a higher authority to regulate the actions of states, much like a government regulates the
actions of its citizens; states are free to do whatever they please. Realism suggests that given this
amount of power, along with the primal and violent nature of humans, states must constantly fight to
survive. The self–interest of the state comes before anything else, so conflict is always possible.
States only gain relative to other states because there can be no absolute winnings for all states; a
zero–sum approach to power. Also, in the anarchic system states strive to put

Ideology Is A Controversial Concept For A Long Time
Ideology has been a controversial concept for a long time. Andrew Heywood, has defined it as "a
more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action".
Unsurprisingly, liberalism, socialism and conservatism, which appeared due to different historical
and social environments to serve different goals, have disparate opinions on ideologies. According
to Heywood's summarization in Political Ideologies: An Introduction, the liberals claimed that
ideology is a repressive belief system with official acknowledgements to provide a monopoly of
truth; the conservatives argued that ideology is abstracted from reality, showing the arrogance of
rationalism; the socialists, following Marx's views, claimed that it conceals the conflicts of classes,
preventing the proletariat from recognizing the fact that they are exploited. These classical
ideologies are disparate not only in the way they view the ideology but also in many other aspects.
First of all, they have different core principles which make them truly different. In the liberalism,
freedom is given a supreme position. It believes that each individual is unique and separate, and
have the authority to make moral decisions by themselves. As Waldron stated in Theoretical
Foundations of Liberalism: "in politics, liberals are committed to intellectual freedom, freedom of
speech, association, and civil liberties generally." Liberals believe that people are rational enough to
make wise judgments,

Liberalism And Ligalitarianism
Politics is often discussed on the basis or right and wrong, left and right, and is riddled with false
dichotomies, when it really is a much more vivid and complex spectrum than that. There are many
different systems of governments and competing ideologies, that are further then divided in their
leanings and priorities. Of the first ideologies, Liberalism, is also subcategorized into different
interpretations based on how much of liberty is attainable and a governmental presence there should
be. It is divided into Classical Liberalism, Social Darwinism, Egalitarian Liberalism, Libertarianism,
and Libertarian Anarchism. The reason there is much contention within Liberalism as an ideology
on its own, is because all of these factions idealize ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the one hand, with the emergence of the nation–state and theories of sovereignty in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, ideas of a distinctly public realm began to crystallize. On the other hand,
in reaction to the claims of monarchs and, later, parliaments to the unrestrained power to make law,
there developed a countervailing effort to stake out distinctively private spheres free from the
encroaching power of the state. Natural rights theories were elaborated in the seventeenth century
for the purpose of setting limits on state power, both over property and religious conscience(3).
Many philosophers such as Locke, Miller, and Paine, and Kant argue for these rights due to the fact
that there was a great social awakening and a growing urge to question the legitimacy of leadership.
On these basis stood the foundation of classical liberalism.
Classical Liberalism prioritizes above all things complete and total individual liberty. Believers in
Classical Liberalism assert that it must be served in completeness because any lack of it creates
citizens that are willingly dependent on the government. It is imperative to understand that Classical
Liberalism does not call for complete anarchy or even no government at all like Libertarian
Anarchists do, but rather a small government. Thomas Paine describes this idea as "Society in every
state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst

Political Feminism And Marx 's Theory Versus Liberalism
What role does liberalism play in socio–legal theory? How do the theories you've chosen address
law's liberalism?
Natural law, Legal Feminism and Marx's theory versus Liberalism.
What role does liberalism play in socio–legal theory?
Liberalism is a theory where the rule of law is based on principles of equality and freedom. The first
principles for this theory came from the classical liberalism while the latter principles known are
more obvious in social liberalism. The first liberals embraced a wide range of practices depending
on their point of views of these philosophies, but in general, they supported ideas and behaviors
such as freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, civil rights, secular governments and democratic
societies. Of course this is very easy to understand and explain nowadays, after so many authors
have struggled to defined what liberalism really is and seeks. Using theories of Natural law, Legal
Feminism and Marx's theory versus Liberalism, this paper will analyze the implication of rights for
each theory and how they can be used in a negative and/or positive way within the socio–legal
framework.
Indeed, for many years, philosophers have sought to encounter a definition to liberalism, though
their attempts have revolved around abstract and philosophical arguments to come to a 'neutral'
definition, which accordingly to Suda (2000, p. 140) can be:
"Liberalism is above all a system of thought which puts at the center of its preoccupations

Social Liberalism: Equilibrium Between Individual Liberty...
Social liberalism, often referred to as modern liberalism, is a political belief that aspires to attain
equilibrium between individual liberty and social justice. Social liberalism was discovered after the
liberal revolution by those who were dissatisfied with the focus on liberty, which allowed extreme
economic inequality at the end of the ninetieth century. It developed as an alternative to classic
liberalism, which shared the similar ideas of freedom of religion, speech, power and markets but
without government intervention. The political ideology endorses the improvement of life for the
poor and disadvantaged systematically through a market economy and the expansion of civil and
political rights with the use of collective authority in reducing

Liberalism, Communism, And Social Democracy
The three political ideologies I will discuss in this paper are Liberalism, Communism, and Social
Democracy. These ideologies emerged in the 19th century and are views on society and the way in
which it is governed. Liberalism, Communism, and Social Democracy are social, political, and
economic doctrines. They share many differences, big and small, but these differences contribute to
their overall objective of the betterment of society. How they choose to implement and lead towards
that goal is what will be discussed in this paper.
Liberalism declares give to priority, freedom, and power to the individual. It's the optimist of the
group, as it believes that humans are good–hearted by nature. There's over 15 lesser known sub–
categories of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marx and Engels objective was to end capitalism because they blamed social class system believing
that it caused exploitation of workers thus developing class consciousness. Communism then
believes the result would be a core process of class conflict that would be solved through immense
struggle. At the center of the Communist ideology, is economic equality through eradicating private
property, and center on the idea that inequality and the class–divide is a result of capitalism and calls
for a new society with no private property, social classes, or profits.
Social democracy is a political philosophy that actually loosely falls under the category of
Liberalism. It seeks to alleviate harsh aspects of capitalism through intervention and services of
state. Similar to the views observed in Liberalism, Social Democracy has a view of society the
believes in equality. They inherit the belief that society is what people make of it. But even with that
said, individualistic views of society are something that Social Democracy actually rejects which
brings up another difference since it is seen and accepted in liberal ideologies. In the ideology, the
state plays a role in which it advertises a generally law abiding, healthy, peaceful society. This is
where the ideology differs with the beliefs of Communism, who views the state as a being of
oppression. The example people normally associate with Social Democracy is the Nordic

Whats The Difference Between Conservative Ideologies And...
At some point individuals seem to develop a set beliefs or values that they uphold and by doing so
they develop an ideology. Ideologies are personal beliefs and W. Phillips Shivley, in his book, Power
& Choice defines an ideology as a set of related ideas about politics that support one another (23).
There are numerous ideologies and they differ from each other or at times have similar ideas. A few
ideologies include liberalism, conservatism, communitarianism, and marxism. Everyone in some
way identifies with a particular ideology, others who are extremely passionate about their ideology
believe that it is superior to others and strive to prove why. Sometimes their reasoning is clouded by
their personal beliefs and they fail to look ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Karl Marx the founder of this ideology admired the production aspect of capitalism, but felt a
distaste towards it because many were exploited by it (Marxism Lecture). Marxism really focuses on
hierarchy and the fact that those with power and wealth rest on workers. Though Marx believed that
the expanding working class would eventually overthrow capitalism and develop a society where
there would be no class system. Individuals are considered cooperative and social and even capable
of being independent with the right assistance and inspiration. Marxists though do not value
democracy as liberals do. They believe that those who run the the industry actually have control of
the government under "democracy" (Marxism Lecture). Marxists would consider liberals to be
selfish just like the other ideologies because they truly believe that freedom can not be acquired
without

Globalization, Neo-Liberalism, and New Social Movements in...
Majeerah B. Sinarimbo September 26, 2012 Political Science 160 SINGA–PURA (SINGAPORE)
The world becomes more and more complex. Things have never been the same. Changes became
rapid and impulsive that at some point, we are confused as to how to address these changes.
Conflicts of the early times are not the same with what we 're facing today. Solutions of the past are
not exactly effective in the present. We, humans, we 're never stable. The complexity of our behavior
is a great manifestation of the unending evolution of our world. The world today might not be the
world of tomorrow. All of these, are results of changes. Yes, I am going to talk about changes. Not in
a simple way but in a more specific way. We all know that we can not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are very strict when it comes to obeying these laws. Punishments are given to those who are
not conforming to the rules of the state. Singapore is also called a 'partly–free ' country.
Economically, Singapore has a very unreachable and unbelievable status. Unreachable because it
has a highly developed market–based economy. It is one of the major traders in the world. Their
GDP are largely based on their exports. Because of its low tax rates, work force, and business–
friendly environment, and its being a free–market economy, Singapore has attracted many foreign
investors. Thus, leading it to be one of the very prosperous country in the world. It is also
unbelievable because for a country that is so small, all of these were made possible. A brief history
of Singapore is necessary in this case study. The name "Singapore" can actually be derived from the
words 'Singa ' and 'Pura ' which means 'Lion ' and 'City ' respectively. In 1819, Thomas Stamford
Raffles arrived and signed a treaty which allows the development of the southern part of Singapore
as a British trading post. In 1824, the whole island became colonized by the British and eventually it
became the capital of the Straits Settlements. The colonization of Singapore has led it to its status as
of now. It has strong global trading links with different countries and it owns a port that is one of the
busiest ports in the world. This only shows that Singapore is a very

Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy Essay
Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy
This paper argues that liberalism provides democracy with the experience of civic reformism.
Without it, democracy loses any tie–argumentative or practical–to a coherent design of public policy
endeavoring to provide the resources for the realization of democratic citizenship. The case for
liberalism rests on an argumentative reconstruction of the function it performs before the rise of a
world economic order and, more specifically, in the creation of the welfare state after the Second
World War. Accordingly, liberalism defines a reformist political program: it is an emancipatory
political project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship
rights. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For its later history, liberalism owes as much to its antecedents (situated at the rise of parliamentary
assemblies and of the rule of law in the Middle Ages), as to its linkages with the republican tradition
of communal self–government (from the seventeenth century onwards), and with the socialist
tradition in support for an egalitarian model of society (as from the eighteenth century). Indeed, it is
this double tie what determines that the political history of liberalism belongs to the history of
modern democracy: a representative democracy but, thereby, pluralist. The tie also explains that the
economic history of liberalism cannot be separated from the birth of the welfare state.
In both respects liberalism defines a reformist political program: it is an emancipatory political
project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship rights.
This is but a formulation of the modern idea of citizenship, conceived of as a universalizable
contract of rights. At the same time, liberalism embraces a socio–economic emancipatory project
that endeavors to provide the conditions, within the institutional frame of modern societies, for the
accomplishment of citizenship rights. Let us comment on this double characterization.
Liberal Citizenship: A Universalizable Contract of Rights
Firstly, if citizenship denotes the membership statute of individuals and social groups belonging to a
political community (namely, a

The Importance Of Human Nature
Ideas about human nature are central to theorizing about politics because humans are the center of
politics. Politics would not exist without human nature. One theory says that, something that
humans are born with requires us to generally desire the company of other humans and thus a need
for political structure is born. Once more than a few people inhabit an area, the desire for a
functioning society kicks in and defines the rulers and the ruled. However, this viewpoint is not
shared by all theorists. The disagreement in theories bring about the nature versus nurture, reason
versus impulse, and naturally selfish verses naturally altruistic arguments which are key to
understanding human nature. The nature versus nurture argument is referred to as "perhaps the most
fundamental debate about human nature" (Heywood, 17). This classic argument centers around
which is more important: biology or social environment. The nature theorists argue that there are
established and unchanging human characteristics that everyone is born with. This theory implies
that to understand politics one must understand biology, as this is where politics stems from. This
theory takes on a scientific nature, rather than a political one. The most impactful biological theory
was that of Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species (Heywood, 17). Darwin theorized that
species develop through random genetic mutations which only some of the species are granted.
Those not granted the mutations did not prosper

Liberalism And Conservatism In The United States
Singletary 1
Andrew Singletary
Mrs. Lekovich
US Government A
11 September 2015
Liberalism and Conservatism
Nearly all Americans identify themselves with ideologies that don't discount another existing
ideology. Most people are Liberals or Conservatives because they have their own attitude regarding
our society. Liberalism and conservatism handle their issues with entirely different philosophies.
Liberals and Conservatives beliefs cover a wide range of issues that are influenced or established by
the kind of principles they embrace. The two most common ideologies in American politics are
Liberalism and Conservatism. Liberalism believes that they are people in the world that needs help.
Liberalism also believes that government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This belief have influence human rights practices by allowing persist use of excessive force by
police on minorities. Conservatism beliefs
Singletary 6
have influenced human rights practices by making violators of the law to pay the penalties for not
obeying it. Conservatism beliefs have influenced human rights practices by having religious
institutions constrained or heavily regulated. Conservatism beliefs have influenced human rights
practices by supporting certain religious or spiritual groups over the other.
In conclusion, Liberalism and Conservatism both have the same goals for prosperity, but have
complete different ways of accomplishing them. The differences between liberalism and
conservatism are vast, but they center on the basic beliefs within each ideology. Both liberalism and
conservatism beliefs support the status quo. Both liberalism and conservatism beliefs are deep–
seated in America's principles of fairness, equity, and equality. The ideology of Liberalism and
Conservatism has kept this nation

Similarities Between Classical and Modern Liberals Are...
Similarities between classical and modern liberalism are greater than the differences. Discuss. (45
marks)
Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; classical liberalism, which was
fashioned during the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution, and the more recent
Modern Liberalism which emerged as industrialisation continued within the UK. Although both
divisions of Liberalism unavoidably overlap in attitudes and approaches regarding the theory behind
the ideology, I believe, fundamentally, that clear tensions between these aspects of Liberalism are
more evident when analysing this ideology.
Some will say that both classical and modern liberalists possess a number of parallel approaches
towards this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Voltaire memorably portrays this view is his declaration that 'I detest what you say but will defend
to the death your right to say it'. Although the case of toleration was first adopted by the likes of
John Locke who defended religious freedom, the concept progressed so that toleration should be
extended to all matters regarded as 'private' on the grounds that, like religion, they concern moral
questions that should be left to the individual. J.S. Mill then developed a wider justification for
toleration that both modern and classical liberalists adopted; toleration was just as important to
society as to the individual. So toleration was not simply a guarantee for personal autonomy, but
ensured the dynamism and health of society. All liberalists believed toleration brought about debate,
argument and contest, which was inevitably bring about social progress.
However, I consider the tensions and differences between classical and modern liberalists to be far
more apparent when scrutinising this ideology.
Although liberals agree about the value of liberty, their views on what it means to be 'free' vary
significantly. It was Isaiah Berlin who first created the concepts of negative and positive freedom
that helped to differentiate between the two liberals' views of freedom. The concept of negative
freedom was adopted by classical liberals, who believed that freedom was defined as being left
alone and free from interference. Classical liberals believed

Liberalism and Social Contract Essay
Liberalism and Social Contract
Charles Larmore speaks of moral complexity as it exists in a pluralistic sense. The idea of pluralism
says that each and every person has their own separate conception of the good as it appears to them.
It is I virtually impossible to have to separate entities come up with the same exact concept of the
"Good Life" and what it holds for them. As there are these conflicts ideals that exist in each of us it
is possible for our conception of the good to come under attack from competing concepts that are
held by others around us. Some one who is Muslim may have a conception of the good that wants to
eradicate me and my notion of the good. There needs to exist some centralized ... Show more
Larmore brings this to point in the way of his modus vivendi which is useful to have a justice that
exists in the state to protect our own conception of the good respectively.
Hume wrote of justice as an "artificial" virtue that we create to make things in life work. Larmore
thinks that there is a problem with this idea of an artificial virtue, he argues that "what distinguishes
an artificial virtue from a natural one (such as courage) cannot be that it fails to be 'instinctive,' as
Hume wrote," (Larmore, 70–71) this is evident in that every virtue must be learned in some way
either by teaching of the intellectual or the habituation of the moral virtues that Hume considers
natural. It is important to see what Hume thought of as the "circumstances of justice" that are
explained in two groups, the external and the internal that cause conflict based on wants and needs
and individual concepts of the good respectively. This conflict creates a need for the virtue of justice
to take care of the problems that arise. This encompasses the principle of liberal justice that is
necessary for anyone to keep their conception of the good life. This modus vivendi or way of living
is a means of accommodation between the political right and the individual concept of the good. It is
a sort of pragmatic principle the helps us all get along in this pluralistic setting of any society. This
comes of

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