20EC503PE-Internet of Things

20EC503PE - INTERNET OF THINGS
by
Dr.T.YUVARAJA
ASP/ECE
KNCET
IOT-T.YUVARAJA 1

Unit-1
INTRODUCTION TO IoT
Internet of Things – characteristics- Physical
Design- Logical Design - IoT Enabling
Technologies - IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates - IoT Platforms Design Methodology.
IOT-T.YUVARAJA 2

Internet of Things
• Kevin Ashton Invented the Term
"Internet of Things"
3
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Internet of Things(Definition)
• The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the
network of physical objects—―things‖—that
are embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the
internet.
4
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Characteristics of IoT
1) Dynamic & Self-Adapting
2) Self-Configuring
3) Interoperable Communication Protocols
4) Unique Identity
5) Integrated into Information Network
6
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

1)Dynamic & Self-Adapting
• surveillance camera
• It should be adaptable to work in different
conditions(Normal & Infrared)
• Different(dynamic) light situations (Day &
Night).
7
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Self-Configuring
• setup the network
• Software upgrade
8
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

3)Interoperable Communication Protocols
• IoT allows different devices (different in architecture) to
communicate with each other as well as with different
network.
• For ex: MI Phone is able to control the smart AC and
smart TV of different manufacturer.
9
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

4)Unique Identity
• The devices which are connected to the
internet have unique identities
• i.e. IP address
10
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

5)Integrated into Information Network
• The IoT devices are connected to the network to
share some information with other connected
devices.
• The devices can be discovered dynamically in
the network by other devices.
• Eg: If a device has wifi connectivity then that will
be shown to other nearby devices having wifi
connectivity
11
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Physical Design of IoT
• Things/Devices and protocols that are used to
build an IoT system.
• Things/Devices are called Node Devices and
every device has a unique identity that performs
remote sensing, actuating and monitoring work.
• Protocolsestablish communication between
the Node devices and servers over the internet.
13
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

• Things in IoT
• IoT Protocols
14
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Things in IoT
Generic block diagram of an IoT Device
• An IoT device may consist of several
interfaces for connections to other
devices,both wired and wireless. 15
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Things in IoT
IoT Device
Connectivity
 Processor
Audio/Video Interfaces
Input/Output interface
Memory Interfaces
Storage Interfaces
Graphics
16
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Things in IoT
IoT Devices
17
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
18
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
1)Link Layer
2)Network/Internet Layer
3)Transport Layer
4)Application Layer
19
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
1)Link Layer Protocols:
802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards
 802.3  co-axial cable
 802.3i  copper twisted pair
 802.3j  fiber optic
 802.3ae  Ethernet over fiber
802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN)
communication standards.
 802.11a  5GHz band
 802.11b  2.4GHz band
 802.11g 2.4GHz band
 802.11n 2.4/5GHz band
 802.11ac 5GHz band
 802.11ad 60Ghzband
20
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
1) Link Layer Protocols:
802.16 - WiMax:
IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband
standards.
WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
802.15.4- LR-WPAN:
IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for Low
Rate Wireless Personal Area Network(LR-WPAN).
ZigBee
Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication:
Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G) 21
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
2)Network/Internet Layer Protocols:
• IPv4:
 Internet Protocol version 4
 32 bit address.
 Total= 232addresses
• IPv6:
 Internet Protocol version6
 uses 128 bit address
 Total= 2128 addresses
• 6LOWPAN:
 IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network
 Operates in 2.4 GHz frequency range
 Data transfer 250 kb/s.
22
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
3) Transport Layer Protocols:
TCP:
Transmission Control Protocol
Connection oriented
Reliable (Guaranteed delivery)
Feedback(Acknowledgment)
UDP:
User Datagram Protocol
connectionless protocol
 Unreliable
No Feedback(No Acknowledgment)
23
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
4)Application Layer Protocols:
HTTP:
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
 Follow request- response model
 Stateless protocol.
CoAP:
 Constrained Application Protocol
 M2M applications
 Uses client- server architecture.
WebSocket:
 Allows full duplex communication over a single socket connection.
MQTT:
 Message Queue Telemetry Transport
 light weight messaging protocol
 publish-subscribe model.
 Uses client server architecture.
24
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Protocols
4)Application Layer Protocols:
XMPP:
 Extensible Message and Presence Protocol
 real time communication and streaming XML data between
network entities.
 Support client-server and server-server communication.
DDS:
 Data Distribution Service
 Device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication.
 Uses publish-subscribe model.
AMQP:
 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
 Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe model.
25
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Logical Design of IoT
1) IoT Functional Blocks
2) IoT Communication Models
3) IoT Communication APIs
26
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Logical Design of IoT
IoT functional Blocks
27
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

• Device
• Communication
• Services
• Management
• Security
• Application
28
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Device :
 An IoT system comprises of devices
 provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and control
functions.
Communication:
 Handles the communication for the IoT system.
Services:
 Device monitoring services
 Device control services
 Data publishing services
 Device discovery services
29
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Management:
 provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
Security:
 secures the IoT system
 providing functions such as
Authentication
Authorization
Message and content integrity
Data security
Application:
 provide an interface that the users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of the IoT system.
 Applications also allow users to view the system status and view or
analyze the processed data. 30
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT communication models
1) Request-Response communication model
2) Publish-subscribe communication model
3) Push-pull communication model
4) Exclusive-pair communication model
31
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

1) Request-Response communication model
32
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Publish-subscribe communication model
33
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Publish-subscribe communication model
 It involves publishers, brokers and consumers.
 Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the
data to the topics which are managed by the broker.
 Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed
by the broker.
 When the broker receives data for a topic from the
publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.
34
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

3)Push-pull communication model
35
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

3)Push-pull communication model
 Publishers push the data to queues and the consumers
pull the data from the queues.
 Publishers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
 Queues also act as a buffer
36
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

4)Exclusive-pair communication model
37
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

4)Exclusive-pair communication model
 Bi-directional, fully duplex communication model
 Once connection is set up it remains open until
the client send a request to close the connection.
 Client and server can send messages to each
other after connection setup.
38
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IOT Communication APIs
1) REST-based Communication API
2) Web Socket based communication API
39
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

1)REST-based Communication API
Representational State Transfer (REST)
Request -Response communication model
40
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Client-server
Stateless
Cacheable
Layered system
Uniform interface
Code on demand
41
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

42
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

• Representational State Transfer (REST) is
a set of architectural principles by which
you can design web services and web
APIs.
• REST APIs follow the request –response
communication model.
43
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Web Socket based communication API
44
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Web Socket based communication API
• WebSocket APIs allow bidirectional, full duplex
communication between clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair
communication model.
 Websocket handshake
 WebSocket APIs reduce the network traffic and latency
 WebSocket is suitable for IoT applications that have low
latency or high throughput requirements.
45
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Difference between REST and
Websocket:
46
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Enabling Technologies
1) Wireless sensor networks
2) Cloud computing
3) Big Data analytics
4) Embedded systems
5) Communication protocols
47
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

1) Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)
WSN consists of a number of
1)End-nodes
2)Routers
3)coordinator
48
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

• End Nodes sensors attached to them
• RouterRouting the data packets from end-
nodes to the coordinator.
• Coordinator collects the data from all the nodes.
• Coordinator also act as a gateway that connects
the WSN to the internet.
• ProtocolZigbee
49
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

50
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Example of WSNs:
Weather Monitoring system
Indoor Air Quality monitoring system
Soil Moisture Monitoring system
Surveillance systems
Health Monitoring systems
51
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2) Cloud computing
4) Embedded systems
52
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Cloud Computing
cloud computing is the delivery of
computing services—including servers,
storage, databases, networking, software,
analytics, and intelligence—over the
Internet (―the cloud‖) to offer faster
innovation, flexible resources, and
economies of scale.
53
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Cloud computing
54
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Cloud computing
Cloud computing is the delivery of different
services through the Internet, including
data storage, servers, databases,
networking, and software.
Cloud-based storage makes it possible to
save files to a remote database and
retrieve them on demand.
55
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2)Cloud computing
1) Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS):
Example:Google Compute
2) Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS):
Example: Google App Engine
3) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS):
Example: Microsoft Office 365
56
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2) Cloud computing
4) Embedded systems
57
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

3)Big Data analytics
Big data refers to large amount of data.
It cannot be stored, processed and
analyzed using traditional database like
(Oracle, MySQL).
58
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

It involve several steps starting from
Data cleaning
Data munging
Data processing
Data visualization
59
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

• Sensor data weather monitoring stations.
• Machine sensor data Industrial and energy
systems
• Health and fitness data
• Data location and tracking of vehicles.
• Data retail inventory monitoring systems.
60
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Characteristics:(3V)
1)Volume
2) Velocity
3)Variety
61
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

2) Cloud computing
4) Embedded systems
62
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

4)Embedded systems
 Embedded system =Hardware + Software
To perform Specific task
Key components are
 Microprocessor or microcontroller
Memory (RAM, ROM, Cache),
Networking units (Ethernet, Wi-Fi adapter),
 Input/output units (Display, Keyboard, etc)
 storage (flash memory)
They use some special types of processor such as
digital signal processor, graphics processor and
application specific processor). 63
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

5)Communication protocols
• Protocol is nothing but rules and
regulations.
• Backbone of the IoT system
• It allow devices to exchange data over
the network.
64
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

5)Communication protocols
65
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates
• Based upon the number of monitoring
nodes used, type of data base used,
complexity/ simplicity of analysis,
computation there are 6 levels of IoT.
67
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Templates
• Device
• Resources
• Controller Service
• Database
• Web Service
• Analysis Component
• Application
68
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Templates
• IoT level 1
• IoT level 2
• IoT level 3
• IoT level 4
• IoT level 5
• IoT level 6
69
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Level-1
• It has single node/device
• Data involved is not big. So, data is stored in
local database.
• It is suitable for modelling design low cost and
low complexity solution.
• Analysis locally.
Eg: Home automation
71
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Level-2
• It has single node/device.
• Data involved is big. So data is stored in cloud.
• It uses cloud based application to visualize data.
• Analysis locally.
Eg: smart irrigation
73
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Level-3
• It has single node/device.
• Data involved is big. So data is stored in
cloud.
• It uses cloud based application to
visualize data.
• Analysis cloud.
Eg:Tracking package handling
75
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Level-4
• It has multiple nodes/devices
• It has two observer nodes i.e local and cloud based.
They can subscribe to and receive information collected
in cloud from IoT device.
• They can process and use those information for various
applications
• Observer node does not perform any control function.
Eg: Noise monitoring
77
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Level-5
• It has multiple nodes/devices
• One coordinator node for collecting and sending the data
to cloud by controller service.
• Suitable for wireless sensor network.
Eg: Forest Fire Detection
79
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

IoT Level-6
• It has multiple independent nodes/devices.
• It has centralized controller which is aware of the status
of all the end nodes and sends control command to the
nodes.
Eg: Weather monitoring and structural health monitoring
81
IOT-T.YUVARAJA

Unit-2
DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs & M2M
Domain Specific IoTs- M2M- Difference
between IoT & M2M- Software Defined
Networking-Network Function Virtualization.
07.08.2023 IOT-T.YUVARAJA 82

Domain Specific IoTs
• Home
• Cities
• Environment
• Energy Systems
• Retail
• Logistics
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Health & Lifestyle
83

Home Automation
IoT applications for smart homes:
• Smart Lighting
• Smart Appliances
• Intrusion Detection
• Smoke / Gas Detectors
84

Smart Cities
IoT applications for smart cities are,
• Smart Parking
• Smart Lighting for Roads
• Smart Road
• Structural Health Monitoring
• Surveillance
• Emergency Response
90

Structural Health Monitoring
94

Environment
IoT applications for smart environments:
1. Weather Monitoring
2. Air Pollution Monitoring
3. Noise Pollution Monitoring
4. Forest Fire Detection
5. River Flood Detection
98

Noise Pollution Monitoring
101

Retail
IoT applications in smart retail systems:
1. Inventory Management
2. Smart Payments
3. Smart Vending Machines
104

Logistics
IoT applications for smart logistic systems:
1. Route Generation & Scheduling
2. Fleet Tracking
3. Shipment Monitoring
4. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
106

Industry
IoT applications in smart industry:
1. Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
2. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
108

Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
109

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
110

Agriculture
IoT applications for smart agriculture:
1. Smart Irrigation
2. Green House Control
111

Health & Lifestyle
1)Health & Fitness Monitoring
2)Wearable Electronics
114

Health & Fitness Monitoring
115

Energy Systems
IoT applications for smart energy systems:
1. Smart Grid
2. Renewable Energy Systems
3. Prognostics
117

M2M
• M2M Machine to Machine
• M2M is a direct communication between
devices using wired or wireless
communication channels.
• Two machines ―communicating‖ or
exchanging data, without human
interfacing or interaction.
122

M2M
M2M systems comprises of
• M2M area networks
• M2M core networks
• M2M applications
123

M2M
3 interlinked domains:
1)M2M device domain
2)Network domain
3)Application domain
124

M2M
Communication in IoT vs M2M
127

Differences between IoT and
M2M
129

Software-Defined Networking
(SDN)
• SDN enables the control and management
of network using software applications.
• Devices are programmed in centrally
controlled manner.
132

Software-Defined Networking
(SDN)
• SDN is a networking architecture that
separates control plane from the data
plane.
133

SDN
Software Defined Network
134

SDN
Traditional Network Architecture
135

SDN
Key elements of SDN:
1)Centralized Network controller
2)Programmable open APIs
3)Standard communication interface (Open Flow)
137

SDN
OpenFlow switch
• OpenFlow uses the concept of flows to identify
network traffic based on pre-defined match
rules. 139

Network Function Virtualization
(NFV)
• NFV is an approach to networking where
the network entities that traditionally used
dedicated hardware items are now
replaced with computers on which
software runs to provide the same
functionality.
141

(NFV)
• Traditional physical network hardware has
always been difficult to change and
upgrade.
• NFV is a concept that virtualizes major
elements of a network.
• In this way, rather than having a
dedicated item of hardware to provide a
given function, software running on a
computer / server is used.
142

(NFV)
NFV Architecture
143

(NFV)
Key elements of NFV:
1)Virtualized Network Function(VNF)
2)NFV Infrastructure(NFVI)
3)NFV Management and Orchestration(NFV-MANO)
144

(NFV)
Conventional Network architectures
145

(NFV)
Home network with virtualized Home Gateway
146

Unit-3
IoT LOGICAL DESIGN USING PYTHON
Introduction –Python Data types & Data
structures-Control Flow-Functions-Modules-
Packages-File Handling Classes-Python
Packages of Interest for IoT.
147

Python is a general-purpose, high level
and object-oriented programming
language.
Python is an interpreted scripting language
also.
Python is a case-sensitive language
Variable and variable are not the same.
148

Characteristics of Python
• Multi-paradigm programming language
• Interpreted Language
• Interactive Language
• Easy-to-learn, read and maintain
• Object and Procedure Oriented
• Extendable
• Scalable
• Portable
• Broad Library Support
149

Script mode
• file with the extension .py
153

Declare a string in python
• using single quotes(‗ ‘)
• using double quotes(" ")
154

Example:
x = ‗Python‘
y = "Python"
print(x)
print(y)
155

Example:
x = ‗Python‘
y = "Python"
print(x)
print(y)
Output:
Python
Python
156

Python Operators
• Arithmetic operators
• Comparison operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators
157

Arithmetic operators
Operator Meaning Example
+ Addition x + y
- Subtraction x - y
* Multiplication x * y
/ Division x / y
% Modulus x % y
// Floor division x // y
** Exponent x ** y
158

Example:
x = 15
y = 4
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)
159

Example:
x = 15
y = 4
160
Output:
x + y =
x - y =
x * y =
x / y =
x // y =
x ** y =

Example:
x = 15
y = 4
161
Output:
x + y = 19
x - y = 11
x * y = 60
x / y = 3.75
x // y = 3
x ** y = 50625

Comparison operators
162
Operator Name Example
> Greater than x > y
< Less than x < y
== Equal x == y
!= Not equal x != y
>= Greater than
or equal to
x >= y
<= Less than or
equal to
x <= y

Example:
x = 10
y = 12
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)
163

Example:
x = 10
y = 12
164
Output:

Example:
x = 10
y = 12
165
Output:
x > y is
x < y is
x == y is
x != y is
x >= y is
x <= y is

Example:
x = 10
y = 12
166
Output:
x > y is False
x < y is True
x == y is False
x != y is True
x >= y is False
x <= y is True

Logical operators
and True if both the operands are true x and y
or True if either of the operands is true x or y
not
True if operand is false
(complements the operand)
not x
167

Logical operators
Example:
x = 5
print('x and y is',x > 3 and x < 10)
print('x or y is',x > 3 or x < 4)
print('not x is',not(x > 3))
168

Logical operators
Example:
x = 5
169
Output:

Logical operators
Example:
x = 5
170
Output:
x and y is
x or y is
not x is

Logical operators
Example:
x = 5
171
Output:
x and y is True
x or y is True
not x is False

Logical operators
Example:
x = 15
172
Output:
x and y is
x or y is
not x is

Logical operators
Example:
x = 15
173
Output:
x and y is False
x or y is True
not x is False

Logical operators
Example:
x = 5
print(x > 3 and x < 10)
print(x > 3 or x < 4)
print(not(x > 3))
174
Output:
True
True
False

Bitwise Operators
& Bitwise AND x & y
| Bitwise OR x | y
~ Bitwise NOT ~x
^ Bitwise XOR x ^ y
>>
Bitwise right
shift
x >> 2
<<
Bitwise left
shift
x << 2
175

Bitwise Operators
Example:
x = 10
y = 4
print('x & y is', x & y)
print('x | y is ', x | y)
print('~x is', ~x)
print('x ^ y is ', x ^ y)
print('x >> 2 is',x >> 2 )
print('x << 2 is',x << 2)
176

Example:
x = 10
y = 4
print('~x is', ~x)
print('x >> 2 is',x >> 2 )
print('x << 2 is',x << 2)
177
Output:
x & y is
x | y is
~x is
x ^ y is
x >> 2 is
x << 2 is

Example:
x = 10
y = 4
print('~x is', ~x)
print('x >> 2 is',x >> 2 )
print('x << 2 is',x << 2)
178
Output:
x & y is 0
x | y is 14
~x is -11
x ^ y is 14
x >> 2 is 2
x << 2 is 40

Example:
x = 10
y = 4
print('~x is', ~x)
print('x >> 2 is',x >> 2 )
print('x << 2 is',x << 2)
179
Output:
x & y is 0
x | y is 14
~x is -11
x ^ y is 14
x >> 2 is 2
x << 2 is 40

Output:
x & y is 0
x | y is 14
~x is -11
x ^ y is 14
x >> 2 is 2
x << 2 is 40
180

x & y =
x | y =
~x =
x ^ y =
x >> 2 =
x << 2 =
181
Example:
x = 100000 1010
y = 4 0000 0100

x & y = 0000 0000
x | y =
~x =
x ^ y =
x >> 2 =
x << 2 =
182
Example:
x = 100000 1010
y = 4 0000 0100

x & y = 0000 0000
x | y = 0000 1110
~x =
x ^ y =
x >> 2 =
x << 2 =
183
Example:
x = 100000 1010
y = 4 0000 0100

x & y = 0000 0000
x | y = 0000 1110
~x = 1111 0101
x ^ y =
x >> 2 =
x << 2 =
184
Example:
x = 100000 1010
y = 4 0000 0100

x & y = 0000 0000
x | y = 0000 1110
~x = 1111 0101
x ^ y = 0000 1110
x >> 2 =
x << 2 =
185
Example:
x = 100000 1010
y = 4 0000 0100

x & y = 0000 0000
x | y = 0000 1110
~x = 1111 0101
x ^ y = 0000 1110
x >> 2 = 0000 0010
x << 2 =
186
Example:
x = 100000 1010
y = 4 0000 0100

x & y = 0000 0000
x | y = 0000 1110
~x = 1111 0101
x ^ y = 0000 1110
x >> 2 = 0000 0010
x << 2 = 0010 1000
187
Example:
x = 10 (0000 1010)
y = 4 (0000 0100 )

x & y = 0000 0000 0
x | y = 0000 1110 14
~x = 1111 0101-11
x ^ y = 0000 111014
x >> 2 = 0000 00102
x << 2 = 0010 100040
188
Example:
x = 10 (0000 1010)
y = 4 (0000 0100 )

Assignment operators
Operator Example Equivalent to
= x = 5 x = 5
+= x += 5 x = x + 5
-= x -= 5 x = x - 5
*= x *= 5 x = x * 5
/= x /= 5 x = x / 5
%= x %= 5 x = x % 5
//= x //= 5 x = x // 5
**= x **= 5 x = x ** 5
&= x &= 5 x = x & 5
|= x |= 5 x = x | 5
^= x ^= 5 x = x ^ 5
>>= x >>= 5 x = x >> 5
<<= x <<= 5 x = x << 5
191

Membership operators
Operator Description Example
in True if value/variable is
found in the sequence
x in y
not in True if value/variable is
not found in the sequence
x not in y
192

Example:
x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("banana" in x)
print("pineapple" not in x)
193

Example:
Output:
194

Example:
Output:
True
195

Example:
Output:
True
True
196

Example:
print("apple" not in x)
Output:
197

Example:
print("apple" not in x)
Output:
True
False
198

Identity operators
Operator Description Example
is True if both variables are the same object x is y
is not True if both variables are not the same
object
X is not y
199

Identity operators
Example:
x1 = 5
y1 = 5
x2 = "Hello"
y2 = "Hello"
print(x1 is not y1)
print(x2 is y2)
200
False True

Identity operators
Example:
x1 = 5
y1 = 5
x2 = "Hello"
y2 = "Hello"
print(x1 is not y1)
print(x2 is y2)
Output:
201
False True

Identity operators
Example:
x1 = 5
y1 = 5
x2 = "Hello"
y2 = "Hello"
print(x1 is not y1)
print(x2 is y2)
Output:
False
True
202
False True

Python Data Types & Data
Structures
• Variables can hold values, and every value
has a data-type.
• Python is a dynamically typed language;
hence we do not need to define the type of
the variable while declaring it.
• Python provides us the type() function,
which returns the type of the variable
passed.
203

Structures
Example:
a=10
b="Hi Python"
c = 10.5
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
204

NOTE:
However, in Python 3, the long data type
was removed; no matter how big the integer
is, it will be an int.
205

Structures
• Numbers
• Strings
• Lists
• Tuples
• Dictionaries
• Type Conversion
206

Structures
• Numbers
• Strings
• Lists
• Tuples
• Dictionaries
• Type Conversion
207

Numbers
• Number data type is used to store numeric
values.
1)int
2)float
3)complex
208

Numbers
Example:
a = 5
b = 2.5
c = 2+5j
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
209
Output:
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'complex'>

Numbers
Example:
c = 2+5j
print(c.real)
print(c.imag)
Output:
2.0
5.0
211

Numbers
Example:
a = 5
b = 2.5
212

Numbers
Example:
a = 5
b = 2.5
c=a+b
d=a-b
e=a*b
f=a/b
g=a**2
213

Numbers
Example:
a = 5
b = 2.5
c=a+b
d=a-b
e=a*b
f=a/b
g=a**2
print(c)
print(d)
print(e)
print(f)
print(g)
214
Output:
7.5
2.5
12.5
2.0
25

Structures
• Numbers
• Strings
• Lists
• Tuples
• Dictionaries
• Type Conversion
215

• using single quotes(‗ ‘)
• using double quotes(" ")
217

Example:
x = ‗Python‘
y = "Python"
print(x)
print(y)
218

Strings
Example:
a="Welcome!"
print(a)
print("type is",type(a))
print("Length is",len(a))
print("The string(%s)has %d characters" % (a,len(a)))
print("Upper case is",a.upper())
print("Lower case is",a.lower())
print(a[0])
print(a[2])
print(a[3:])
print(a[3:-1])
219

220
Welcome! type is <class 'str'> Length is 8 The string(Welcome!)has 8 characters Upper case is WELCOME! Lower case is welcome
Output:
Welcome!
type is <class 'str'>
Length is 8
The string(Welcome!)has 8 characters
Upper case is WELCOME!
Lower case is welcome!
W
l
come!
come

Strings
Example:
a=―Welcome!"
b= ―Kongunadu College"
221

Strings
Example:
a=―Welcome!"
c = a+b
222

Strings
Example:
a=―Welcome!"
c = a+b
print(c)
223

Strings
Example:
a=―Welcome!"
c = a+b
print(c)
Output:
224
Welcome!Kongunadu College

Python Data types & Data
structures
• Numbers
• Strings
• Lists
• Tuples
• Dictionaries
• Type Conversion
225

Lists
• Lists are used to store multiple items in a
single variable.
226

Example:
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]
227
Lists

Example:
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]
print(type(list1))
print(type(list2))
print(type(list3))
228
Output:
<class 'list'>
<class 'list'>
<class 'list'>
Lists

Lists
Example:
fruits=['apple', 'orange', "banana", "mango"]
print(type(fruits))
print(len(fruits))
print(fruits[2])
print(fruits[0:2])
print(fruits[2:])
print(fruits)
fruits.append(‗cherry')
print(fruits)
fruits.remove(‗banana‘)
print(fruits)
fruits.insert(2,' banana ')
print(fruits)
229
Output:
<class 'list'>
4
banana
['apple', 'orange']
['banana', 'mango‘]
['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'mango‘]
['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'mango', 'cherry‘]
['apple', 'orange', 'mango', 'cherry‘]
['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'mango', 'cherry']

Lists
Example:
mixed=['data‘,13, 25.14]
print(mixed)
print(type(mixed))
print(type(mixed[0]))
mixed[0]=mixed[0]+―type"
mixed[1]=mixed[1]+2.352
print(mixed)
230
['datatype', 15.352, 25.29]
['datatype', 15.352, 25.29]
15.352, 25.29

Lists
Example:
mixed=['data‘,13, 25.14]
print(mixed)
print(type(mixed))
mixed[0]=mixed[0]+―type"
print(mixed)
231
Output:
['data', 13, 25.14]
<class 'list‘>
<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'float‘>
['datatype', 15.352, 25.29]
['datatype', 15.352, 25.29]
['datatype', 15.352, 25.29]
15.352, 25.29

Unit-4
IoT PHYSICAL DEVICES AND ENDPOINTS
IoT Device -Building blocks -Raspberry Pi -
Board - Linux on Raspberry Pi - Raspberry Pi
Interfaces -Programming Raspberry Pi with
Python - Other IoT Devices - Arduino.
232

Raspberry Pi Interfaces
1) Serial
2) SPI
3) I2C
233

Serial :
•2 Pins
1) Receive (Rx) Pin
2) Transmit (Tx) Pin
•Communication with serial peripherals.
SPI :
•Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used for
communicating with one or more peripheral devices.
•5 Pins
1)MISO (Master in slave out) – Master line for sending data to the peripherals.
2)MOSI (Master out slave in) – Slave line for sending data to the master.
3)SCK (Serial Clock) – Clock generated by master to synchronize data transmission
4)CE0 (Chip Enable 0) – To enable or disable devices
5)CE0 (Chip Enable 1) – To enable or disable devices
235

I2C :
• I2C Inter Integrated Circuit
• The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to
connect hardware modules.
• I2C interface allows synchronous data transfer with just
two pins.
1)SDA (Serial Data)
2)SCL (Serial Clock)
236

Other IoT Devices
• pcDuino
• BeagleBone Black
• Cubieboard
237

pcDuino
• pcDuino is an Arduino-pin compatible single
board mini-computer
• ARM Cortex-A8 processor
• 1 GHz
• Runs PC like OS such as Ubuntu and Android
ICS.
• HDMI video/audio interface.
• C, C++ ,Java and Python.
239

BeagleBone Black
• BeagleBone Black is similar to Raspberry
Pi.
• 1 GHz
• ARM Cortex-A8 processor
• supports both Linux and Android operating
systems.
• HDMI video/audio interface.
• USB and Ethernet ports.
241

Cubieboard
• Dual core ARM Cortex A7 processor
• USB, HDMI, IR, serial, Ethernet, SATA,
and a 96 pin extended interface.
• runs both Linux and Android operating
systems.
243

Arduino
• UNO means ‗one‘.
• first release of Arduino Software.
• ATmega328P microcontroller.
• Arduino UNO includes
* 6 analog pin inputs
* 14 digital I/O pins (6-PWM outputs)
* USB connector,
* power jack,
* ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.
245

Arduino
• ATmega328 Microcontroller- It is a single chip Microcontroller of the
ATmel family. The processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It combines
Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash), Analog to Digital Converter,
SPI serial ports, I/O lines, registers, timer, external and internal
interrupts, and oscillator.
• ICSP pin - The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to
program using the firmware of the Arduino board.
• Power LED Indicator- The ON status of LED shows the power is
activated. When the power is OFF, the LED will not light up.
• Digital I/O pins- The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The
pins numbered from D0 to D13 are digital pins.
• TX and RX LED's- The successful flow of data is represented by the
lighting of these LED's.
246

Arduino
• AREF- The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed a
reference voltage to the Arduino UNO board from the external power
supply.
• Reset button- It is used to add a Reset button to the connection.
• USB- It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential
for the programming of the Arduino UNO board.
• Crystal Oscillator- The Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz,
which makes the Arduino UNO a powerful board.
• Voltage Regulator- The voltage regulator converts the input voltage
to 5V.
• GND- Ground pins. The ground pin acts as a pin with zero voltage.
• Vin- It is the input voltage.
• Analog Pins- The pins numbered from A0 to A5 are analog pins. The
function of Analog pins is to read the analog sensor used in the
connection. It can also act as GPIO (General Purpose Input Output)
pins. 247

Basic Commands for Arduino
1. pinMode(x, OUTPUT)
2. digitalWrite(x, HIGH
3. pinMode(x, INPUT)
4. digitalRead(digital Pin)
5. analogRead(analog pin)
248

void setup()
{
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2, LOW
delay(1000);
} 251

void setup()
{ // initialize digital pin 13 as an output.
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the
voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(2, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the
voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second 252

Interfacing LED and switch with
Raspberry Pi
253

Raspberry Pi
• In this example the LED is connected to GPIO
pin 18 and switch is connected to pin 25. In the
infinite while loop the value of pin 25 is checked
and the state of LED is toggled if the switch is
pressed. This example shows how to get input
from GPIO pins and process the input and take
some action. The action in this example is
toggling the state of an LED.
254

Raspberry Pi
from time import sleep
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
#Switch Pin
GPIO.setup(25, GPIO.IN)
#LED Pin
GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)
state=false
def toggleLED(pin):
state = not state
GPIO.output(pin, state)
255

while True:
try:
if (GPIO.input(25) == True):
toggleLED(pin)
sleep(.01)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
exit()
256

Interfacing a Light Sensor (LDR)
with Raspberry Pi
import time
GPIO.setmode (GPIO.BCM)
ldr_threshold = 1000
LDR PIN = 18
LIGHT_PIN = 25
def readLDR (PIN):
reading=0
GPIO. setup (LIGHT_PIN, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output (PIN, False)
time.sleep (0.1)
GPIO. setup (PIN, GPIO.IN)
257

Interfacing a Light Sensor (LDR) with
Raspberry Pi
while (GPIO.input (PIN) == False):
reading=reading+1
return reading
def switchOnLight (PIN) :
GPIO. setup (PIN, GP10.OUT)
GPIO.output (PIN, True)
def switchOffLight (PIN):
GPIO.setup (PIN, GPI0.OUT)
GPIO.out put (PIN, False)
while True:
ldr_reading = readLDR (LDR_PIN)
if ldr_reading < ldr_threshold :
switchOnLight (LIGHT_PIN)
else:
switchof fLi ght (LIGHT_PIN)
time.sleep (1) 258

Programming Raspberry Pi with
Python
• Controlling an LED (Blinking an LED)
• Controlling an LED with Switch
• Interfacing a Light Sensor (LDR)
259

Controlling an LED
• LED is connected to GPIO 18.
• LED is output
263

Python program for blinking LED
import RPi.GP10 as GPIO
import time
GPIO. setmode (GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.set up (18, GPIO.OUT)
while True:
GPIO.output (18, True)
time.sleep (1)
GPIO.output (18, False)
time.sleep (1)
264

import time
Ledpin =18
GPIO.set up (Ledpin, GPIO.OUT)
while True:
GPIO.output (Ledpin, True)
time.sleep (1)
GPIO.output (Ledpin, False)
time.sleep (1)
265

GPIO.set up (18, GPIO.OUT)
while True:
sleep (1)
sleep (1)
266

Raspberry Pi
268

Raspberry Pi
• LED is connected to GPIO pin 18
• switch is connected to pin 25.
269

Interfacing LED and switch with Raspberry Pi
import time
switch_pin=25
LED_pin=18
GPIO.setup(switch_pin, GPIO.IN)
GPIO.setup(LED_pin, GPIO.OUT)
while True:
if (GPIO.input(switch_pin) == True):
GPIO.output (LED_pin, True)
time.sleep (1)
else:
GPIO.output (LEDpin, False)
time.sleep (1)
270

Raspberry Pi
while True:
else:
271

Raspberry Pi
while True:
sleep (1)
else:
sleep (1)
272

Interfacing a Light Sensor (LDR) with Raspberry Pi
import time
GPIO.setmode (GPIO.BCM)
LDR_PIN = 18
LIGHT_PIN = 25
ldr_threshold = 1000
def readLDR (LDR_PIN):
reading=0
GPIO. setup (LDR_PIN, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output (LDR_PIN, False)
time.sleep (1)
GPIO. setup (LDR_PIN, GPIO.IN)
while (GPIO.input (LDR_PIN) == False):
reading=reading+1
return reading 273

Unit-5
CASE STUDIES
Home Automation – Cities – Environment –
Agriculture – Structural Health monitoring –
Weather monitoring.
274

Home Automation
• Smart Lighting
• Home Intrusion Detection
275

Home Intrusion Detection
Purpose:
• to detect intrusions using sensors (such as
PIR sensors and door sensors) and raise
alerts, if necessary.
• Components:
• Raspberry Pi
• PIR sensors
• door sensors
278

Smart Parking
• Purpose:
• to detect the number of empty parking
slots and send the information over the
Internet to smart parking application
backends.
• Components:
• Raspberry Pi
• ultrasonic sensor
280

Environment
• Weather Monitoring System
• Weather Reporting Bot
• Air Pollution Monitoring
• Forest Fire Detection
282

Structural Health monitoring
288

Structural Health monitoring
289

REFERENCE BOOK
• Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, ―Internet
of Things – A hands–on approach‖,
Universities Press, 2015
290

20EC503PE-Internet of Things

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 20EC503PE-Internet of Things

Similar to 20EC503PE-Internet of Things (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

20EC503PE-Internet of Things