The document describes the key components and functioning of a braking system. It discusses how braking systems work by converting kinetic energy into heat energy when the brake pedal is depressed. The main components include the master cylinder, brake lines, brake fluid, drums/disks, and shoes/pads. The document also categorizes different types of brakes based on their actuation method (hydraulic, electric, etc.) and construction (drum, disk). An advancement discussed is anti-lock braking systems which prevent wheel lockup during braking.

1. BRAKING SYSTEM

2. BRAKE
 The device used to stop any
vehicle by applying
frictional force.
 One of the most important
control components of
vehicle.
 They are required to stop
vehicle within smallest
possible distance.
 This is done by converting
kinetic of vehicle into heat
energy and dissipated it into
atmosphere.

3. WORKING OF BRAKE
 We step on brake pedal.
 The plunger is pushed
into the master cylinder.
 Hydraulic fluid is forced
through a series of tubes
to the braking unit.
 Brake shoe in Drum brake
and calipers in Disk brake
are pushed against drum
and piston , causing
wheel to stop.

4. DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF
BRAKING SYSTEM
1. BRAKE FLUID
 It is a special oil with
some specific
properties.
 It can withstand cold
temperature without
thickening as well as
very high temperature
without boiling.
 The current standard is
DOT-3, which has a
boiling point of 460F.
2. BRAKE LINES
 These are the series of
steel tubes and rubber
hoses though which
brake fluid travels.
 Rubber hoses are used
only in places that
requires flexibility , such
as front wheels.
 Its dangerous to use
brass fittings or tubing to
repair brake lines.

5. 3. MASTER CYLINDER
 It is located in the engine
compartment on the firewall.
 It is actually two separate
master cylinders in one housing,
so if one side fails ,we will still
be able to stop.
 It consists of fluid which
compensates for any change in
fluid volume in the pipeline.
 when sufficient pressure has
build up, the inner rubber cup is
deflected, forcing the fluid in
lines, thereby applying brakes.

6. 4. COMBINATION VALVE
It is combination of
PROPORTIONING VALVE AND
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL VALVE
1. PROPORTIONING VALVE: These
are mounted between the
master cylinder and rear wheels,
which adjusts the pressure
between the front and rear
brakes.
2. PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
VALVE: Mounted just
below the master
cylinder , it measures
the pressure from the
two section of master
cylinder and detects a
malfunctions if any.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES ON
DIFFERENT BASIS :
2. CONSTRUCTIONAL
BASIS
 Drum brake
 Disk brake
1. METHOD OF
ACTUATION
 Mechanical brake
 Hydraulic brake
 Electric brake
 Vacuum brake
 Air brake

8. 1. MECHANICAL BRAKE:
 Mechanical brakes arrests the
energy of a machine via force,
most commonly friction.
 They uses a coarse and rugged
material that is tightened
against a body in motion.
 Friction based braking
generates immense heat and
some noise.
 Degrading of all engaged
surfaces occurs so inspection
and replacement is required.

9. 2. HYDRAULIC BRAKE:
 Hydraulic brakes work on
the principle of PASCAL’S
LAW.
 Brake pedal force is
transmitted to the wheel
brakes through pressurized
fluid.
 Commonly used brake fluid
is Glycol Ethers or
Diethylene Glycol.
 Heavy equipments uses
hydraulics .

10. 3. ELECTRIC BRAKE:
 Also called “Regenerative
braking” is an energy recovery
mechanism which slows a
vehicle by converting kinetic
energy into a form which can
be used instantly or stored
until needed.
 The electricity flow causes the
magnets to push brake shoe
on the drums and apply brake.
 These are currently used in
hybrid or fully electric vehicles
like Toyota Prius and Tesla
Roadster.

11. 4. VACUUM BRAKE :
 Braking action is produced
by creating vacuum on one
side of piston, which pushes
it and brakes are applied.
 The vacuum is created by
using intake manifold.
 In start there is only vacuum
on both side of piston ,
when we push the brake
paddle , atmospheric
pressure is applied on one
side of piston pushing it on
other side .

12. 5. AIR BRAKE :
 Air brakes uses compressed
air to operate the braking
system.
 When brake paddle is
pressed , the compressed
air rotates the brake cam
which in turn pushes the
brake shoe to the drum,
applying brake.
 These are mostly used in
heavy vehicles like trucks
etc.

13. DRUM BRAKE
 In this type of brakes, a
brake drum is anchored
concentric to the axle hub
whereas on the axle, casing
is mounted a back plate.
 The back plate is made of
pressed steel sheet and is
ribbed to increase rigidity
and to provide support.
 When we press brake
paddle, it pushes the brake
shoe with frictional linings
to the drum .

14. Different components of drum brakes
 Brake shoe
 Backing plate
 Brake drum
 Wheel cylinder
 Return spring

15. DISK BRAKE
 The disc brake has a
metal disc instead of a
drum.
 It has a flat shoe, or pad,
located on each side of
the disc.
 These two flat shoes are
forced tightly against the
rotating disc.
 The friction between the
shoes and the disc slows
and stops the disc.

16. Different components of disk brake
 Brake pads
 Rotor
 Calipers
 Wheel hub
 Piston housing

17. PARKING BRAKE
 The Parking or emergency
brake is used to keep the
vehicle stationary or to
perform an emergency stop.
 The Parking brake will press
against rear drum brakes
mechanically with a force
that is less than in the main
braking system.
 When the lever is pulled,
the hydraulic pressure
forces the brake shoe to the
drum, applying the brakes.

18. ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING SYSTEM :
ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM
 It is an automobile safety
system that allows the
wheels to maintain tractive
contact with the road
surface.
 It prevents the wheels from
locking up and avoids
uncontrolled skidding .
 It offers improved vehicle
control and decrease
stopping distance on dry as
well as slippery surface.

19. THANK YOU