3. On separate sheets of paper, answer all of the
questions from the handout for your partner’s
essays.
•When you finish, return your comments to the
writers.
Writing Workshop: Peer Review: 50 minutes
Get into pairs
Read both essays aloud
before you start to write
about or discuss the
essays.
5. Integrating Short Quotations
• To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed
lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text,
enclose the quotation within double quotation marks.
Provide the author and specific page citation (in the
case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and
include a complete reference on the Works Cited page.
Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and
semicolons should appear after the parenthetical
citation. Question marks and exclamation points
should appear within the quotation marks if they are a
part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical
citation if they are a part of your text.
6. For example, when quoting short
passages of prose, use the following
examples:
• Noye reveals to Jon what his new brothers think of him: “No.
They hate you because you act like you’re better than they
are. They look at you and see a castle-bred bastard who
thinks he’s a lordling” (126).
• Despite Jon’s sincere attempt to console Catelyn, she
responds by saying, “I need none of your absolution,
bastard” (67).
• “The direwolf graces the banners of the House Stark [...] I
am no Stark, Father” (19), explains Jon when there are not
enough pups for every single child.
7. Long Quotations
• For quotations that extend to more than four lines of
verse or prose, place quotations in a free-standing
block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the
quotation on a new line, with the entire quote
indented one inch (10 spaces) from the left margin;
maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of
the quotation by an additional quarter inch if you are
citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation
should come after the closing punctuation mark.
When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks.
(You should maintain double-spacing throughout your
essay.)
8. Throughout the book it is clear that Cersei and her twin Jamie
have an incestuous relationship. She is not ashamed and shows
no form of regret. In fact, she stands up for it with much pride
through her narration:
Since we were children together [we have had sex]. And
why not? The Targaryens wed brother to sister for three
hundred years, to keep the bloodlines pure. And Jamie
and I are more than brother and sister. We are one person
in two bodies. We shared a womb together. He came into
this world holding my foot, our old master said. When he
is in me, I feel… whole. (405)
Cersei seems to be in love with him. However, from her
description of how they are “one person in two bodies,” it also
seems as if she sees Jamie as a reflection of who she could have
been had she been born a man.
9. According to the St.
Martin's Guide, there
are three main ways to
set up a signaling
phrase:
1. With a complete
sentence followed by a
colon.
2. With an incomplete
sentence, followed by
a comma.
3. With a statement
that ends in that.
You can, however, build your
own signal phrases by mixing
these three basic styles with
different verbs:
admits agrees argues as
serts believes
claims compares confirms co
ntends declares denies
emphasizes insists notes
observes points
out reasons refutes rejects
responds replies suggests t
hinks writes
MLA style: Integrating quotations
10. Periods & Commas
Colons & Semi-colons
Periods and Commas
They go inside the quotation marks even if there is no period or
comma at the end of the quoted material in the original text.
Exception: If there is a parenthetical citation immediately after
the quote, the period or comma goes after the parenthetical
citation.
Colons & Semi-colons
Colons and semi-colons always go outside the quotation, even
if the original quoted material ends with either form of
punctuation.
11. • If the original quote ends with an exclamation mark or a question mark, we must
include it inside the quotation marks.
• ORIGINAL TEXT:
Will not a righteous God visit for these things?
• QUOTED TEXT:
When Douglass asks, "Will not a righteous God visit for these things?" he raises
the question of doubt about the future salvation of the "Christian" slaveholders.
• Notice that we don't put a comma after the question mark, even though
normally we would if there were not a question mark. We omit the comma to
avoid double punctuation.
• If we want to use a quoted statement in a question or exclamation we create,
then the question mark or the exclamation mark goes outside the quotation
marks.
• ORIGINAL TEXT:
The grave is at the door. (FD 38)
• QUOTED TEXT:
How can we take Douglass seriously when he indulges in excessively
romanticized language such as "The grave is at the door"?
Question Marks
& Exclamation Points
12. Remembering just a few simple rules can help you use the correct
punctuation as you introduce quotations.
oRule 1: Complete sentence: "quotation." (If you use a
complete sentence to introduce a quotation, use a colon (:) just
before the quotation.)
o Rule 2: Someone says, "quotation." (If the word just before
the quotation is a verb indicating someone uttering the quoted
words, use a comma. Examples include the words "says," "said,"
"states," "asks," and "yells."
oRule 3: Ending with that “quotation.” (There is no
punctuation if the word "that" comes just before the quotation,
as in "the narrator says that.")
oAnd remember that a semicolon (;) never is used to
introduce quotations.
13. Avoiding Grammatical Tangles
•When you incorporate quotations into
your writing, and especially when you
omit words from quotations, you run
the risk of creating ungrammatical
sentences. Three common errors you
should try to avoid are verb
incompatibility, ungrammatical
omissions, and sentence fragments.
14. Verb Incompatibility.
• When this error occurs, the verb form in the introductory
statement is grammatically incompatible with the verb form in
the quotation. When your quotation has a verb form that does
not fit in with your text, it is usually possible to use just part of
the quotation, thus avoiding verb incompatibility.
As this sentence illustrates, use the present tense when you refer to events in a
literary work.
15. Ungrammatical Omission.
• Sometimes omitting text from a quotation leaves you with an ungrammatical
sentence. Two ways of correcting the grammar are (1) adapting the
quotation (with brackets) so that its parts fit together grammatically and (2)
using only one part of the quotation.
17. Using Summarized Material.
• Summarizing involves putting an idea into your own
words. Summaries are significantly shorter than an
original text. It is a good idea to summarize material
when you want to briefly discuss the main idea(s) of a
longer piece. Summarizing allows you to discuss central
points without reproducing multiple quotation from a
single source. Remember, it is necessary to attribute
summarized ideas to the original source; that is, you
must cite even summarized material.
18. Citing Summarized Material
The journey is long and
painful, especially for
Daenerys since she is not
yet a strong rider. Her
body is sore and bleeding
at the end of each day
(228).
20. MLA format: on our website: “Writing Support”: “MLA Formatting Video.”
There are also links to the new De Anza information literacy videos at the
bottom of the website. Take a look at the one called “Citations” for more
help with MLA formatting.
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write
papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the
English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system
for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays
and Works Cited pages.
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating
accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA
style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the
purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xAc4yZ8VSA
22. Creating a Works Cited list using the eighth edition
From Purdue Online Writing Lab:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a
general method that may be applied to every possible source, to
many different types of writing. But since texts have become
increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several
different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient.
The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an
extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still gives
examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the
process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves.
This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally
applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to
document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field.
23. Here is an overview of the process:
When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core
elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including
in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the
following order:
Author.
Title of source.
Title of container,
Other contributors,
Version,
Number,
Publisher,
Publication date,
Location.
Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier
editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required
punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue
numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods
separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.
24. 1” Margins all around
Alphabetical Order Title Centered
Five
spaces
Works Cited
Last Name 1
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in
Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol.
15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27
Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-
online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig.
Accessed 15 Mar. 2009.
Website
Book
Periodical
Specific version
25. Basic Book Format
The author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name
format. The basic form for a book citation is:
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.
A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection
Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book.
The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:
Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection, edited by Editor's Name(s),
Publisher, Year, Page range of entry.
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers
One to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.
26.
27. Changing Teams!
1. Your teams can be made up of 3 or 4 people.
1. The teams will remain the same through the
discussion of material for one essay.
2. You must change at least half of your team
after each essay.
3. You may never have a new team composed of
more than 50% of any prior team.
28. The second essay consists of three class
discussions: Lao-Tzu, Machiavelli, and the
application of the two philosophers’ ideas to
A Game of Thrones.
29.
30. • Using the comments you received from
your readers, revise your draft. Consider
carefully what each person had to say.
Improve your essay!
• Post #16: Introductions and Conclusions
• Read A World of Ideas: Government: Lao-Tzu "Thoughts from
the Tao-te Ching” (19-31).
• Post #17 Questions (TBD based on teams) for Critical Reading:
(page 31) or QHQ Lao-Tzu
• Essay #1:due via Turnitin Friday, week 5 at noon.
