The Scientific Management And The Human Relations Theories

The Scientific Management And The Human Relations Theories
This essay will be evaluating both the Scientific management and the Human relations theories in
today's management of organisations. Scientific management theory was founded and published by
Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1909 where he proposed that productivity can be increased by
augmenting and simplifying workloads which then improves 'economic efficiency' (Economist,
2009). On the other hand, Human relations theories focuses on personal factors and suggests that
motivation and leadership are the features that help encourage workers to work productively
(Dininni, 2017).
For Scientific Management Theory, one of Taylor's four principles was the rule of thumb where
managers should think and use scientific method to increase production by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As opposed to Taylor's scientific theory, human relations theory value the workers which leads to
increased motivation and productivity (Bianca, 2017). An example of this would be a private sector,
Google. Instead of adopting Taylor's style where there are strict rules, Google allows freedom for the
workers by letting them work when they want and allowing customisation of their own surroundings
(Garguilo, 2011). This gives them their personal freedom which in turn increases motivation to
work. Therefore, this suggests that even though Taylor diminished social factors, human relations
theory gives evidence that social factors such as freedom does affect productivity in today's
management.
Taylor suggested a piecework pay system where workers are payed according to their productivity.
Therefore, a worker with high productivity gets higher wages than those with less productivity. This
results in the motivation of the employees to work at an efficient rate which will mean greater
productivity and higher pay (Lawler, 2000). In addition, the customers are benefitted as enhanced
productivity will lead to advanced service or additional products created. This system can be applied
into a public sector such as libraries where the standards of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Two Major Theories Of International Relations
Introduction
The study of international relations takes a wide range of theoretical approaches. Some emerge from
the discipline itself; others have been imported, in whole part from disciplines such as economics or
sociology. Many theories of international relations are internally and externally contested, and few
scholars believe only in one or another. A theory of international relations is a set of ideas that
explains how the international system works (SparkNote on International Politics, 2010). Unlike an
ideology, a theory of international studies is backed up with concrete evidence. This essay will focus
on two major theories of international relations (IR), namely realism and liberalism to determine
which one is more useful in the study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Societal ideas, interests, and institutions influence state behaviour by shaping state preferences, that
is, the fundamental social purposes underlying the strategic calculations of governments. For
liberals, the configuration of state preferences matters most in world politics, not as realists argue ,
the configuration of capabilities and not as, institutionalists (that is functional regime theorists)
maintain, the configuration of information and institution. According to Donelan (1990: 24), the
central point in realism is then that sometimes we as persons and still more important as associations
are made moral, for we have a common power over us; the state. He goes on further to say that we
are not made moral, there is no common power, and that is international relations as the frontiers of
the state are the limits of morals which on one side we have security of the state, on the other the
bleak wastes of international relations, where the states and great associations confront each other in
cold

Human Relations Theory vs Scientific Method Theory
Scientific Method Theory
By Fedrick Taylor
And
Human Relations Theory
(Hawthorne Studies)
By Elton Mayo
Student Name:
Subject: Human Relations
Date: 14th October, 2010
The Scientific Management Theory (Taylorism)
In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, The Principles of Scientific Management, in
which he described how the application of the scientific method to the management of workers
greatly could improve productivity.
Scientific management methods called for optimizing the way that tasks were performed and
simplifying the jobs enough so that workers could be trained to perform their specialized sequence
of motions in the one "best" way.
Before the scientific management theory, work tasks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No attention for soft factors. * Mechanistic. Treating people as machines. * Separation of planning
function and doing. * Loss of skill level and autonomy at worker level. Not very useful in current
knowledge worker environments (except as an antithesis).
The Human Relations Theory (The Hawthorne Effect)
The Hawthorne Studies (or experiments) were conducted from 1927 to 1932 at the Western Electric
Hawthorne Works in Chicago, where Harvard Business School professor Elton Mayo examined
productivity and work conditions.
Elton Mayo started these experiments by examining the physical and environmental influences of

the workplace (e.g. brightness of lights, humidity) and later, moved into the psychological aspects
(e.g. breaks, group pressure, working hours, managerial leadership) and their impact on employee
motivation as it applies to productivity.
The Hawthorne Effect can be summarized as "Employees are more productive because the
employees know they are being studied." Elton Mayo's experiments showed an increase in worker
productivity was produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out, involved, and made
to feel important.
Specifically, Mayo wanted to find out what effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity and
how to control them through such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperature and humidity. In
the process, he stumbled upon a principle of human motivation that would help to revolutionize the
theory and

The Theories of International Relations
INTRODUCTION
The theories of international relations are the end results of good international relations and system
in the world today, most of this theories are not well implemented in most countries which has
resulted on conflicts among nations, political instabilities, secessions and all other political unrest.
This essay will shed more light on the phases of international relations from the individual stage to
the international stage.
Firstly, this essay will explain what the theories of international relations are and then proceeds to
give you the overview of what theoretical perspective provides the best account in international
relations
Liberalism idealism
Liberalism is a society which is characterized by freedom of thought ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
" the security of one is the concern of all " and this is where collective responsibility comes in, in
which aggression by one state would be countered by collective action by the other state, embodied
in a league of nations.
The League of Nations illustrated the importance the theory have placed on international institutions
to deal with war and the chance for collective problem solving in a many–sided forum
(Mingst,2004:63).
Where we could see the weakness of this theory was when the Liberals is seen to have failed to
make the world safe for democracy' as President Woodrow Wilson, who authored the covenant of
the League of Nations, claimed it could during WW1, even when its doctrine were institutionalized
into international organizations like the League of Nations and later the United Nations. Mingst also
added that the League of Nations proved incompetent of maintaining collective security and many
questions of the basic goodness of humanity came up, leaving liberalism under intense scrutiny.
These questions made liberalism as a theoretical perspective fall out of favour.
Realism
This theory believes people to be sinful and wicked by nature and man's aggressive power seeking
and lustful nature has implications on the state. Individual in states are organised to act in a unitary
way in pursuit of its own national interest in terms of power (Mingst, 2004:65). Mingst also wrote
that the

Games Theory in International Relations
GAMES THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The field of game theory came into being with Émile Borel 's researches in his 1938 book
'Applications aux Jeux des Hazard', and was followed by the 1944 book 'Theory of Games and
Economic Behaviour' by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. This theory was developed
extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in
the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s.
Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is used in the social sciences, most notably in
economics, as well as in biology. It is also used in engineering, political science, international
relations, computer science, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They include the player/decision maker, strategies, rules and pay off.
3.1 Player/Decision Makers. These are parties involved in competitive or cooperative situation.
These parties could be nations, multinational corporations or even regional blocs.
3.2 Strategies. These are the plan(s) by state actors designed to achieve a particular long term aim. It
could be aimed at pursuing their own interests at the expense of others leading to conflict or
competition.
3.3 Rules. These are the regulations or principles governing conduct or procedure within a particular
area of activity amongst players. It is expected that players must coordinate their potential strategies
within the rules when pursuing their potential payoffs.
3.4 Pay off/Outcomes. These are result(s) of particular choices made by players at a given point in
the game/situation.
4.0 TYPES OF GAMES
There are various types of games based on their classification. They are the cooperative or non–
cooperative, symmetric, zero sum, one player, many player and sequential games.
4.1 Cooperative or non–cooperative. A game is cooperative if the players are able to form binding

commitments. For instance the legal system requires them to adhere to their promises. In non–
cooperative games this is not possible. Often it is assumed that communication among players is
allowed in cooperative games, but not in non–cooperative ones. This classification on two

The Theory Of International Relations Essay
Power and interests has always been the basis of the relationship among societies. As a result of the
quest along the history for the survival and development of the organized human groups around the
world, the international orders emerged to set how states relates to each other based on the amount
of power that they have and the interests they share at different moments of the history. With the
evolution of societies, international orders changes because of a major clash between great powers
where it is necessary a zero sum situation. To explain this, the paradigms of international relations
will be the main tool. The rise of an international order is a result of the accumulation of power by a
few big actors that are searching for hegemony. This is the idea that realist paradigm proposes, and it
is useful to understand how the countries related each other during the major part of the history
(from ancient times to middle age), where big empires and kingdoms divided the globe. Anarchy is
the natural state of things , and then power is the source of order that allowed to the great powers to
survive by taking resources from weak states under its protection. Through the realist lens, great
powers fought each other for raw materials and colonies, and the actors (states) were personified by
only one person (the emperor or king) using their big armies as tool to impose only their interests.
Alliances were a classical way of agreement, motivated only for the need to balance power

Iraq Invasion 2003 ( The English School Theory Of...
Iraq Invasion 2003 – (The English School Theory of International Relations) The English School
(ES) of international studies is a modern and unique spectrum to the study of international relations
(IR), because it is prominent, relevant and inclusive of the main elements in the other IR theories
such as classical Realism, Neorealism, Marxism, Liberalism (Buzan & Gonzalez–Pelaez, 2009),
Globalization (Buzan, 2004), Humanitarianism and Positivism IR theories (Buzan & Gonzalez–
Pelaez, 2009, p.2–3). The ES of IR is built on the notion of "international society", in which the
states are the primary actors, engaging, co–operating and conversing to produce joint strategies,
interventions and arrangements which help to maintain their inter–relations and shared interests to
resolve matters (Cornelia Navari, p. 1). The ES embraces the social aspect through dialogue between
players on the international politics arena with recognition of sovereignty, solidarity, level of power
and leverage, self–interests and competitiveness each state holds in the international realm. It is
therefore not a system like most other IR theories but the methodology for contemporary
international conversation (Buzan & Gonzalez–Pelaez, 2009 p. 3) between two or more states when
necessary within the global framework of laws, international institutions and customary aspects
(Buzan & Gonzalez–Pelaez, 2009, pp.3–4). In the 1984 publication 'The Expansion of International
Society', the classic ES definition is

International Relations' Theories Realism vs. Liberalism
Introduction
Social humanitarian sciences focus on studying global political processes and the object of its
research are social phenomena, which are defined as "international relations" in the world we know.
International relations are comprised of many different categories, such as foreign policy,
international politics or world politics. However, the central issue of international politics is the
international relations. The term "international relations" has been first used by English philosopher
J. Bentham at the end of 18th century. It is important to note that it is not accidentally that the term
appeared at that particular time, as the border line of 18–19th centuries is marked by evolution of the
international relations' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the core of realism theory, with its understanding of world politics remains the same –
uncompromising struggle between states for power and influence, and not moral and legal principles
that define the foreign policy of a state. One of the baselines for political realism is the clause of the
anarchic nature of international relations. From this point of view, the anarchic nature of relations
~3~
differentiates between international and intrastate relations, which are built on principle of
hierarchy, subordination, supremacy and obedience, formalized legal norms, out of which the
monopoly of government on the abuse of power within its sovereign territory state prevails all other.
Anarchic nature of world relations, from the viewpoint of realism, is defined by two aspects: firstly,
lack of unitary ruling party in the world structure, where orders by such party are to be carried out
by governments of all the states implicitly. Secondly, the imminence of each state to rely on itself
only, when standing up for its interests creates the anarchy. The followers of the political realism
theory base its belief on the absence of the supreme power, legal and moral norms, capable on the
basis of mutual agreement effectively regulate interrelations of main actors, and thus, avert so
destructible for them and the world wars and conflicts. Moreover, realism is based on a very
negative and unchanging conception of human nature – bad

The Three Major Theories Of International Relations
Midterm
International relations theories are a set of ideas that explain how states work within global system
of alliances and shared interests. What separates a theory from an ideology is concrete evidence of
practice and deep reasoning that backs up the theory. The three major theories of international
relations are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. I believe Realism theory, which states that
states only act in their own interests and to increase their own power relative to other states most
accurately predicts the behavior of states. If we assume that states act primarily on the foundation of
security for their people, it is rational to assume international relation theories find greater
application during periods of war and revolutions, where rulers are more pressed to provide stability.
In times like those, we see how states are compelled to act out of self interest to maintain a dominant
status.
Realist theorists argue that politics should be viewed as it currently exists, and not how one would
wish the world operated. When looking at the international system, realists focus their beliefs on
how international relations work based upon the idea of power and security. The definition of
Realism, as defined by John Mearsheimer in Anarchy and the Struggle for Power, explains realism
through five assumptions with total hegemony as a goal. The first assumption is that an international
system of anarchy lacks of any central authority. The second assumption is that

Psychodynamic And Object Relations Theories
Amongst all psychodynamic approaches, object relations theory fitted like a puzzle for me. I have
an integrated style with a mix of some humanistic and psychodynamic approaches like Freud's free
association or Jung's dream analysis but Object Relations stand out for me. I relate to it at a deep
personal level where my poor relationship with my mother affected my married life and in my client
work a common thread that ran through was how faulty infantile object relations have an impact on
adult relationships. Object relations theory follows a model that believes that children are driven by
the need for attachment with primary caregivers especially the mother and it is paramount for the
development of a 'free functioning' psychic structure.

Object Relations Theory Essay
OBJECT RELATIONS THEORIES AND SELF PSYCHOLOGY
Object Relations and Self Psychology Object relations refers to interpersonal relations
2. Object refers to that which will satisfy a need. Significant person or thing that is target of
another's feelings (drives).
3. In combination with relations, object refers to interpersonal relations and suggests inner residues
of past relations shaping present relations
4. Object relations theorists investigate the early formulation and differentiation of psychological
structure and how these inner structures are manifested in interpersonal situations
5. Theorists focus on relationships of early life that leave lasting impression within the psyche of the
individual.
1. Residues...inner ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Helps the immature infant hold both feelings together...with maturity can integrate feelings...infant
uses splitting to keep apart the conflicting feelings toward the good and bad aspects of mothering
Object Relations Theorist Share a common concern about the [primacy or relationships over innate
instinctual drives
5. Shifts from instinct to early relationships Emphasize environmental influences Weight is given to
how the infant develops a 'self' through relationships within family and how this self relates toward
others Study disorders in relationships – (personality disorders)
Self Psychology Emphasis on certain aspects of object relations Nature and kind of investment in
the self Normal narcissism is part of traditional theory
40. Kohut refers to narcissism – persons deal with objects as if objects were part of self and that
objects performs critical functions for the self
Core Issues Nature of objects and shift from emphasis on drives. Nature and formation of psychic
structures Developmental stages viewed in terms of relationships with objects Different views of
conflict and consequences for therapy

Nature of Objects Freud – the object is the creation of drives; object relations are the function of
drives
46. Klein gave greater weight to the interpersonal environment; interested in drives as viewed in
transactions between infant and caregiver Fairbairn – main drive of a person is for a relationship; not
the satisfaction of a

The Nursing Theory Of Interpersonal Relations
NURSING THEORIST HILDEGARD PEPLAU
Name of theorist and briefly describe the theory in your own words. Hildegard Peplau's nursing
theory of Interpersonal Relations is the second nursing theory in the history of nursing. Hildegard
Peplau was the first published theorist since Florence Nightingale, she was born on September 1,
1909 and lived until March 17, 1999. She was raised in Reading mPA by her parents. In 1918 the
devastating flu epidemic greatly influenced her understanding of the impact of illness and death on
families. The relationship between the nurse and patient is the focus of Peplau's theory. Peplau's
nursing theory emphasized the need for a partnership between nurse and patient as opposed to the
patient passively ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why did I choose this theory? I chose Peplau's theory because I feel the patient needs should be the
primary focus when making health care decisions, the nurse should facilitate the patient in making
quality health care decisions by discussing patient perceived complaints, asking the patient about
their knowledge of the problem, educating the patient regarding their health care problem and assist
the patient to make quality health care decisions. There is no existence of physician superiority,
therefore patient's health care decisions should not be dictated by a physician. Patients must be
educated when making health care decisions, the health care provider is responsible to include
patients in their making their own informed health care decisions. Patients are more likely to be
compliant with their health care needs if they are involved in the decision–making process and
therefore the patient will have a higher quality of life when making informed decisions. When you
teach a patient how to care for themselves, why they should take the correct health care steps,
educate them on diet, exercise, medications, and treatments the patient's healthcare decisions will be
more successful. "give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed
him for a lifetime."
How does this theory view man? Nursing responsibility towards man is to affect his behavior to
improve the outcome of health care decisions.

Interpersonal Relations Theory : Hildegard Peplau And...
Intro to paper Theory serves as a guidance for any profession. There are countless theories which
exist regarding patient care including Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal relations theory. Many non–
nursing theories are relevant to the healthcare field including Kurt Lewin's change theory which
discusses the process of change. This paper will discuss both Peplau's interpersonal theory and
Lewin's change theory, their contributions and comparing both theories.
Hildegard Peplau Peplau is considered to be the mother of psychiatric nursing. Her clinical
experience and theoretical work has shaped psychiatric nursing into its own specialty (Alligood,
2014). Peplau created interpersonal relations theory which focuses on the significance of the nurse–
patient relationship (Alligood, 2014). The following section will further discuss Peplau's influences
and the interpersonal relationship theory.
Interpersonal Relations Influences Peplau has had many contributions to nursing. Psychiatric
nursing first became established as a specialty due to Peplau's contributions. Peplau performed an
essential role in establishing the "foundation for professional practice of psychiatric nursing"
(Halter, 2014 p. 24). Peplau was able to draw influences for interpersonal relations from many
different sources. Peplau's work experience at a psychiatric hospital with a group of neo–Freudian
analysts, working with World War II soldiers, attending Henry Stack Sullivan's seminars and
connections with

The's Theory Of Interpersonal Relations Theory
Hildegard Peplau was an American nursing theorist who was responsible for creating the
interpersonal relations theory for nursing, specifically psychiatric nursing. The major concept of this
theory was the significance of the patient–nurse relationship. Peplau's theory introduced many new
ideas such as self–awareness, personal identity, and individuality that became dominant concepts in
nursing. Her interpersonal relations theory became an important framework for nursing work.
Peplau's interpersonal relations model includes four phases and suggests that each nurse has seven
distinct roles. As a nurse, it is important to understand the importance of this theory and be able to
integrate it into practice. Understanding this theory can help nurses relate to their patients in a way
that will benefit the patient as well as the nurse. Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations and how it
relates to current nursing practice will be discussed in this paper. Peplau's Nursing Theory Hildegard
Peplau graduated from the Pottstown Training School in 1931 (D'Antonio, Beeber, Sills, & Naegle,
2014). She then worked as a nurse in an infirmary while also studying as an undergraduate student
at Bennington College (D'Antonio et al., 2014). She later began working as an intern at Maryland's
Chestnut Lodge, a private psychiatric hospital. (D'Antonio et al., 2014). While she was there, she
worked alongside a group of Neo–Freudian analysts who were beginning to move away from
treatment techniques

The Theories And Complications Of International Relations
Summay
The international relations theory attempts to provide a conceptual model upon which are analyzed
international relations , its implications and how you study and understand the participation of
stakeholders and their influence in the international system . Each theory helps to understand the
birth of International Relations as an independent disciplinary area within political science , and its
deep changes and reflections until today. Each is reductive and essentialist to different degrees,
respectively based on different sets of assumptions.
Opinion
Theories of International Relations act like a pair of colored glasses, allowing the viewer to see only
events relevant to each theory. An adherent of realism can completely ignore an event that a
constructivist defines as crucial, and vice versa. The number and nature of the alleged facts by
theory, it also determines its usefulness. The realism , parsimonious and essentialist theory is useful
when reviewing historical actions (eg why X invaded to Y), but limited both in explaining systemic
changes (like the end of the Cold War ). The liberalism , meanwhile, examines a wide range of
conditions, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This lack of recognition makes the way in which political issues are handled at the international
level have a strong male bias. Classical notions of international relations and are associated with
masculinity, such as the idea that the world is essentially anarchic and conflictive, have penetrated
the creation of foreign policies of the countries and in the actions of some international
organizations, such as NATO. This, according to some feminist critics, generates an international
order that is exclusive and very limited vision for the vast range of issues that need attention in the
international arena, such as migration and social

Aspects Of Object Relations Theory Essay
In this essay I am going to be examining all aspects of Object–Relations Theory. I am also going to
be explaining the shortcomings of this theory. Presenting evidence that proves this theory to be
strong and relevant to adolescent development into adulthood. Object Relations Theory is a theory
that was developed from a therapist client relationship this theory examines the interpersonal
relationships that you have and how they shape you into an adult thinker. (Scharff, D.E. 1992). This
theory reflects the care that the mother had for the infant during the time of adolescences and how
that individual now feels about attachment Scharff, D.E. (1992).This theory shows how the mother
infant relationship is the start of personality development for individuals. Scharff, D.E. (1992). This
theory comes from the late Sigmund Freud, Freud had many theories on development. Going further
into that the sexual development of adolescents into adulthood (Corey, 2015). This theory is very
much so like Freud's past theory. The object relation's theory is one that compares ones separation
and attachment in such a way that, we get to see how an individual's childhood relationships with
love ones could have affected their ability to either form relationships or become detached from
others (Corey 2015). When speaking of childhood family interactions this is a very important part of
development especially when referring to Object relation's theory. Interaction is key when a child is
at a young

Classical Scientific Management Theory And Human Relations...
Introduction
This paper will be expressing a few of the different theoretical perspectives. This paper will be
discussing the Scientific Management, Cultural Perspective, Political–Economic Theory, and
Human Relations Theory. It will also be discussing each of the key concepts that are associated
within each theoretical perspective. I will state some of the strengths and some of the weaknesses of
each theory that was mentioned above. Lastly, my opinion for each of these theories would be
provided to give you a look on how they are run in the society. I hope to give the reader and inside
look on how these organizations are being run.
Classical Scientific Management Theory Organizations have a variety of people, but each person
handles work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conflict could resolve in losing employees due to how they are being treated within their work
environment. Management would be without employees and there would be loss of productivity.
Some of the strengths would be that the workers were experienced and know how to do their
job/tasks correctly. This is a strength because you have trustworthy professionals who know what
they are doing with that certain task. A weakness would be how the employees were silenced and
overworked (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). This is a weakness because I know how being silenced can be.
At my old job, we didn't have much of a say and work became irritating to the point that I left. Not
being heard on ideas does have consequences. And in the scientific management theory there is no
communication with management.
Cultural Theory This cultural perspective is a theory that is being used all the time and will not
change. Cultures are seen as structured by two forms of constrain on individual behavior
(Thompson, Ellis, and Wildavsky, 1991). The cultural perspective on organizations believes that
each of the organizations establish a distinctive mixture of values, standards, presumptions, and
practices about how things should be done that eventually becomes a habit (Kirst–Ashman, 2014).
The cultural theory is to go on with their tradition on what they are used to do. If it ain't broke, don't
fix it (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). Because of how much they are used to their way working, it becomes

The Theory Of International Relations
When studying International Relations, there are various theories involved, three of these theories
being: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. A theory is fundamentally ideas and complex
concepts that have their own way of understanding something. These theories are used in evaluating
world politics, by coming up with a unique way of identifying and explaining the events that occur
around the world (Mingst 5). The theories help explain different perspectives on how the world
system functions; as the political scientist, Stephen Walt explains,
"No single approach can capture all the complexity of contemporary world politics. Therefore we
are better off with a diverse array of competing ideas rather than a single theoretical orthodoxy.
Competition between theories helps reveal their strengths and weaknesses and spurs subsequent
refinements, while revealing flaws in conventional wisdom" (Mingst 6). Realism focuses on the idea
that each state bases its policies off of the interpretation that it's national interest is defined in terms
of power (Mingst 6). Realists believe that because the international system is anarchic, which means
that there is no authoritative hierarchy, it leads to a "self–help system" in the states, where each state
has to fend for, and support itself. Since states under the realist theory must rely on themselves for
their own security, they can often be seen as selfish, fearful and power seeking. Realists believe that
in this system, states

Interpersonal Relations Theory Paper
A theoretical framework is a group of concepts with their definitions and existing theory that
provides guidance to a research project by forming a valuable part of any nursing or scientific
research (Nieswiadomy, 2012). There are many methods that could be applied as the theoretical
framework for domestic violence (DV) research study. Most social sciences possibly will use the
psychodynamic approach or the behavioral–cognitive approach as their theoretical framework, but a
nursing theory will be applied in this study. The use of a theoretical framework is dependent on the
theory that is relevant to the study. In this research work, Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations
Theory will be used as the theoretical framework for the study. In

Object Relations Theory Is A Psychodynamic Theory
Object Relations Theory Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory that observes our
capability to form long–lasting attachments, and is based on our early experiences of disconnection
from and connections with out primary caregivers. We internalize our initial relationship examples,
which means that our first relationships make lasting impressions on us, determining how we
approach future relationships. Also, object relations theory studies how people form various
attitudes towards others and how those attitudes affect their view of themselves as well as social
relationships. There is a central notion of object relation's theory, which is that all people naturally
search for relationships with others, what this theory looks at is how well an individual can form the
interpersonal relationship and what, if any, deficiencies in social functioning may have occurred. For
social workers, this theory is helpful in seeing an individual in the framework of the relationship
rather than an individual being. According to object relations theory, the ultimate situation is to be
raised by caregivers who in turn help us to progressively and appropriately move away from their
physical and emotional direct care while they continue to convey their availability for support
(Hutchison, 2013). These early associations are a major determinant of our personalities and the
quality of our interpersonal performance (Hutchison, 2013; Dorfman, Meyer, & Morgan, 1998).
Essentially, an

Classical Scientific Management Theory And Human Relations...
This paper will be expressing a few of the different theoretical perspectives. This paper will be
discussing the Scientific Management, Cultural Perspective, Political–Economic Theory, and
Human Relations Theory. It will also be discussing each of the key concepts that are associated
within each theoretical perspective. I will state some of the strengths and some of the weaknesses of
each theory that was mentioned above. Lastly, my opinion for each of these theories would be
provided to give you a look on how they are run in the society. I hope to give the reader and inside
look on how these organizations are being run.
Classical Scientific Management Theory Organizations have a variety of people, but each person
handles work differently. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conflict could resolve in losing employees due to how they are being treated within their work
environment. Management would be without employees and there would be a loss of productivity.
Some of the strengths would be that the workers were experienced and know how to do their
job/tasks correctly. This is a strength because you have trustworthy professionals who know what
they are doing with that certain task. A weakness would be how the employees were silenced and
overworked (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). This is a weakness because I know how being silenced can be.
At my old job, we didn't have much of a say and work became irritating to the point that I left. Not
being heard on ideas does have consequences. And in the scientific management theory, there is no
communication with management.
Cultural Theory This cultural perspective is a theory that is being used all the time and will not
change. The cultural perspective on organizations believes that each of the organizations establish a
distinctive mixture of values, standards, presumptions, and practices about how things should be
done that eventually becomes a habit (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). The cultural theory is to go on with
their tradition in what they are used to do. If it ain't broke, don't fix it (Kirst–Ashman, 2014).
Because of how much they are used to their way working, it becomes a norm, a routine, and will not
take new ideas into thought. With this kind of mind, it helps employees to focus on a certain way,

Comparison Of Marxism In International Relations Theory
Comparison in Definition
Marxism in international relations was a reaction to liberal economic theories advanced by thinkers
such as Adam Smith. Smith argued that free market capitalism, without any role of government or
backstage actor would be the most efficient. For him, the notion of the "invisible hand" summed up
this idea that a free market without government controls will be the most optimal outcomes. Much
of Smith's ideas of a free market economy are based on the rules of supply and demand, and also the
importance of competition. In this economic system, businesses will compete with one another in
their products and consumers as a result of this competition, will benefit since it will lead businesses
to make the best product at the lowest costs. Then, the price of this product will be reflected in the
supply and demand which is the more of a product that is available, the less demand that there will
be, and vice versa.
Meanwhile in realism, for which international relations are driven by the states' security and
material interests defined in terms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Namely, they study how those in economic control use and exploit the worker, and then it is the
economic elites who get the vast majority of the financial benefits from the sale of that product.
Furthermore, this is not a new phenomenon in the 1800s, but rather, Marxists believe that there have
been numerous cases, throughout the centuries of imbalances of economic power between the
workers, and the economic elites who run production.
For Marx, this economic exploitation could be in the private sector or and as later Marxists in the
field of international relations focus on, it could be the ways that the state is using economic power
to exploit others. Marx viewed the state as a vehicle for the economically wealthy and powerful in
the country to further exploit the power and to make them

The Impact Of Neoliberal Institutionalism On The United...
RAL INSTITUTIONALISM Neoliberal Institutionalism is one of many schools of international
relations theory often used to both describe and predict trends and characteristics of the global
political landscape. The 'new' liberal institutionalist school of international relations theory owes it
roots to the functional integration study of the 1950's and 1960's, and the complex interdependence
scholarship of the 1970's and 1980's (Lamy p.132). As part of the larger umbrella of liberal
approaches, neoliberal institutionalism holds a typically positive view of humanity and possibilities
for interaction, peace and cooperation, yet places more emphasis on exploring the role of institutions
than its predecessors. To comprehensively understand the neoliberal institutional approach to world
politics, it is also necessary to understand its opposing theory of neorealism. While the two schools
of thought disagree on the implications of political structure, both scholarships share similar
epistemology and asks largely the same questions which is why Keohane and Martin(1999:3) refer
to neoliberal institutionalism as "the half sibling of neorealism"; making it insufficient to discuss
one without comparing it to the other. Therefore I have framed much of my definition of neoliberal
institutionalism in the context of the 'neo–neo' debate. As mentioned above, the state centric
theoretical approaches of neoliberal institutionalism and neorealism shares in many key assumptions
of the global

Comparison of International Relations Theory
Contemporary international relations is a complex field. Understanding events and attempting to
make sense of them can be a daunting task. There are, however, tools available, which can assist in
providing clarity to these complex issues. The first of these tools is historic knowledge. Without
historic background of an issue, it is nearly impossible to understand the events driving that issue in
modern times. A second tool, the one which will be the focus of this paper, is international relations
theory. Theory can be defined as "a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of
action," (Merriam–Webster) and can be used "in many cases as a basis of prediction." (Mingst 56)
There are three major theories which we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While liberalism believes war to be avoidable through education, reformation of social institutions,
and shared interests with other nations, realism finds war to be an unavoidable consequence of the
self–preservation of the state. Liberalism sees the potential for and desires change, while realism
finds change unlikely. Both theories agree on the principle that the international system is anarchic
in nature. However, whereas realism relies on a balance of power to keep the system in check,
liberalism does so through cooperation of international institutions and mutual interest of various
states. In understanding international relations and world events, understanding the theories and
principles through which to view these events is a good start. However, it is also important to ask
yourself how you intend to use the theory. These theories can be applied to contemporary situations
in order to understand the actions and reactions of various parties relevant to a specific issue. The
theories can also be used to look at current events and attempt to predict future events. Another use
for the theories is to apply them to past events, in an attempt to explain and understand why the
events happened, and why various parties, or states, executed certain decisions. For an example of
applying theory to a past event, we can look to the Gulf War of 1991. From the historic record, we

Object Relation Theory
Theory Description
The object relations theory is centered on the idea that individuals develop their social habits and
relationships based on their interfaces with people during their childhood (Freidman, 2010, pg. 130).
These people are considered "objects", and refer to anyone that a child would have emotional ties to
(Freidman, 2010, pg. 130). A couple of additional definitions imperative to the understanding of the
object relations theory include internal objects, which entails a depiction of a person that one has an
emotional tie to in the form of an idea, thought, or reflection, where as an external object is the
physical person or entity that renders the emotional investment (Victor, 2007). The object relations
theory progressed elements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary reason why I have made such a decision is because I was raised as a Christian and
inherently believe in the requirement to help others. The discipline that I want to use to help others
is psychology because I believe that the rise of mental health problems in our nation can be halted
by professionals who actually care about the person behind the disorder. Also, I feel that the most
help can be offered with highest level of education. The secondary reason why I have made the life
decision to pursue a doctorate degree is because I feel as early as my childhood, my family members
have expected me to do something exceptional with my life, and I think that one of the most
extraordinary accomplishments is receiving the highest level of education in a

International Relation Theories of Realism and Liberalism...
Realism and liberalism ‎
International relations theories are the study of international relations from a ‎
theoretical perspective.
Such as, realism, liberalism, maximise, socialism ‎
This assignment will be discussed about two theories of international relations ‎
which are Realism
the most important in international relations. Liberalism is the ‎
second theory will be considered. The
aim of this essay to compare between these ‎
two theories. ‎
Firstly, in the first paragraphs in this assignment will be focused on realism in term ‎
of, realist view
on realism, types of realism and finally realism and the globalisation. ‎
Secondly, will move on
liberalism three main topics which are; liberalism, types of ‎
liberalism and concludes with ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
‎
However he argued that all the decisions must be thought carefully before final ‎
decision .in addition,
there are arguments of classical realism. Firstly, realists ‎
argued that the main factor of human nature
is necessary for the state according to ‎
Baylis,Smith&Owens(.2011.p.879) "classical realists argue
that it is from the nature ‎
of man that the essential features of international politics , such as
competition ‎
‎
,fear, and war, can be explained‫‏‬
"‫‏‬
‎
.‎
‎second realism have to be considered is that structural realism,which is realist in ‎
this realism are
against classical realists on that human nature is the international ‎
of politics. In another word,
Realist featured security and competition.
‎‎
Liberalism is..........................................., first liberal was Johan Locke who was ‎
liberal in the 17th
century. Liberalist have optimistic conceive of human nature. They ‎
also identified that every person
is self–interested and even combative.Liberlists ‎
disagreed with the statement that conflict and
warfare are unavoidable.‎
‫‏‬
"‫‏‬
Conflict and ‎
war are not inevitable; when people employ their reason they
can achieve mutually ‎
beneficial cooperation not only within states but also across international
‎
boundaries‫‏‬
"‫‏‬
‎Jackson &Sorensen,( 2010, p.97) . What is more it that , the basic ‎
There are many classification of liberalism, firstly, sociological liberalism, is a theory ‎
that has view
of international relations is Connections between nations and

What Are The Theories Of International Relations
International Relations as "a discipline concerned with the relationships existing between sovereign
units in the international arena, wherein each unit (state or non–state actor) may be motivated by self
interest and the pursuit of power, however the behavior of each unit is not independent of the
prevailing norms existing within international society.
In other words it provides a network upon which international relations can be analysed and how
nation states interact with other nations within an international system . The study of international
relations have take a wide range of theoretical aspect and approaches. Every person has a different
opinion and hence there is bound to be a room for difference in opinions . hence it is important to
know and study different theories and approaches in international relations. theories in international
relations have been developed to , both to understand the causes of events that occur in international
relations and to answer the foundational questions in the field.
Since there is a whole spectrum of different views and opinions about the theory and vast nature of
international relations theories, it raises a question on credibility of the theories which have been
developed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In recent years scholars have questioned prevailing narratives about clear theoretical traditions in the
discipline of international relations. Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes and other thinkers have
become subject to re–examination as a means of challenging prevailing uses of their legacies in the
discipline and exploring other lineages and orientations. while various theories may lead to
compelling conclusions on international relations but none of the theories can be said to be
absolutely right or wrong since they are all based on ideologies and

The Study Of The Theory Of International Relations
The study of international relations takes a vast spectrum of theoretical approaches. A theory of
international relations is a collection of concepts that delineate how the international system
operates (SparkNote on International Politics, 2010). Contrary to an ideology, a theory of
international studies is endorsed with solid evidence. This essay will focus on two dominant theories
of International Relations (IR), namely realism and liberalism to decide for this matter on the more
pragmatic one for the study of IR. According to realism, states work only to gain more power
relative to that of other states (Donelan: 1990:23). Liberalism matured in the 1970s as some scholars
generated arguments that realism was defunct. With the rise of globalization, the immediate increase
in communications technology, and the expansion of international trade meant that states could no
longer be dependent on complete power politics to resolve matters (Lawson, 2015:96). ... Show
Liberalism is contrary to realism, in a sense that it places confidence in the amount of power through
state economies, the prospects of peace and cooperation, rights and notions of political freedoms
(Burchill et al, 2005: 80). This essay delineates the reasons why liberal theory would be the suitable
theory for the study of IR, the position of the theory today and lastly the three variants of

Theory Of Interpersonal Relations And Pollard's Relational...
Introduction: In this paper, I will review philosophical frameworks and theories that influence my
nursing practice. Also, I will demonstrate how I incorporate the theories into my practice by
providing examples. The goal of my paper is to emphasize the statement that nursing is a
"therapeutic, goal directed, interpersonal process between nurse and patient" but also with the
patient's care team which is why I chose the following theories (Jones, 1996, p. 877). For this paper,
I have chosen to explore Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations and Pollard's Relational Ethics.
What are theories? Theories are crucial to nursing practice because it provides a sense of guidance
and credibility for the nursing profession. Theories are a set of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
31). Identification phase occurs as the patient starts to reach their goals, and the "focus is on the
patient's reactions" (p. 31). The nurse will select which services are adequate for the patient's care
(Hildegard Peplau Theory, 2016). During this stage, the nurse will utilize their experience and
knowledge to assume various roles such as an educator, counselor, care provider, teacher, and others
to assist the patient progressing towards their goals. The patient will perceive these roles as the nurse
meeting the patient's various needs. In this phase, the patient may feel helpless, but with the nurse's
support, the patient will feel apart of the solution (Hildegard Peplau Theory, 2016). Together, the
nurse and patient will create a plan of care that meets the patient's needs (Hildegard Peplau Theory,

Neorealism : One Of The Feminist Theories Of International...
Neorealism is one of the strongest and most dominate theories of International Relations. The
creator of Neorealism, Kenneth Watts, argued that conflict among other nations was inevitable since
there was no international leadership. Due to this, neorealism believes that the international system
is anarchic. This explanation moves the realist theory away from human nature toward the
international arena called the system level. This is where states are the principal actors instead of
individuals. These states are characterized as self–interested and rational. The core assumptions of
neorealism investigates how the most powerful states operate and collaborate with other
governments in the international arena. Realism expresses a unitary state based on fear and power
seeking in order for national security. This does not mean that the structure of the international
system is chaotic and full of disorder, but there is no global authority that ensures security and
support on the international level. With this assumption, neorealist rely only on sovereignty and
must increase the distribution of power through their own interest only. This results of a state is
based on self–help actors that that are prepared at all times to fend for itself. For example, Kenneth
Waltz argued that "conflict was inevitable because there is no world government. We don't have a
higher body of justice that can enforce just laws in the international arena – there is no international
"911" that states can call if they are attacked. (Haupt 2016, T2L1, 8). Another core assumption is
that states are very wary of other states' motives. "States' seek to maintain their territorial integrity
and the autonomy of their domestic political order" (Mearsheimer IQ2 2015). Since neorealism is
fearful of other states, survival is a leading influence since their main pursuit is dominance of
another state. States' first priority of survival is to be very cautious of other states. States have no
one to ask for help when they are threatened which is why their is such a incentive for national
security. With this need for security, it intern creates a dilemma with other nations building up their
military for their own security. This is another reason why

Theories Of International Relations
International relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical
perspective. It attempts to provide a conceptual framework upon which international relations can be
analyzed. There are several international theories, realism, liberalism, idealism, Marxism and
functionalism are only few of the examples.
Like political scientist Stephen M. Walt who published a much–cited survey of the field in, "One
World, Many Theories," in 1998. I also believe that there are three dominant approaches: realism,
liberalism, and an updated form of idealism called "constructivism" that can explain the world order
today. Walt argued that these theories shape both public discourse and policy analysis. Realism
focuses on the shifting distribution of power among states. Liberalism highlights the rising number
of democracies and the turbulence of democratic transitions. Idealism illuminates the changing
norms of sovereignty, human rights, and international justice, as well as the increased potency of
religious ideas in politics.
At realism's core is the belief that international affairs are a struggle for power among self–
interested states. Clear–sighted states can mitigate the causes of war by finding ways to reduce the
danger they pose to each other. Nor is realism necessarily amoral; its advocates that a ruthless
pragmatism about power can yield a more peaceful world, if not an ideal one. In recent decades, the
realist approach has been most fully articulated by

The Five International Relations Theories, Realism,...
Three of the five international relations theories, Realism, Liberalism, and Feminism have very
interesting and different positions pertaining to global politics and issues. These theories, although
quite different, effect the past present and future of global politics. Realists tend to believe the worst
in humanity, that they are inherently selfish, and expect the worst. They are always prepared for war,
and will go on the offensive if it means gaining more power and respect. Liberals do not think
people are inherently selfish, but rather people are rational and moral. Liberals don't want war, but
will join if another state poses a threat, or has already attacked. The feminism theory does not
pertain much to that of Realism and Liberalism, but more on the education of society and how
women could have a positive impact on the government. This paper will cover these three theories,
and go into detail on how they affect the world and the states they are currently and previously acted
in. Realism is a theory that tries to explain the reasoning behind what people and the government do.
According the Realists, humans are inherently selfish, and will do whatever it takes to gain and keep
their power. With that being said, realists will also do what they can to gain and maintain national
and international power. In Theories of International Relations, Jack Donnelly states, "The core or
Realism lies in the conjunction of anarchy and egoism and the resulting imperatives of power

The Skeptic Theory of Morality in International Relations...
Introduction: Nuclear bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, not answering the call for help in
Rwanda, allowing Germany to take over Czechoslovakia, supporting the creation of the state of
Israel, giving out loans (with interest) to developing countries, and the creation of the United
Nations are all forms of international interference and cooperation amongst states. When looking at
these examples and many more, it begs the question, does morality play a role in international
affairs of a state? George Kennan, a prominent Skeptic, would argue that in international politics
"other criteria, sadder, more limited, more practical, must be allowed to prevail." In this essay, I will
first present the Skeptic argument that morality either ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These societies would then form into hierarchical civilizations leading to the modern state where
laws and rules can not only be made but enforced to make peace and order is kept within the state.
(Forde, 15) In the international arena, there is no hierarchical rule to keep states in line or behaved;
meaning that the international system is constantly in anarchy, aka the state of nature. This lack of
rule enforcement puts states in a constant state of war, in a constant state where they need to stay on
guard and in a tactical advantage otherwise the safety and well being of their state will be in
jeopardy. In this scenario, the state's number one priority is to protect itself and act in its self interest
when need be, despite if it would typically be deemed immoral. (Donnelly 20) Machiavelli would
go so far that it is within every right for more powerful states to conquer and subjugate weaker states
because if another was to conquer that weaker state, they may have the advantage over you and
destroy your state. Preemptive strikes, imperialism, and unprovoked wars are fully justified to
Machiavelli because you either conquer or wait till your enemy attacks you. To some skeptics,
acting in self interest is the only form of morality in the state of nature. (Forde, 9) Thucydides
creates a moral argument that there is no justice between states of unequal power, and it is actually
immoral for weaker states to resist

Public Relations, Strategy and Theory.
Abstract
This essay aims to highlight the contributions of public relations at the strategic level. J L Thompson
(1995) defined strategy as a means to an end, and he writes," The ends concern the purposes and
objectives of the organization. There is a broad strategy for the whole organization and a
competitive strategy for each activity." The significance of strategy is allowing practitioners to set
their work in the wider organizational context. The concept of strategy is made clearer by Mintzberg
et al (1982) who offer five uses for the word strategy, there are plan, ploy, pattern, position and
perspective. On the contrary, these five uses do not operate in isolation, but are intertwined to
generate more benefits. Position is important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Critical theory offers considerable insight into the ideological and constitutive role of strategic
discourse, DL Levy (2000). Moreover, Critical Theory allows us to have broader asymmetrical
public relations. A mistake made by President Tony Tan, during the recent Presidential Election, cost
him some votes, because of the public's use of Critical Theory in believing the allegations about his
sons not having any National Service record. The President's media team did not frame the discourse
well. Instead, they refuted claims only to incite more displeasure online. In this regard, the President
should frame the discourse this is a personal attack. Nevertheless, to prevent any proliferation of
critical theory, I would print in the newspapers the certificates, which show that the President's sons
have served their National Service. Since many will choose critical theory to view these allegations,
I would frame the discourse that these are lies, and whoever who believes in this is not wise. In
reality, President Tan's son, Dr Patrick Tan (2011) posted a reply on his father's Facebook page,
saying," The current allegations – mostly posted anonymously on the Internet – are false. It seems
clear that such rumours are intended to hurt my father, which makes it all the more painful for me."
By doing so, the target publics were not able to use

International Relation Theory And International Relations...
International relation theories can be used to explain the meanings of the songs and articles.
Through music, the international relation theories can relate to the hidden messages about the song
through the language. The two theories that best explain the songs, Imagine by John Lennon and
Only Prettier by Miranda Lambert are neoliberalism and constructivism.
Neoliberalism is an international relations theory in which, states cooperate together to reach a
common goal. There is also the belief that states are self–interested. The states can disagree with
their views, but cooperate together as a whole. One neoliberalist thinker was Keohane. Keohane
argued that institutional cooperation can still be established and flourish regardless of the ... Show
Constructivist believe that power is important. Power can be used to change and shape identities and
identities (Mingst 2016). One constructivist thinker is Wendt. Wendt argued that norms of the states
can affect how other states views them. Norms will change their actions by shaping their identities
differently (Mingst 2016). An example of constructivism is Americans viewed Cuba as a threat
during the Cold War. In 1960, US placed an embargo on Cuba, which ended trade and relations with
them. The rise of communism under the regime of Fidel Castro, posed as a threat to the US. As of
2015, the embargo was lifted from Cuba and the US changed their perception of the country.
Another example is the US view of Iraq. Before the Persian Gulf War, the US viewed Iraq as a
marketing source, which enabled them to trade between each other. The US changed their view on
Iraq as the regime of Saddam Hussein took control of the country. There were many rebellions of
the Shiites and Kurds against Saddam. In the 1990s, Hussein invaded and destroyed Marsh Arabs,
which many Shiites were living on the land (ABC News 2006). US was concerned about the supply
of oil in the West.
In the inspirational song, Imagine by John Lennon, uses both neoliberalism and constructivism. The
song proclaims that the world is filled with violence and hate. Everyone cooperates together in spite
of their differences, the world will be at peace. The lines "I hope someday you 'll join us,

Ir An Examination Of A Nuclear Iran Through International...
Ziad Jawadi
International Relations: Gabe Scheinmann
4/12/11
Why is Iran Arming: An Examination of a Nuclear Iran through International Relations Theory
A nuclear Iran may be inevitable within the next decade. There is ample evidence suggesting that
Iran has the intention and capability of obtaining nuclear weapons. According to Fox News, a new
document issued by the Department of Defense on the Iran nuclear threat states: "Iran could
probably develop and test an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of reaching the
United States by 2015." Clark Abt, professor at Harvard University, estimates that a single nuclear
attack on a major US harbor, such as New York City or Washington DC, could cause a loss of one
million civilians and could create three trillion dollars of economic losses. In order to identify the
necessary steps to avert Iran from procuring nuclear weapons and thus preventing possible nuclear
attacks, it is crucial to understand why Iran seeks to arm in the first place. It is profusely clear that
International relations theories provide an insight into why Iran aspires to develop a nuclear
program. However, upon further examination, only the realist and identity, not the liberal, theories in
international relations can further our knowledge of this issue. Amongst the numerous reasons for
Iran's desire to have nuclear weapons is the innate insecurity and fear of possible attacks by the
neighboring countries and their allies. An illustration

Hildegard Peplau Interpersonal Relations Theory
The vital essence of nursing theory is to give a significant growth in the curriculum and competent
experience in nursing (Parker, 2006). Nursing is an endless body of knowledge and skills that nurses
must be updated in a timely manner. Moreover, nursing theories serves as a foundation of
knowledge which varies depending on the client's needs, thus a nurse must familiarize his or herself
to different theories to give quality care to patients. According to Parker (2006) it is important to
promote, evaluate and improve a nursing theory. The thought of this paper is to discuss an analysis
from Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory that was utilized, during the two–hundred
(200) hours of my clinical placement. The fundamental concept of Hildegard Peplau's nurse–patient
theory or better known as interpersonal relations theory is that the nurse delivers his or her
professionalism along with knowledge, skills and attitude that will help clients attain their wellness
(Deane & Fain, 2016). Furthermore, it was explained by Parker & Smith (2015) that there are four
(4) components in the nurse–patient relationship which are the following: nurse, patient, skill set and
a common goal. The universal objective is to improve or progress clients' health holistically (Deane
& Fain, 2016). Moreover, there are three (3) phases in this theory: orientation phase, working phase,
and resolution or termination phase. During the orientation phase, the role of the nurse is more of a

Study of History and Theory of International Relations
To study international relations means to study the history of international relations, theory, practical
application of those theories and the outcome after the practical application of the theory was
applied. Smith spoke about international relations and said that international relations importance of
not just theory, but history to understanding
The politics of today (Smith 2006). So when you study international relations you should understand
the theory but you need to know the history because a states history contributed the how and why
the countries politics are the way they are today. It is impossible to understand a complex problem
such as the war between North Korea and South Korea by studying the theories of internal ... Show
Bipolarity exists when two states have a majority of the economic, military and cultural influence
and can include alliance such as NATO or the WARSAW Pact or organizations but still have power.
An example of this would be the United States and the U.S.S.R is the Cold War. In the Cold War the
United States and the U.S.S.R. emerged as the two leading power, most western countries and
capitalist states came under the influence of the United States and on the opposite end the
communist states came under the influence of the U.S.S.R. and then then two major power fought
indirectly for control of the other countries as can be seen during the Korean War, Vietnam, and the
Russian–Afghan War. Multipolar is a where more than two states have nearly equal amounts of
military cultural and economic influence. Theorist argue that this is more peaceful that a bipolar
system because since power is equal states would not want to attack other states however it could
also lead to conflict if one states feels the others may form an alliance. This could lead to more
indirect conflicts and frequent shifting of alliance to prevent one states from becoming the sole
world power.
Constructivists believe that things are they way they are because people believe it to

International Relations Theories And Global Climate Change...
Introduction:
Why has a collective, global solution to climate change become stuck? What international relations
theories can explain this and how can they facilitate better cooperation between countries? A global
climate change solution has been stuck due to the unwillingness or inability of developed nations
like the U.S. to take responsibility of their large share of the past and current greenhouse gas
emissions. Reducing emissions in developed countries is not enough, and the weighted action
needed cannot be equal between developed and developing nations. This means we cannot expect
large developing countries such as India and China to reduce their emissions at the same rate as the
U.S., or other developed nations. The Paris Climate Agreement has been ineffective in the sense that
the agreement is not binding or you could say lacks obligation. Another reason why a collective
action has been stuck is the problem of the lack of uniform acceptance that climate change is real,
most notably in the U.S, which creates a battle internally on how to address it. This lack of
acceptance can influence the policy of states, such as the U.S., which has directly contributed to the
U.S.'s inability to meet their requirements in the Paris Climate Agreement. Also, the power of
private interests can have major effects on policy, especially in a political system such as the U.S.
Institutionalism and Constructivism are two international relations theories that can explain this

The Scientific Management And The Human Relations Theories

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Kimberly Jones

More from Kimberly Jones (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Scientific Management And The Human Relations Theories