Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance

H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae
S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance,
published online Sep 11, 2009;J Anim Sci
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Running title: Distillers grain with solubles in swine diets
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance,
nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs1
S. Y. Yoon,*2
Y. X. Yang,*§2
P. L. Shinde,* J. Y. Choi,* J. S. Kim,* Y. W. Kim,* K. Yun,* J. K.
Jo,* J. H. Lee,† S. J. Ohh,* I. K. Kwon,* and B. J. Chae*3
*College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701,
Republic of Korea; §
College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and
Forest University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712-100, China; and †CTC Bio, Inc., Seoul, 138-858,
Republic of Korea
1
This study was supported by CTC Bio, Inc. and the Institute of Animal Resources at
Kangwon National University.
2
Both authors contributed equally to this work.
3
Corresponding author: bjchae@kangwon.ac.kr
Published Online First on September 11, 2009 as doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1741at Serials Unit on September 18, 2009.jas.fass.orgDownloaded from

2
ABSTRACT: Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary
supplementation of corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) diets with mannanase on
performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, blood metabolites
and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 grower pigs (initial BW, 57.6
kg), 6 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment, were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing
10% DDGS and 0, 200, 400, or 600 unit (U) mannanase/kg. The ADG and blood glucose
increased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of dietary mannanase. Pigs fed diets
containing increasing levels of mannanase had improved ATTD of DM and CP (quadratic, P <
0.05). In Exp. 2, 64 finisher pigs (initial BW, 92.7 kg) were allotted to 4 treatment groups with 4
pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. Pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing
15% DDGS and 0, 200, 400, or 600 U mannanase/kg. Linear increasess (P < 0.05) in ADG,
blood glucose and ATTD of DM, GE, and CP were observed with increasing levels of dietary
mannanase supplementation. In Exp. 3, 208 grower pigs (initial BW, 60.5 kg) were allotted to 4
treatment groups with 13 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. Pigs were fed diets containing 0
or 10% DDGS and 0 or 400 U mannanase/kg in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. An increase (P <
0.05) in ADG and blood glucose for pigs fed diets containing mannanase was observed. The
ATTD of DM and CP (P < 0.05) was decreased with the inclusion of DDGS, whereas pigs fed
the mannanase supplemented diets had an increased (P < 0.05) ATTD of CP. In Exp. 4, 208
finisher pigs (initial BW, 86.5 kg), with 13 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment, were fed diets
containing 0 or 15% DDGS and 0 or 400 U mannanase/kg in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The
ADG and blood glucose increased (P < 0.05) when mannanase was included in the diets. The
ATTD of DM (P < 0.05), GE (P < 0.10), and CP (P < 0.05) increased by the supplementation
with mannanase in the diets of finisher pigs. The carcass characteristics and meat quality were

3
not affected by the DDGS or mannanase inclusion. These results indicated that including 10 and
15% DDGS in conventional swine grower and finisher diets had no detrimental effects on
growth performance or carcass characteristics. In addition, supplementation with 400 U of
mannanase/kg diets containing 10 and 15% DDGS fed to grower and finisher pigs may improve
growth performance and the ATTD of CP.
Key words: distillers dried grain with solubles, grower-finisher pigs, mannanase, performance
INTRODUCTION
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a co-product from the production of
ethanol from corn (Shurson et al., 2004). Production of ethanol from 100 kg of corn using the
dry-grind method produces 34.4 kg of ethanol, 34.0 kg of carbon dioxide, and 31.6 kg of DDGS
(Fastinger and Mahan, 2006). The majority of DDGS is used in ruminant diets, but DDGS is also
used in diets fed to nonruminants (Shurson et al., 2004). Because of high fiber content in DDGS
and limited concentration of fiber degrading enzymes in the intestinal system of nonruminants,
the amount of DDGS included in swine diets should be limited. Research has shown that
inclusion of up to 20% DDGS had no effect on performance (Widmer et al., 2008); whereas,
negative effects were observed DDGS was included by 30% in diets fed to grower-finisher pigs
(Whitney et al., 2006). Batch-to-batch variations in drying methods, concentrations of residual
sugars, or grain quality might result in these inconsistencies (Linneen et al., 2008).
The main nonstarch polysaccharides in corn DDGS are arabinoxylan and galactomannan
(Pettey et al., 2002). These nonstarch polysaccharides have been shown to reduce growth
performance and inhibit energy and nutrient digestibility in swine (Bakker et al., 1998).
Therefore, it will be beneficial to supplement enzymes to swine diets containing high

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concentrations of DDGS. Addition of the β-1,4-mannanase can directly target β-1,4-mannans in
feed ingredients (Pettey et al., 2002).
The negative effects of mannans on nutrient absorption has been emphasized; however,
enzymes that hydrolyze mannan have been largely neglected. Moreover, the effects of
mannanase addition and its interaction with DDGS on performance of pigs have not been
investigated. Therefore, the objectives of these 4 experiments were to determine the optimal level
of mannanase in DDGS-based diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass
characteristics, and blood metabolites in grower-finisher pigs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The protocols for all 4 experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee of Kangwon National University (Chuncheon, Republic of Korea).
General
All 4 experiments were conducted at a facility in Kangwon National University farm. The
facility consisted of 1 barn with 16 pens with concentrate floor (2.70 × 2.70 m for Exp. 1 and 2;
2.80 × 5.20 m for Exp. 3 and 4). All pens contained one 6-hole, self-feeder and a nipple waterer
to allow ad libitum access to feed and water. Crossbred pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc)
were used in all 4 experiments.
The DDGS for all experiments were obtained from a commercial feed company (CTC Bio,
Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Samples of DDGS collected from every batch were pooled, and
subsamples were analyzed for proximate chemical compositions and AA compositions. The ME
value of 3,814 kcal/kg was used for DDGS in the diet formulation, which was calculated
according to Pedersen et al. (2007). The commercial β-mannanase (Patent, 10-0477456-0000;

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CTC Bio Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) was produced by using Bacillus subtilis (WL-7) grown
on Luria broth, and contained 800,000 unit (U)/kg.
Exp. 1
A total of 96 grower pigs, with an average initial BW of 57.6 kg, were allotted randomly to
one of 4 dietary treatments on the basis of BW and sex to investigate the effect of increasing
dietary mannanse supplementation on the growth performance. Each treatment had 4 replicate
pens with 6 pigs (3 males and 3 females) in each pen. Beta-mannanase was added at 0, 200, 400,
or 600 U/kg to the corn-soybean mean-based diet containing 10% DDGS. Diets were formulated
to contain 3,300 kcal/kg ME, 16.0% CP, and 0.86% total lysine (Table 1) and fed in meal form.
All the diets met or exceeded current nutrient requirements for grower pigs (NRC, 1998). The
experiment duration was 28 d and the final BW was approximately 82 kg.
Exp. 2
A total of 64 finisher pigs, with an initial BW of 92.7 kg, were randomly assigned based on
BW and sex to 4 dietary treatments to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of mannanase on
growth performance and energy and nutrient digestibility. Each treatment had 4 replicate pens
with 4 pigs (2 males and 2 females) per pen. All diets were corn-soybean meal based with 15%
DDGS, and the 4 experimental diets were prepared by supplementing the basal diet with 0, 200,
400, or 600 U of β-mannanase/kg. Diets were formulated to contain 3,300 kcal/kg ME, 14.62%
CP, and 0.75% total lysine (Table 1) and fed in meal form. All the diets met or exceeded current
nutrient requirements (NRC, 1998). The experiment duration was 28 d and the final BW was
approximately 115 kg.
Exp. 3
Based on the results obtained from Exp. 1, an experiment was designed to evaluate the

6
interaction of DDGS and mannanase on the growth performance of grower pigs. A total of 208
pigs with initial BW of 60.5 kg were randomly assigned based on BW and sex to 4 dietary
treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each treatment had 4 replicate pens with 13 pigs (7
males and 6 females) per pen. Isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were prepared to contain 2
DDGS levels (0 or 10%), and 2 mannanase levels (0 or 400 U/kg). Diets were formulated to
contain 3,300 kcal/kg ME, 16.10% CP, and 0.88% total lysine (Table 2) and fed in a meal form.
All the diets met or exceeded current nutrient requirements for grower pigs (NRC, 1998). The
experiment duration was 23 d and the final BW was approximately 82 kg.
Exp. 4
Based on the results obtained from Exp. 2, an experiment was designed to evaluate the
interaction of DDGS and mannanase on the growth performance of finisher pigs. A total of 208
pigs with initial BW of 86.5 kg were a randomly assigned based on BW and sex to 4 dietary
treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each treatment had 4 replicate pens with 13 pigs (7
males and 6 females) per pen. Two levels of DDGS (0 or 15%) each with 2 levels of mannanase
(0 or 400 U/kg) were used as dietary treatments. Diets were formulated to contain 3,300 kcal/kg
ME, 14.6% CP, and 0.75% total lysine (Table 3) and fed in meal form. All the diets met or
exceeded current nutrient requirements for finisher pigs (NRC, 1998). The experiment duration
was for 29 d and the final BW was approximately 110 kg.
Experimental Procedures, Measurements, and Analyses
Feed samples of each experiment collected from every batch were pooled and subsamples
were analyzed for proximate chemical compositions. Pigs were weighed individually and feed
consumption was measured at the end of each experiment. Growth performance criteria (ADG,
ADFI, and G: F) were calculated for each experiment. To evaluate the effect of diets on the

7
apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, 0.25% chromic oxide was
included in the diets as an inert, indigestible indicator. The pigs were fed diets containing
chromium during the last 7 d of each experiment and fecal grab samples were collected from the
floor of each pen during the last 4 d. The fecal samples were pooled within pen and dried in an
air-forced drying oven at 60°C for 72 h and ground with Wiley mill using a 1-mm screen for
chemical analysis. On the last day of each experiment, a 10-mL blood sample was collected by
jugular venipuncture from 1 randomly selected pig in each pen using a disposable vacutainer
tube containing sodium heparin as an anticoagulant (Becton Dickinson, Franklin, NJ). After
centrifugation (3,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C), plasma samples were stored at -20°C and later
analyzed for concentrations of total cholesterol (TCHO), glucose (GLU), and triacylglyceride
(TG).
In Exp. 2 and 4, all pigs were harvested at a commercial abattoir at approximately 115 kg BW.
The 2 pigs from each pen with a BW close to the average of the pen (8 pigs per treatment) were
weighed just before immobilization, then, exsanguinated, scalded, dehaired, decapitated,
eviscerated, halved, and evaluated for carcass characteristic. Carcasses were split along the
dorsal midline, weighed, and placed in a cooler overnight. After chilling for 24 h at 4°C, LM area
was determined and backfat thickness was measured at the 10th
rib (three quarters distance along
the LM toward the belly). The LM area was measured and meat quality scores (marbling and
color) were determined according to NPPC (1991), and fat-free lean concentration was
calculated as suggested by NPB (2000). The CIE colors, L*
(lightness), a*
(redness), and b*
(yellowness), were measured by using a chroma meter (CR-400, Konica Minolta Sensing Inc.,
Osaka, Japan).
Proximate analyses of the experimental diets, feces, and DDGS were conducted following

8
the AOAC (1990) methods to determine DM and CP contents. Gross energy was measured by a
bomb calorimeter (Model 1261, Parr Instrument Co., Molin, IL), and chromium concentration
was determined with an automated spectrophotometer (Jasco V-650, Jasco Corp., Tokyo, Japan)
according to the procedure of Fenton and Fenton (1979). Amino acid composition of DDGS and
feed samples was determined by HPLC (Waters 486, Waters Corp., Milford, MA) following acid
hydrolysis. Methionine and Cys were determined following oxidation with performic acid
(Moore, 1963). Trptophan content was not determined. Commercial kits (Fujifilm Corp., Saitama,
Japan) were used for analysis of plasma metabolites (TCHO, GLU, and TG) using an automated
chemistry analyzer (Fuji Dri-chem 3500i, Fujifilm Corp.).
Statistical Analyses
In Exp. 1 and 2, statistical analysis was conducted by using the GLM procedure (SAS Inst.
Inc., Cary, NC) as a randomized complete block design. The pen was used as the experimental
unit for the analysis of growth performance and energy and nutrient digestibility data. For the
analysis of carcass characteristics, the mean of 2 pigs from each pen was used as the
experimental unit, and 1 randomly selected pig from each pen was used as the experimental unit
for the analysis of blood metabolites. Orthogonal polynomials were used to evaluate linear and
quadratic effects of dietary mannanase supplementation. In Exp. 3 and 4, data were analyzed as a
2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in randomized blocks. The main effects of DDGS,
mannanase, and their interaction were determined by the MIXED procedure of SAS. The initial
analysis included all possible interactions. Because no interaction was significant for growth
performance, energy and nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites data (P > 0.10), they were
removed from the final model. However, some interactions approached significance for carcass
data (P < 0.10) in Exp. 4, and, thus, they were retained in the final model. The P-values of ≤ 0.05

9
were considered significant; whereas, P ≤ 0.10 was considered as a trend.
RESULTS
Growth Performance
In Exp. 1, pigs had an increased ADG (linear, P < 0.05; Table 4) as dietary supplementation
with mannanase increased; whereas, no differences were observed for ADFI and G:F among
treatments. In Exp. 2, a linear improvement in ADG (P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of
dietary mannanase was observed (Table 4). As in Exp. 1, there were no differences on ADFI and
G: F among dietary treatments. In Exp. 3 and 4, supplementation with mannanase in the diets
improved ADG in grower and finisher (P < 0.05) pigs (Table 5). There were no effect of DDGS
on pig performance in these experiments, and no interactions between mannanase and DDGS
were observed.
Nutrient Digestibility
In Exp. 1, pigs fed increasing levels of mannanase had improved ATTD of DM and CP
(quadratic, P < 0.05); whereas, no difference was noted on ATTD of GE (Table 6). In Exp. 2, the
ATTD of DM (linear, P < 0.05), GE (linear, P < 0.05), and CP (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05)
improved as dietary supplementation with mannanase increased (Table 6). In Exp. 3, the ATTD
of DM and CP (P < 0.05) was decreased with the inclusion of DDGS in the diets of grower pigs
(Table 7). Pigs fed the diets supplemented with mannanase had a greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of CP
compared with pigs fed the diets without mannanase supplementation. The ATTD of GE was not
affected by DDGS or mannanase, and there was no interaction between DDGS and mannanase.
In Exp. 4, the ATTD of DM and CP (P < 0.05) was increased with the supplementation with
mannanase in the diets of finisher pigs. The ATTD of GE tended (P < 0.10) to increase in pigs

10
fed diets containing mannanase compared with pigs fed the diet without mannanase, but there
were no effects of DDGS on the ATTD of DM, GE, and CP, and no interactions between DDGS
and mannanase were observed.
Carcass Characteristics and Pork Quality
In Exp. 2, carcass characteristics were not affected by dietary mannanase supplementation in
finisher pigs (Table 8). The marbling score and meat color score did not differ among treatments.
However, the CIE color of L* (lightness; quadratic, P < 0.10) and b* (yellowness; linear, P <
0.10) tended to increase with increasing concentrations of dietary mannanase. The CIE color of
a* (redness) was not affected by dietary treatment. In Exp. 4, the carcass characteristics were not
affected by dietary DDGS or mannanase inclusion, except that there was a tendency (P < 0.10)
for an interaction between DDGS and mannanase on LM area (Table 9). Pigs fed 15% DDGS
without mannanase supplementation had the lowest LM area, but it was not affected in those fed
0% DDGS. The marbling score, meat color and CIE color score of L* (lightness) and a* (redness)
were not different among treatments. Supplementation with mannanase tended (P < 0.10) to
increase CIE color of b* (yellowness).
Blood Metabolites
In both Exp. 1 and 2, GLU concentrations increased (linear, P < 0.05) as mannanase was
added to the diets (Table 10). The concentrations of blood TCHO in Exp. 2 tended to increase as
the increasing levels of mannanase added in the diets. The concentration of blood TG was not
affected by dietary treatment. In Exp. 3, increased concentrations of GLU were noted (P < 0.05)
in pigs fed diets supplemented with mannanase (Table 11). Blood TCHO and TG were not
affected by DDGS or mannanase, and there were no DDGS × mannanase interactions. In Exp. 4,
a similar tendency was observed for the concentration of GLU (P < 0.05) in finisher pigs. The

11
concentrations of blood TCHO and TG tended to increase (P < 0.10) in pigs fed diets
supplemented with mannanase. A trend (P < 0.10) for a reduction of the concentration of GLU
was also observed as DDGS was included in the diets.
DISCUSSION
Beta-mannan is commonly found in corn DDGS (Tucker et al., 2004). The main nonstarch
polysaccharides in DDGS are arabinoxylan and galactomannan. Arabinoxylan consists of L-
arabinofuranose residues attached as branch-points to β-1-4-linked D-xylopyranose polymeric
backbone chains, whereas galactomannan is chemically composed of D-mannose units attached
to a chain by β-1-4 linkages, with D-galactose units attached as side chains by α-1-6 linkages. A
beneficial effect of adding mannanase to diets containing soybean meal has been reported in pigs
(Pettey et al., 2002). However, β-mannan may be deleterious to animals' growth performance,
compromising weight gain, and decreasing digestibility of the feed. The improved growth
performance observed in the present experiments (when β-mannanase was added to the diets for
grower and finisher pigs) agrees with previous results. Similarly, Jackson et al. (2004) reported
that inclusion of β-mannanase at 80 million U/ton improved ADG of broiler chicks; whereas,
increasing the inclusion level to 110 million U/ton resulted in no additional response. Zou et al.
(2006) reported that addition of 0.05% β-mannanase increased weight gain of broilers when
compared with non-supplemented treatment; whereas, there was no difference among the 0.025,
0.05, and 0.075% β-mannanase supplemented treatments. However, supplementation with β-
mannanase linearly increased ADG of grower and finisher pigs in the present experiments. Kim
and Baker (2003) reviewed several reports and suggested that β-mannanase supplementation
positively affected the efficiency of digestibility in grower pigs, but not in finisher pigs. Results

12
of the present experiment agree with these observations. In addition, the growth performance and
ATTD of CP were increased in pigs fed diets containing mannanase without DDGS inclusion,
which indicated that mannanase supplementation possibly improved the digestibility of corn and
SBM presented in the diets. Similar results have been observed by Zou et al. (2006).
Growth performance was not affected by the addition of 10 or 15% DDGS to diets fed to
grower and finisher pigs. These observations are in agreement with the findings by Xu et al.
(2007), who concluded that feeding diets containing up to 30% DDGS to grower-finisher pigs
has no effect on pig performance. Similarly, Widmer et al. (2007) observed no differences in
growth performance of grower-finisher pigs fed diets containing 10 or 20% DDGS. However,
Whitney et al. (2006) and Linneen et al. (2008) included up to 30% DDGS in diets fed to
grower-finisher pigs and reported a decrease in pig performance as dietary DDGS concentration
increased. The possible reasons for these conflicting observations may be that different qualities
of DDGS were used.
The improved gain observed by feeding β-mannanase may be associated with greater nutrient
digestibility. In the present study, greater ATTD of CP in grower period and DM and CP in
finisher period were noted in pigs fed diets supplemented with mannanase. Similarly, Radcliffe et
al. (1999) showed that addition with 0.5% of β-mannanase increased apparent ileal digestibility
of DM and ATTD of GE in pigs fed with corn-soybean meal based diet. However, Pettey et al.
(2002) did not observe a difference in ATTD of GE or DM. The dietary compositions (corn-
soybean meal vs. corn-soybean meal-DDGS) could contribute to the differences in results of the
2 experiments. The greater concentration of galactomannans in DDGS and soybean meal
compared to corn may result in reduced nutrient digestibility. It is possible that supplemental
mannanase may be acting in a manner similar to that of exogenous xylanases in corn-soybean

13
meal-DDGS based diets by disrupting the cell wall matrix and enhancing the contact between
digestive enzyme and cell content, which results in improved energy and nutrient digestibility
(Wu et al., 2004). In addition, inclusion of a greater amount of wheat bran in DDGS added diets
might also result in the lower nutrient digestibility.
In Exp. 2, the carcass characteristics were not affected by the dietary mannanase inclusion,
which is in agreement with a previous study conducted by O’Quinn et al. (2002). However,
Pettey et al. (2002) showed that pigs fed diets containing 0.05% mannananse had a greater fat-
free lean index than pigs fed diets containing no enzymes. The inclusion of DDGS might result
in the tendency for increased CIE color values of LM though the same amount of DDGS was
added in the diets. To our knowledge, there are no other reports documenting CIE values of LM
in pigs fed with mannanase supplemented corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based diets. The reasons
for this change in color need further research. In Exp. 4, the carcass composition of pigs did not
differ between pigs fed the control diets and pigs fed the DDGS diets. A decrease in dressing
percentage as a result of dietary DDGS has been observed in a previous report (Whitney et al.,
2006). However, Widmer et al. (2008) did not observe any differences in the dressing percentage
between pigs fed control or DDGS containing diets.
The concentrations of plasma glucose increased in pigs fed the diets containing mannanase;
whereas, the concentrations of plasma total cholesterol and triacylglyceride were not affected.
Mannans and galactomannans may reduce the absorption of glucose and decrease the production
of glucose dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide, insulin, and IGF-I (Rainbird et al., 1984;
Nunes and Malmlof, 1992). The reduction in glucose absorption and circulating IGF-I levels
caused by the presence of mannans and galactomananas in the diet may be ameliorated by
mannanase, which can explain the observed growth responses with the addition of a β-

14
mannanase to the diet. Pettey et al. (2002) observed that pigs fed a diet containing β-mannanase
had greater circulating concentrations of IGF-I than pigs not fed the enzyme.
These results indicate that including 10 and 15% DDGS in conventional swine grower and
finisher diets had no detrimental effects on performance and carcass characteristics of swine. In
addition, supplementation with 400 U of β-mannanase/kg to diets containing 10 and 15% DDGS
fed to grower and finisher pigs may improve growth performance by improving the nutrient
digestibility.
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Widmer, M. R., L. M. McGinnis, D. M. Wulf, and H. H. Stein. 2008. Effects of feeding distillers
dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-
finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J. Anim. Sci.
86:1819-1831.
Wu, Y. B., V. Ravindran, W. H. Hendriks, P. C. H. Morel, and J. Pierce. 2004. Evaluation of a
microbial phytase, produced by solid state fermentation, in broiler diets II. influence on
phytate hydrolysis, apparent metabolizable energy, and nutrient utilization. J. Appl. Poult.
Res. 13:561-569.
Xu, G., S. K. Baidoo, L. J. Johnston, J. E. Cannon, and G. C. Shurson. 2007. Effects of adding

17
increasing levels of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) to corn-soybean meal
diets on growth performance and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.
85(Suppl. 2):76. (Abstr.)
Zou, X. T., X. J. Qiao, and Z. R. Xu. 2006. Effect of β-mannanase (hemicell) on growth
performance and immunity of broilers. Poult. Sci. 85:2176-2179.

18
Table 1. Compositions of the basal diets (Exp. 1 and 2; as-fed basis)
Exp. 1 Exp. 2
Ingredients, %
Corn 61.44 61.83
Wheat bran 5.20 5.93
Soybean meal, 44% CP 16.00 9.29
Animal fat 1.50 1.00
Molasses 3.50 4.50
L-Lys·HCl, 78% 0.15 0.19
DL-Met, 100% 0.04 -
Choline chloride, 25% 0.05 0.10
Dicalcium phosphate 0.31 0.35
Limestone 1.21 1.21
Salt 0.30 0.30
Mineral premix1
0.20 0.20
Vitamin premix2
0.10 0.10
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)3
10.00 15.00
Chemical composition
ME,4
kcal/kg 3,300 3,300
CP,5
% 16.00 14.62
Arg,5
% 0.93 0.78
His,5
% 0.43 0.39
Ile,5
% 0.62 0.54
Leu,5
% 1.57 1.53
Lys,5
% 0.86 0.75
Met + Cys,5
% 0.62 0.57
Phe,5
% 0.62 0.48
Thr,5
% 0.59 0.53
Val,5 % 0.75 0.69
Ca,4
% 0.60 0.60
Available P,4
% 0.20 0.23
1
Supplied per kilogram of diet: 150 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate, 96 mg Cu as copper sulfate, 72
mg Zn as zinc sulfate, 46.5 mg Mn as manganese sulfate, 0.9 mg I as calcium iodate, 0.9 mg Co
as cobalt sulfate, and 0.3 mg Se as sodium selenite.
2
Supplied per kilogram of diet: 8,000 IU vitamin A, 1,500 IU vitamin D3, 16 mg vitamin E, 1.0
mg vitamin B1, 8.0 mg vitamin B2, 1.6 mg vitamin B6, 0.03 mg vitamin B12, 1.0 mg vitamin K3,
16 mg pantothenic acid, 30 mg niacin, 0.06 mg biotin, 0.26 mg folic acid, and 4.8 mg ethoxyquin.
3
Analyzed chemical and indispensable AA compositions of DDGS (as-fed basis): 88.73% DM,
27.98% CP, 9.08% ADF, 36.47% NDF, 1.28% Arg, 0.74% His, 1.00% Ile, 3.63% Leu, 0.95% Lys,
0.84% Met, 1.37% Phe, 1.04% Thr, and 1.38% Val.
4
Values were calculated according to NRC (1998).
5
Analyzed values.

19
Table 2. Compositions of the experimental diets (Exp. 3; as-fed basis)
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), % 0 10
Mannanase, unit (U)/kg 0 400 0 400
Ingredients, %
Corn 65.89 65.84 61.44 61.39
Wheat bran 2.77 2.77 5.20 5.20
Soybean meal, 44% CP 22.58 22.58 16.00 16.00
Animal fat 2.93 2.93 1.50 1.50
Molasses 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50
L-Lys·HCl, 78% 0.04 0.04 0.15 0.15
DL-Met, 100% 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Choline chloride, 25% 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Dicalcium phosphate 0.62 0.62 0.31 0.31
Limestone 0.98 0.98 1.21 1.21
Salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Mineral premix1
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Vitamin premix2
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
DDGS3
- - 10.00 10.00
Mannanase, 800 U/g - 0.05 - 0.05
ME,4
kcal/kg 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300
CP,5
% 15.91 16.08 16.11 16.06
Arg,5
% 1.00 0.99 0.93 0.92
His,5
% 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.42
Ile,5
% 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.62
Leu,5
% 1.45 1.45 1.57 1.56
Lys,5
% 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.84
Met + Cys,5
% 0.54 0.57 0.59 0.55
Phe,5
% 0.76 0.76 0.62 0.61
Thr,5
% 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58
Val,5
% 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.75
Ca,4
% 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Available P,4
% 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
1
2
3
4
5
Analyzed values.

20
Table 3. Compositions of the experimental diets (Exp. 4; as-fed basis)
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), % 0 15
Mannanase, unit (U)/kg 0 400 0 400
Ingredients, %
Corn 69.90 69.85 61.83 61.78
Wheat bran 1.00 1.00 5.93 5.93
Soybean meal, 44% CP 19.35 19.35 9.29 9.29
Animal fat 2.84 2.84 1.00 1.00
Molasses 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50
L-Lys·HCl, 78% 0.02 0.02 0.19 0.19
Choline chloride, 25% 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Dicalcium phosphate 0.84 0.84 0.35 0.35
Limestone 0.85 0.85 1.21 1.21
Salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Mineral premix1
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Vitamin premix2
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
DDGS3
- - 15.00 15.00
Mannanase, 800 U/g - 0.05 - 0.05
ME,4
kcal/kg 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300
CP,5
% 14.56 14.61 14.68 14.59
Arg,5
% 0.89 0.89 0.78 0.78
His,5
% 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39
Ile,5
% 0.59 0.58 0.54 0.54
Leu,5
% 1.37 1.36 1.53 1.53
Lys,5
% 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.76
Met + Cys,5
% 0.48 0.50 0.59 0.51
Phe,5
% 0.70 0.69 0.48 0.47
Thr,5
% 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53
Val,5
% 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.68
Ca,4
% 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Available P,4
% 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
1
2
3
4
5
Analyzed values.

21
Table 4. Growth performance of grower and finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with
mannanase (Exp. 1 and 2)1
Item
Mannanase, unit (U)/kg
SEM
P-value2
0 200 400 600 Linear Quadratic
Exp. 1 (Grower pigs)
ADG, g 846 852 866 860 3.1 0.044 0.286
ADFI, g 2,664 2,652 2,639 2,667 14.4 0.976 0.540
G:F, g/kg 318 321 328 323 1.7 0.166 0.177
Exp. 2 (Finisher pigs)
ADG, g 769 772 805 789 4.6 0.010 0.179
ADFI, g 2,683 2,665 2,668 2,689 16.5 0.896 0.609
G:F, g/kg 287 290 302 293 2.6 0.192 0.279
1
Values are means of 4 observations per treatment.
2
Linear and quadratic effects of increasing mannanase levels (0 to 600 U/kg of the diet).

22
Table 5. Growth performance of grower and finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)
and mannanase (Exp. 3 and 4)1
Exp. 3 (Grower pigs) Exp. 4 (Finisher pigs)
DDGS, % 0 10
SEM
P-value2
0 15
SEM
P-value2
Mannanase, unit/kg 0 400 0 400 D M 0 400 0 400 D M
ADG, g 948 961 925 954 5.4 0.128 0.042 775 807 762 781 6.7 0.123 0.047
ADFI, g 2,833 2,858 2,819 2,838 21.4 0.727 0.656 2,981 2,872 2,932 2,953 34.0 0.832 0.557
G:F, g/kg 335 337 328 337 2.8 0.624 0.419 260 282 261 265 4.2 0.354 0.123
1
2
D = main effect of DDGS; M = main effect of mannanase.
atSerialsUnitonSeptember18,2009.jas.fass.orgDownloadedfrom

23
Table 6. Apparent total tract digestibility of grower and finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with
mannanase (Exp. 1 and 2)1
Item
SEM
P-value2
DM, % 85.75 86.69 86.67 86.43 0.151 0.103 0.039
GE, % 87.11 87.94 88.15 87.79 0.221 0.276 0.204
CP, % 83.18 83.73 84.36 83.37 0.169 0.354 0.016
DM, % 84.94 85.32 86.12 85.93 0.192 0.026 0.407
GE, % 88.05 88.23 88.52 88.45 0.069 0.011 0.303
CP, % 80.70 81.62 83.08 81.90 0.289 0.020 0.029
1
2

24
Table 7. Apparent total tract digestibility of grower and finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with distillers dried grains with solubles
(DDGS) and mannanase (Exp. 3 and 4)1
DDGS, % 0 10
SEM
P-value2
0 15
SEM
P-value2
DM, % 84.19 84.42 83.98 83.94 0.085 0.046 0.569 84.05 85.12 84.20 84.42 0.160 0.318 0.032
GE, % 85.98 86.15 85.33 85.89 0.197 0.284 0.383 85.10 85.66 85.00 85.66 0.166 0.890 0.086
CP, % 82.89 83.38 81.91 82.71 0.185 0.012 0.040 81.05 83.16 82.15 83.17 0.354 0.383 0.025
1
2

25
Table 8. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with
mannanase (Exp. 2)1
Item
SEM
P-value2
Carcass traits
Dressing, % 74.50 75.26 74.67 74.74 0.278 0.666 0.160
Backfat thickness, mm 20.38 20.25 19.87 20.00 0.304 0.626 0.855
LM area, cm2
49.89 50.41 51.02 50.59 0.260 0.280 0.391
Fat-free lean3
, % 45.97 46.32 46.82 46.50 0.410 0.615 0.812
Meat quality
Marbling score 2.58 2.75 2.67 2.67 0.106 0.868 0.749
Meat color score 3.08 3.17 3.25 3.42 0.079 0.156 0.913
CIE
L* 51.74 53.63 53.83 52.85 0.366 0.259 0.052
a* 6.64 6.83 7.96 7.37 0.243 0.131 0.410
b* 5.23 5.78 6.64 6.40 0.270 0.082 0.551
1
2
3
Calculated from the NPB (2000) equation.

26
Table 9. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with
distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and mannanase (Exp. 4)1
DDGS, % 0 15
SEM
P-value2
Mannanase, unit/kg 0 400 0 400 D M D × M
Carcass traits
Dressing, % 75.27 78.26 74.43 75.80 0.808 0.326 0.200 0.625
Backfat thickness, mm 20.13 23.38 22.25 23.75 1.225 0.641 0.382 0.744
LM area, cm2
53.66 52.27 49.00 55.24 1.124 0.700 0.277 0.099
Fat-free lean3
, % 49.11 46.73 43.93 47.51 1.063 0.319 0.781 0.184
Meat quality
Marbling score 2.67 3.17 2.33 2.50 0.169 0.157 0.338 0.624
Meat color score 3.33 3.58 3.25 3.42 0.082 0.478 0.240 0.811
CIE
L* 50.99 52.88 52.33 52.60 0.472 0.594 0.285 0.417
a* 7.14 8.21 7.08 6.12 0.378 0.168 0.947 0.190
b* 5.48 6.78 5.89 6.15 0.216 0.785 0.075 0.216
1
2
D = main effect of DDGS; M = main effect of mannanase; D × M = DDGS × mannanase
interaction.
3
Calculated from the NPB (2000) equation.

27
Table 10. Concentrations of blood metabolites for grower and finisher pigs fed diets
supplemented with mannanase (Exp.1 and 2)1
Item
SEM
P-value2
Cholesterol, mg/dL 80.75 88.50 86.00 88.25 2.950 0.495 0.673
Glucose, mg/dL 77.25 79.25 91.25 89.00 2.331 0.018 0.594
Triacylglyceride, mg/dL 36.25 32.50 35.25 45.25 2.124 0.111 0.101
Cholesterol, mg/dL 99.25 102.50 103.25 130.00 6.406 0.062 0.992
Glucose, mg/dL 64.50 73.00 82.50 82.00 3.075 0.025 0.420
Triacylglyceride, mg/dL 30.00 31.00 41.25 37.50 3.406 0.325 0.745
1
2

28
Table 11. Concentrations of blood metabolites in grower and finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with distillers dried grains with
solubles (DDGS) and mannanase (Exp. 3 and 4)1
DDGS, % 0 10
SEM
P-value2
0 15
SEM
P-value2
Cholesterol, mg/dL 100.75 119.00 103.75 104.75 3.445 0.407 0.167 101.50 107.00 100.25 117.75 3.283 0.456 0.087
Glucose, mg/dL 82.75 86.25 78.50 85.50 1.259 0.279 0.035 86.00 94.50 84.75 87.00 1.467 0.098 0.048
Triacylglyceride, mg/dL 39.25 53.00 54.25 55.00 3.077 0.167 0.234 29.00 42.00 28.00 36.25 2.871 0.552 0.078
1
2

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