2. Maxillary sinus
is one of the four paranasal sinuses,
which are sinuses located near the
nose. The maxillary sinus is the
largest of the paranasal sinuses. The
two maxillary sinuses are located
below the cheeks, above the teeth
and on the sides of the nose.
Very small at Birth
Reaches maximum size in early
adult life
Lined by ciliated epithelium
3. Surgical anatomy
Nerve supply – Maxillary branch of V th
nerve through postero superior alveolar
Blood supply - Infra orbital artery branch
of maxillary artery
Lymphatic drainage- into submandibular
L.N
4. Maxillary sinus diseases
Sinusitis
Oro antral fistula
Root displacement
Cysts involving sinus
Tumours
Several anatomic and physiologic
features obstruct the flow of
drainage from the sinuses thus
precipitating infection.
These are:
1)Inadequate anatomic openings
2)Obstructive polyps
3)Septal deviation
5. Maxillary sinusitis
Etiology
Infection-periapical abscess
common cold
upper respiratory tract infections
Trauma of antral floor or walls
Oro antral communication and fistula
Neoplasm's and infected cyst of
odontogenic origin.
Foreign body in the sinus I.e
displaced tooth or root.
mucosal lining of the
paranasal sinuses is
normally about 1 mm
thick. When inflamed, it
may increase by 10 to
15 times
6. Clinical features
Acute
Throbbing pain aggravated by head
movement,bending down
Coughing
sneezing
Tenderness of the teeth ,mild swelling of the
cheek.
Uni lateral foul nasal dischage
Posterior teeth tender on vertical percussion.
Generalized constitutionl symptoms fever,
chills, sweating, nausea, anorexia due to
swallowed pus.
7. Clinical Examination
Palpation for tenderness over the lateral
wall of the
sinus
Transillumination of the sinuses is an
additional diagnostic test.
The light source is placed over the
infraorbital rim, in a darkened room and
light transmission is observed through the
hard palate. Compared with the sinus of
the opposite side, the involved sinus
shows decreased transmission of light due
to accumulation of fluids, debris, pus and
thickening of the sinus mucosa.
8. Radiographic Examinations
It is helpful to compare one side to the other
when examining the radiograph.
There should be no evidence of thickened
mucosa on the bony walls (usually indicative of
chronic sinus disease), nor air filled levels
caused by accumulation of mucus, pus or blood,
or foreign bodies.
Complete opacification of the maxillary sinus
may be caused by the mucosal hypertrophy and
fluid accumulation of sinusitis, filling with blood
secondary to trauma, or by neoplasia.
Dental pathologic conditions such as cysts or
granulomas may produce radiolucent lesions
that extend into the sinus cavity
9. Panoramic radiograph is particularly useful for
evaluation
of the degree of pneumatization of maxillary sinus and
its
relationship to the roots of maxillary teeth
13. CT scan - coronal section, carious maxillary first molars
with periapical lesions are associated with localized
thickening of mucosa in both maxillary sinuses
14. Management
Non surgical
Antral regimen ; bed rest ,plenty of fluids maintenance of oral
hygiene
Antibiotics (Amoxicillin is the first line)
Anti inflammatory (corticosteroids) for chronic cases
Analgesics
nasal decongestants
mucolytic agents
Steam inhalation
Surgical approaches
Surgical drainage of pus and lavage of sinus cavity.
Caldwell-luc surgery
15. Caldwell-Luc operation
comprises osteotomy of
theanterior sinus wall and
creation of artificial opening ofthe
sinus into the inferior nasal
meatus.
aggressive surgery
High incidence of complications.
May results in permanent defect
of anterior maxilla, sclerosis of
the antral walls and ollapse of the
sinus cavity(7)
16. Indications for the Caldwell-Luc
operation
1. Retrieval of a root or tooth from the sinus
2. Enucleation of odontogenic cysts or mucoceles from the
sinus
3. Removal of odontogenic tumor from the sinus
4. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis resistant to
medical therapy or showing evidence of extending beyond
the sinus
5. Treatment of chronic sinusitis
6. Management of oroantral fistula
7. Repair of fractures of the antrum or zygoma
17. ORO ANTRAL FISTULA
rare complications of oral surgery.
Extraction of maxillary posterior teeth
is the most common cause.
characterized by the presence of
epithelium arising from the oral
mucosa and/or from the antral sinus
mucosa that, if not removed,could
inhibit spontaneous healing.
Closing is important to avoid food and
saliva contamination that could lead to
bacterial infection,impaired healing
and chronic sinusitis.
Causes
•Extraction of maxillary posterior teeth
•Root displaced in to sinus
•Chronic osteomyelitis
•Malignancy
•Trauma
18. Oro Antral Fistula Clinical
features
Acute :
Unilateral epistaxis
Escape of fluids through nose
Air escapes through opening While
blowing.
Chronic:
Sinusitis
Change in voice Nasty smell & taste
Mucosal polyps protrude out of
opening.
20. O.A.F Management
Buccal flap
Anaesthesia
Local
Excision of the fistulous tract
Incision- Divergent incisions
are made from extreme
edges and carried upward
into mucobuccal fold - Muco
periosteal flap is raised
Scoring of the periosteum to
lengtheng the flap
Mattress sutures
21. O.A.F Management
Palatal flap
Anaesthesia
LocalExcision of the margins of
the opening
Incision - A palatal
mucoperiosteal flap is raised with
greater palatine artery
The flap is turned to close the
defect A V shaped notch is made
where flap turns maximum
Mattress sutures are placed
The exposed raw area is covered
with a gauge strip till the
epithelialisation takes place
26. RFERENCES
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Clinical Maxillary Sinus Elevation Surgery. Kao DWK (Editor), Wiley-
Blackwell,2014.
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cause of maxillary sinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg ;20:24, 2012.
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cause of maxillary sinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg ;20:24,2012.
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135:349,2006.
5. Longhini AB, Ferguson BJ. Clinical aspects of odontogenic maxillary
sinusitis: a case series. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol; 1:409,2011.
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where we are and where we are going. Anat Rec,291:1564,2008.
7. Nemec SF, et al. Sinonasal imaging after Caldwell-Luc surgery: MDCT
findings of an abandoned procedure in times of functional endoscopic sinus
surgery. Eur.J Radio. 70,31,2009.