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Running Head: HISTORY ESSAY
1
History Essay
8
History Essay
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Question One: World War II

Explain how the U.S. got involved in World War II. What
interests were considered especially important? What factors
were critical in winning the war? What lessons could we learn
from this experience?
The Second World War is considered to have been the mightiest
struggle mankind has ever witnessed and since a majority of
individuals particularly resented the involvement of America in
World War I, the country desired to stay out of this particular
War and instead concentrate on local issues that were becoming
more widespread. The occurrences of the First World War had
eventually fed into the United States’ inherent desire to
isolationism and this was best expressed through the passage of
the Neutrality Acts in addition to the overall hands off approach
to occurrences that unfolded on the global arena (Gottfried,
2003). However, Americans were not entirely neutral in regards
to their sympathies, and the Acts were eventually manipulated
to the frustration of sincere isolationists, to provide more
support to the Allies. As soon as the Second World War broke
out in Europe, the then president of the U.S. Franklin Roosevelt
acknowledged that the conflict posed a huge threat to the
nation's security and was therefore forced to find ways of
helping European democracies without necessarily becoming
directly involved in the War. It further became more involved in
the War when its navy, as well as an air force, began escorting
British convoys while protecting them from German submarines
(Reiman, 2010).
The real event that transformed the United States into a country
actively at war was the Pearl Harbor attack which came about
soon after Roosevelt announced that America would no longer
trade certain items to Japan who were in need of them during
their war with China. The interests that were considered
especially important were economic and political interests.
Some of the factors that were critical to winning the War
included good and effective leadership as well as the strategic

plans of the nations at war. This is to say that in order to win
the war those involved in it had to have leaders who would
effectively guide them to the various strategies laid out in an
effort to be victorious. Similar to how it was during World War
II, it also applies in today's world particularly in business
management, where effective leadership is crucial in ensuring
the success of the organization (Ruggiero, 2002). There are also
a number of mistakes that were made in the course of the
Second World War, and we should therefore also keep them in
mind as part of the lessons learned from the experience.
Question Two: World War II and American Society
How did Americans adjust to changes during the War years?
Describe some of the social, cultural, and economic impacts of
the War. In what ways did the War leave a lasting impact on
America?
During the War years, there were a number of transformations
that took place and which forced Americans to adjust. For
instance, a majority of the American population were not quite
satisfied with their old ways of life and desired something
better especially soon after the war years. One of the key
changes during the War years was the increase in mobility in
the sense that most families were set in motion, pulling them off
of farms and directing them into large urban regions (Gottfried,
2003). Women were also more empowered and were now being
substituted for their male counterparts on the home front. The
war years automatically challenged the traditional image of
female behavior. Before the war years, the average mother
would bear 8 to 10 children thus making living conditions quite
hard. However, soon after the Wars, families began having
fewer children and by the time the great economic depression
was taking place, the average American mother was giving birth
to only two children (Reiman, 2010). Before the War years, an

overwhelming majority of the country's African-American
population still resided in the South. In the course of the War
years, more than a million African Americans migrated to the
North and found work in defense industries. This particular
change forced the rest of Americans to adjust to the new
lifestyle by accommodating the blacks and treating them
equally. Another transformation that was witnessed was the life
expectancy of American citizens where such increases were
attributed to improvements in living conditions as well as
medical care. In regards to political impacts of the War,
political leaders battled each other for the right to lead
(Ruggiero, 2002). The fact that World War II brought about
numerous transformations in the lives of American citizens is
how it left a lasting impact on the nation.
Question Three: Cold War
What was the Cold War about? Describe some of the key events
related to the Cold War between 1945 and 1960. Was the
conflict avoidable? In what ways might the conflict appear
different to us now than it did to people at the time?
The Cold War refers to the relationship that existed between the
United States and the USSR soon after the Second World War
(Gottfried, 2003). It was all about dominating foreign affairs for
many years which resulted in a number of key crises such as the
Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, Hungary and Vietnam.
Before the occurrence of this particular war, the United States
had depicted the Soviet Union as being almost the devil
incarnate whereas the latter had depicted American to be the
same. The Cold War was the economic, geopolitical and
ideological struggle between two global superpowers, marked
by constant rivalry between these two former allies. Conflict
incorporated subtle espionage in the largest cities of the world
as well as harsh combat in the tropical jungles of Vietnam
(Reiman, 2010). In 1949, the Soviet Union managed to create its

very first atomic bomb that in turn escalated the conflict
between the United States and the USSR, making humanity
tremble at the possibility of a worldwide nuclear catastrophe. In
the course of the 1950s, America was introduced to one of the
most illiberal and darkest notions in its social as well as
political history. Here, the government together with private
enterprises accused a majority of Americans of being
Communists as well as sympathizers, subjecting them to
sanctions, investigations and interrogations; this was referred to
as McCarthyism (Ruggiero, 2002). In the 1060s, the United
States participated in the Vietnam War, and it is at this point
that the American and Soviet soldiers were never again to face
each other off on a battle field.
Looking at the circumstances or causes of the Cold War, one
can argue that the conflict was not avoidable in the sense that
suspicion, as well as mistrust, was the most prominent features
of the post-war period which was in the late 19th Century. This
in turn resulted in the rapid collapse of war time alliances where
the disparities between the two superpowers, USA and USSR
eventually spilled over to international conflict (Gottfried,
2003). This conflict was an inevitable follow-up to World War
II; America, as well as Britain, was inherent foes of the Soviet
Union that it is for this particular fact that the unavoidability of
the Cold War was recognized. Additionally, the modern day
view that Stalin's aggressiveness contributed to the Cold War
has been accepted by a majority of historians in the West. The
conflict within the Cold War might seem different to us than it
did to people at the time in that we see it as having been a
deliberate initiative of the two superpower countries to further
their individual interests while at the same time securing
dominance over the world (Reiman, 2010). It was also as a
result of miscommunication combined with ineffective
diplomacy and is therefore today considered a war of choice
rather than necessity.

Question Five: Post-War Politics
Describe some of the political events in America during the
Truman and Eisenhower years. What key issues were on
people’s minds? How did leaders in this era build on the ideas
of the New Deal? What new developments do you see?
Harry S. Truman is considered to have been a rather modest
man having been raised in Independence, Missouri and worked
at a number of jobs soon after graduating high school in 1901.
The onset of World War, I saw Captain Truman commanding an
artillery battery that led to significant action in France
(Ruggiero, 2002). After the War, he tried his hand in business
but failed, and it is at this point that Truman decided to enter
politics. In the year 1934 he was elected to the U.S. Senate and
served until Franklin Roosevelt tapped him to run as a vice-
presidential candidate ten years later. After being elected
President Truman’s Cold War policy was one of containment of
Communism; this is to say that it did not challenge the
Communists where they had already established themselves but
instead seeing to it that their circle of influence did not spread
at the expense of free countries. On the other hand, Dwight D.
Eisenhower was raised in Abilene, Kansas and soon entered
West Point where he served in the Army during the 20s and 30s
(Gottfried, 2003). His powerful intelligence, as well as
commitment to duty, made Eisenhower hold important positions
in the years prior to World War II and in turn developed
principle for reinforced combat. Following the end of the
Second World War, General Eisenhower accepted the German
leaders' surrender and then took measures to reveal the horrors
of the Nazi concentration camps (Reiman, 2010).
When Eisenhower assumed presidency in 1953, he was the only
former general to take up the office in the course of the 20th
Century. Historians who have so far taken a closer look at the
political career of General Dwight D. Eisenhower agree that he

was a rather shrewd observer of the global scene even though he
was at times naïve in his understanding of American practice in
the political field. One of the main issues that were on people’s
minds at this time was how the conflicts could be resolved and
how interventions could be initiated by the chosen presidents.
Both Truman and Eisenhower believed that the biggest threat to
the United States was the monolithic and expansive communism
existing in the Soviet Union; the people wanted this fear
eliminated through the presidents’ decisive actions. Leaders
during the Truman and Eisenhower years built on the ideas of
the New Deal by supporting proposals made in regards to fully
fair employment opportunities and large housing programs
(Ruggiero, 2002). Some of the new developments that I can
observe in relations to the New Deal include the creation of
numerous special agencies that provide employment
opportunities to millions of individuals across the country,
regardless of their nationality, ethnicity or gender. However, the
proposal of large housing programs is yet to be implemented.
References
Gottfried, T. (2003). The Cold War. Minneapolis, Minn.:
Twenty-First Century Books.
Reiman, R.A. (2010). The New Deal and American Youth: Ideas
and Ideals in a Depression Decade. Athens: University of
Georgia Press.
Ruggiero, A. (2002). World War II. Marshall Cavendish.

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