Requesting 200 words response to the following post using at least three substantive peer reviewed scholarly journal articles to provide those substantive replies.  Key Term and Why You are Interested in It  The Key Term chosen for this discussion board is Values and Attitudes. The reason for researching this key term is for professional and personal reasons. In the near future, I would like to work for a large, global company and will need to know basic courtesies and customs of the countries in which my company works closely with. Every region or country is unique and one can easily offend or off-put someone from another culture, losing the ability to conduct business. It is increasingly more important for employees of global companies to be culturally sensitive and aware of these values and attitudes, otherwise that employee may lose their job as a result of losing business for the company, or at best, be looked over for a certain position or promotion.     Explanation of the Key Term Values are inherent beliefs in a culture about what is right or what is wrong and what acceptable behavior and norms are expected of those in society (Satterlee, 2018). Stemming from values and related to values, are attitudes which are a, “manifestation of values, beliefs, feelings, and states of mind” (Satterlee, 2018, p. 47). There are differences between attitudes in different countries and can include the concept of time, approaching change, gender roles, and social status. For example, each culture has their own concept of time and how it should be managed or its influence on certain consumer choices (Satterlee, 2018). With change, some cultures view change as normal and healthy and welcome it, while others prefer to train people in their respective roles with little deviation (Satterlee, 2018). In regards to gender roles, some cultures encourage and may expect women to work outside the home, while others do not (Satterlee, 2018). Lastly, social status includes whether or not a culture believes in set social classes and if it is acceptable for people to move up or down those classes (Satterlee, 2018).      Major Article Summary  The article chosen for summary is a study comparing similarities and differences between Georgian and Macau consumers in regards to how their time orientation affects their advertising attitudes (Kaynak et al., 2013). Both of these cultures, while both technically Asian, have different attitudes in regards to the concept of time and time orientation has been found to be very influential in consumer choices (Kaynak et al., 2013).               The article briefly views and summarizes the research previously done in literature on time orientation and various cultural frameworks, such as Hall’s monochronic and polychronic cultures, and high and low context cultures (Kaynak et al., 2013). The article states that the motivation for the study comes from a study done in 2005 by Rojas-Mendez and Davies, which studied advertising .

1. Requesting 200 words response to the following post using at
least three substantive peer reviewed scholarly journal articles
to provide those substantive replies.
Key Term and Why You are Interested in It
The Key Term chosen for this discussion board is Values and
Attitudes. The reason for researching this key term is for
professional and personal reasons. In the near future, I would
like to work for a large, global company and will need to know
basic courtesies and customs of the countries in which my
company works closely with. Every region or country is unique
and one can easily offend or off-put someone from another
culture, losing the ability to conduct business. It is increasingly
more important for employees of global companies to be
culturally sensitive and aware of these values and attitudes,
otherwise that employee may lose their job as a result of losing
business for the company, or at best, be looked over for a
certain position or promotion.
Explanation of the Key Term
Values are inherent beliefs in a culture about what is right or
what is wrong and what acceptable behavior and norms are
expected of those in society (Satterlee, 2018). Stemming from
values and related to values, are attitudes which are a,
“manifestation of values, beliefs, feelings, and states of mind”
(Satterlee, 2018, p. 47). There are differences between attitudes
in different countries and can include the concept of time,
approaching change, gender roles, and social status. For
example, each culture has their own concept of time and how it
should be managed or its influence on certain consumer choices
(Satterlee, 2018). With change, some cultures view change as
normal and healthy and welcome it, while others prefer to train
people in their respective roles with little deviation (Satterlee,

2. 2018). In regards to gender roles, some cultures encourage and
may expect women to work outside the home, while others do
not (Satterlee, 2018). Lastly, social status includes whether or
not a culture believes in set social classes and if it is acceptable
for people to move up or down those classes (Satterlee, 2018).
Major Article Summary
The article chosen for summary is a study comparing
similarities and differences between Georgian and Macau
consumers in regards to how their time orientation affects their
advertising attitudes (Kaynak et al., 2013). Both of these
cultures, while both technically Asian, have different attitudes
in regards to the concept of time and time orientation has been
found to be very influential in consumer choices (Kaynak et al.,
2013).
The article briefly views and summarizes the research
previously done in literature on time orientation and various
cultural frameworks, such as Hall’s monochronic and
polychronic cultures, and high and low context cultures
(Kaynak et al., 2013). The article states that the motivation for
the study comes from a study done in 2005 by Rojas-Mendez
and Davies, which studied advertising avoidance behavior with
participants from Britain and Chile (Kaynak et al., 2013). The
researchers of the present study chose Georgia and Macau
because of their time orientation differences, as Georgia has
close cultural proximity to Eastern Europe and Macau is close
in culture to Hong Kong (Kaynak et al., 2013).
The researchers formed their conceptual model on the fact that
culture influences a person’s concept of time, which then leads
to attitudes towards advertising, which then leads to advertising
avoidance or acceptance (Kaynak et al., 2013). For example,
less educated individuals have a more present time orientation

3. and are more traditionally-minded which results in the belief
that creating a better future and advertising in general are
useless, which then results in a more advertising adverse view
(Kaynak et al., 2013). However, more educated individuals view
time with a future orientation and seek to improve their present
and future, therefore they are more accepting of advertising,
believing it to be worthwhile because of its future benefits
(Kaynak et al., 2013). As a result, the researchers formed the
hypotheses that past time oriented consumers will demonstrate
advertising avoidance and that present and future time oriented
consumers will demonstrate advertising acceptance (Kaynak et
al., 2013). Subsequently, these attitudes will then influence
whether or not the individual utilizes advertising. Additionally,
the study was primarily conducted through research on past
literature as well as through questionnaires sent to individuals
representing the two countries (Kaynak et al., 2013).
The study’s findings concluded that those from Macau were
more future-oriented in their concept of time and so were more
accepting of advertising and its utilization, whereas those from
Georgia tended to be more past-oriented in their concept of time
and so were less accepting of advertising and its utilization
(Kaynak et al., 2013).
Discussion
The article that I have cited and summarized
specifically falls in line with the cultural attitude towards the
concept of time, or time orientation. The article studies two
different cultures and their view of time which then influences
their attitudes towards advertising. With time management,
some cultures view advertisements as positive and worthwhile
because it adds to their future benefits (Kaynak et al., 2013).
Other cultures view advertisements as a waste of time because it
does not add to their present value (Kaynak et al., 2013). It was
found that Georgia values are more polychronic in its time

4. orientation and so individuals are more traditional and follow
the belief that events should happen naturally and in its own
time (Kaynak et al., 2013). Macau values, however, are more
monochronic in its time orientation and so individuals are more
future-oriented and view time as important and that it should be
used as efficiently as possible (Kaynak et al., 2013). Such
information is useful to a global company who wishes to set a
marketing strategy in place and work with associates of the host
culture, specifically in regards to advertising, and needs more
information on a country’s attitudes towards time.
The work that I cited relates to the other works that I
researched, in that they all fall under values and attitudes within
business. One article that I researched, compares individuals
from several different countries and how their cultural values
and attitudes towards relational favoritism amongst managers is
viewed. Another article I researched, sought to better
understand the specific values and attitudes that can influence
international marketing models and research and what makes
them effective or not. A third article I researched, studied how
societies transmit cultural values and attitudes at a micro level,
for example through imitation, and at a macro level, like
through institutions. A fourth article, analyzed the corporate
values of a company that originated in Denmark and its attempt
to bring those values over into their company in Bangalore,
India and how those values were interpreted by the employees
there. Finally, I chose to cite the article that I did because it
specified an area under values and attitudes, which was time
orientation, and how it related to advertising and marketing.