3. Child abuse
Child abuse can result from physical, verbal, or sexual harm. While
child abuse is often considered to take the form of an action, there are
also examples of inaction that cause harm, such as neglect.
Households in which participants suffer from alcoholism, substance
abuse, or anger issues demonstrate higher occurrences of child abuse
as compared to households without. Outcomes of child abuse can
result in both short and long term injury, or even death. Some children
may be unaware that they are victims of child abuse. Child abuse is
widespread and can occur in any cultural, ethnic, or income group.
Physical abuse involves non-accidental harming of a child by, for
example, burning, beating, or breaking bones. Verbal abuse involves
harming a child by, for example, belittling them or threatening
physical or sexual acts. Emotional trauma can result from several
forms of abuse.
4. criminal psychology
The term “criminal psychology” has been defined in a numerous
ways. Even today it has no accepted definition. It can be defined as
a science, which helps investigative institutions in fulfilling their
mission more effectively by applying a psychological knowledge to
it. Criminal Psychology mostly includes case linkage. The process of
case linkage involves analyzing the behaviours of the offender in
some specific situation and comparing the data to the similar
crimes from the database. A major part of criminal psychology,
known as criminal profiling, began in the 1940s when the United
States Office of Strategic Services asked William L. Langer's brother
Walter C. Langer, a well renowned psychiatrist, to draw up a profile
of Adolf Hitler. After the Second World War, British psychologist
Lionel Haward, while working for the Royal Air Force police, drew
up a list of characteristics which high-ranking war criminals might
display, to be able to spot them amongst ordinary captured
soldiers and airmen.
5. Depression
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious
medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think
and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes
feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities you once
enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems
and can decrease your ability to function at work and at home.
According to the World Health Organization, depression is the leading
cause of disability worldwide. Globally, more than 300 million people
of all ages suffer from the disorder. And the incidence of the disorder
is increasing everywhere. Depression is a complex condition,
involving many systems of the body, including the immune system,
either as cause or effect. It disrupts sleep and it interferes with
appetite; in some cases, it causes weight loss; in others, it contributes
to weight gain. Depression is also often accompanied by anxiety.
6. Dreams
Dreams are imaginary sequences-some with clear narratives, and
some without-that play out in people’s minds as they sleep. Most
dreams consist of a series of images, sensations, and emotions, and
range from pleasant and exciting to boring or even terrifying. Adults
and babies alike dream for around two hours per night—even those of
us who claim not to. In fact, researchers have found that people
usually have several dreams each night, each one typically lasting for
between five to 20 minutes. While most people report dreaming in
colour ,there is a small percentage of people who claim to only dream
in black and white. In studies where dreamers have been awakened
and asked to select colours from a chart that match those in their
dreams, soft pastel colours are those most frequently chosen. The
phrase “lucid dreaming” refers to dreams in which the person
recognizes that they are dreaming and feels as if they can take control
of what happens in the dream.
7. Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are life long impairments that may impact all areas
of an individual’s life. It is important to provide services and
accommodations that a re required by law, not just because of the legal
requirement, but also because providing these services and
accommodations benefits individuals with learning disabilities and
society overall by facilitating full participation in society by individuals
with learning disabilities. There are type of Learning Disabilities like
Dyscalculia which is A specific learning disability that affects a person’s
ability to understand numbers and learn math facts. Dysgraphia which
is A specific learning disability that affects a person’s handwriting ability
and fine motor skills. Dyslexia which is A specific learning disability that
affects reading and related language-based processing skills. Non-
Verbal Learning Disabilities which is Has trouble interpreting nonverbal
cues like facial expressions or body language and may have poor
coordination.
8. Memory
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain,
and later retrieve information. There are three major processes
involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory
involves the ability to both preserve and recover information we have
learned or experienced. The study of human memory has been a
subject of science and philosophy for thousands of years and has
become one of the major topics. In order to form new memories,
information must be changed into a usable form, which occurs
through the process known as encoding. Once the information has
been successfully encoded, it must be stored in memory for later use.
While several different models of memory have been proposed, the
stage model of memory is often used to explain the basic structure
and function of memory. Initially proposed in 1968 by Richard
Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, this theory outlines three separate
stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-
term memory.
9. Physical Attractiveness
Physical attractiveness refers to the fact that human beings have
preferences about the physical appearances of other people,
particularly with reference to their facial features and body
proportions. Some aspects of these preferences appear to be
arbitrarily derived from ever-changing cultural standards, while
other aspects seem to be unlearned. There are many factors which
influence one person's attraction to another, with physical aspects
being one of them. In many cases, humans attribute positive
characteristics, such as intelligence and honesty, to physically
attractive people without consciously realizing it. From research
done in the United States and United Kingdom, it was found that the
association between intelligence and physical attractiveness is
stronger among men than among women.
10. schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe mental disorder that affects the way a
person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to
others. Though schizophrenia isn’t as common as other major mental
illnesses, it can be the most chronic and disabling. People with schizophrenia
often have problems doing well in society, at work, at school, and in
relationships. They might feel frightened and withdrawn, and could appear to
have lost touch with reality. This lifelong disease can’t be cured but can be
controlled with proper treatment. Symptoms fall into three major categories:
• Positive symptoms: (those abnormally present) Hallucinations, such as
hearing voices or seeing things that do not exist, paranoia and exaggerated
or distorted perceptions, beliefs and behaviors.
• Negative symptoms: (those abnormally absent) A loss or a decrease in the
ability to initiate plans, speak, express emotion or find pleasure.
• Disorganized symptoms: Confused and disordered thinking and speech,
trouble with logical thinking and sometimes bizarre behavior or abnormal
movements.
11. Conclusion
Another primary goal of psychology is to make predictions
about how we think and act. Once we understand more
about what happens and why it happens, we can use that
information to make predictions about when, why, and how
it might happen again in the future. There is a close and two
way connection between prediction and explanation. The
existence of a theory that explains some phenomenon is
also quite likely to permit predictions to be made, and
conversely, the ability to make an accurate prediction
implies that some degree of understanding of the
phenomenon has already been achieved.
