Discription about the types of immunoglobulin

1. Immunoglobulin

2. Introduction
• Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies,
are glycoprotein molecules produced by
plasma cells (white blood cells).
• They act as a critical part of the immune
response by specifically recognizing and
binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria
or viruses and aiding in their destruction.

3. B-cell
• B-cells are types of lymphocytes about 30% of circulating
lymphocytes.
• B-cells in fetal liver→ bone marrow → germinal center of
lymph nodes → spleen → and finally comes out in pier
patches.
• B-cell have exposed some antigens they have become active
& they fight the antigen and they become a memory B-cell.(it
have longer life span).
• It have 3 phases
• No IgM on the surface/Bone marrow[B-cell]
In the bone marrow they will start form the stem cell then
will have pre B-cell and then we have B-cell.
• Actually 2 phases stem cell should not be called “B-cell”

4. IgM & IgD
• IgM act`s as a receptor
for antigen & these B-
cells are activated.
• The IgM & IgD are
activating of B-cell.
• Plasma cell are
converted into
memory cell & they
live on for
decades.Decades
means memory cell.

5. • IgG released from the B-cell into the blood stream.
• And it`s work to re-exposure to that pathogen &
quickly make it work and produce the IgM.
The function of B-cell are types:-
• (a) To make & release the immunoglobulin.
• [this is Humoral response]
• (b)APC (antigen presenting cell) :- macrophage & APC
dendritic cells are APC they do at to activate immune
system.

6. • Hyper-gamma-globulinemia when B-
cell not become active IgD & IgM works
stops.
• B7 & CD28 are the proteins that makes
activated to the T-cells.
• CD40 & CD40L this so important it may
cause a class switching.
• IL2:- it activates T-cell itselfs & also
activate B-cell.
• IL4:- it makes the proliferation of B-cell
and it makes the B-cell
copies.(proliferation means making
simply copies of clone so it`s called
clonal expression.)
• It is also work on class switching
towards IgE (IL4,CD40,CD40L) is
involved in allergies.
• IL5:- it form IgA that also help in class
switching but it does one more thing is
differentiation.(when cell become more
and more specification)

7. Structure of immunoglobulin
• Have a common structure with four polypeptide chains.
• The heavy chain is chromosome no.14 & they are called
isotypes.
• Light chain are 2 types:- K (60% more chr.2)
λ(30% less chr.22)
• The disulphide bonds joining the antibody heavy chains are
located in a flexible region of the heavy chain known as the
hinge region.

9. Allealic exclusion of immunoglobulin
• When the B-cell is maturing
in the bone marrow.(the
stem cell helps to make B-
cell mature)
• Maternal is expressed and
paternal is silence.
• Conclusion:-1 B-cell will
only expressed
immunoglobulin that
have gene coming from
father or mother.

10. Gene Regions
• In light chain we have V,D,J gene regions.
• In heavy chain Cμ, Cδ, Cγ₃, Cγ₁ , Cγ₂a , Cγ₂b , Cε
, Cα
• ε :-abslone
• “V” only attached with “D” not with “J”.

11. RSSS :- recognition signal sequence

12. • We have heptamer(7) and
nanomere(9) in both of end
points of “V” & “J”.And in
between of them we have
base pairs.
• RAG :- re-combinase
activation gene. (it helps to
remove this loop from the
gene this process is called
hair pining rule).

13. TDT :- add or remove the nucleotide

14. This PN nucleotide
takes place only in
between of D & J.

15. • Follicular dendritic cell:-
The dendritic cell which is
present in the rest of the
body or tissue, skin (they not
do this) this is spetiality of it.
•Now B-cells are in lymphnode
because it becomes active.
•Point mutation :- They change
the structure of next
immunoglobulin.
•After SHM create a new B-cell
because they keep
proliferation because they are
active.

16. (1).Halmanth
attacks in IgE
(2).Virus attacks
IgM,IgG,Ig1
(3).Bacteria attacks
IgG3.

17. Thank you