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Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERINTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
COMPUTERCOMPUTER
An Electronic Device
(Hardware).
which is used to solve our
problem according to given
instructions
(Software).
SOFTWARESOFTWARE
A set of Instruction given to
computer to perform a specific
task.
HOW THEY WILL COMMUNICATE?HOW THEY WILL COMMUNICATE?
• In simple word language is a way of
communication for any person to other
person in order to understand his talk.
• Language is very important medium of
communication
LANGUAGELANGUAGE
How can I
give Instructions
to computer
Can You Help Me?
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
 A way by which we give instructions to
computer is called computer programming
language.
 A way of communication between user and
computer.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
TYPES OF LANGUAGESTYPES OF LANGUAGES
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE
LOW LEVELHIGH LEVEL
A
S
S
E
M
B
L
Y
M
A
C
H
I
N
E
Low level language is also called machine
language.
These languages are close to machine
and easily understand by machine as, it is
majorly in binary form (0 & 1).
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGELOW LEVEL LANGUAGE
Machine language
Assembly language
TYPES OF LOW LEVEL LANGUAGETYPES OF LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE
Machine language is the only language a
computer is capable of understanding.
Machine code is consisting of 0 & 1.
Which mean off and on bit.
Program written in machine language is
very fast but machine dependent.
It is also referred as “First Generation
Language”.
MACHINE LANGUAGEMACHINE LANGUAGE
Assembly language is also low level
language close to machine language.
It is also referred as assembly or ASL,
assembly language and “Second Generation
Language”.
Assembly language uses structured
commands as substitutions for numbers
allowing humans to read the code more
easily than looking at binary.
 Although easier to read than binary,
assembly language is still a complex
language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
MACHINE LANGUAGEMACHINE LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
High level programming languages use the
syntax which closes to human languages.
It is easy to understanding the languages.
This type of language is machine-
independent, and uses similar language as
English, which is easily understandable by
human.
This type of language’s processing is slow
as compared to low level languages.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGEHIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGEHIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
FORTRAN
BASIC
COBOL
LISP
PASCAL
C AND C++
PRINTING “HELLO”PRINTING “HELLO”
MACHINE LANGUAGEMACHINE LANGUAGE
PRINTING “HELLO” IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEPRINTING “HELLO” IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
A_CR = $0D ;carriage return
BSOUT = $FFD2 ;kernel ROM sub, write to current output device
LDX #$00 ;starting index in .X register ;
LOOP LDA MSG,X ;read message text
BEQ LOOPEND ;end of text ;
JSR BSOUT ;output char INX BNE LOOP ;
repeat ; LOOPEND RTS ;return from subroutine ;
MSG .BYT 'Hello’,A_CR,$00
PRINTING “HELLO” IN BASIC LANGUAGEPRINTING “HELLO” IN BASIC LANGUAGE
PRINT "Hello"
A
B
C
D
WHY IT HAPPENS?
LANGUAGE
TRANSLATER
A
B
C
D
0100001
0100010
0100011
0100100
LANGUAGE TRANSLATORLANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
Software which is used to convert code into
machine language
Compiler
Interpreter
Assembler
COMPILERCOMPILER
A software which is used to convert source
code into object code at a time.
Faster in execution
But
Difficult Error Detection.
COMPILERCOMPILER
COMPILER
A
B
C
D
0100001
0100010
0100011
0100100
INTERPRETERINTERPRETER
A software which is used to convert source
code into object code line by line.
Slower in execution
But
Easy Error Detection.
INTERPRETERINTERPRETER
INTERPRETER
A
C
B
01000001
01000010
01000011
ASSEMBLERASSEMBLER
Assembly is low level language but not a
native language for computer
Translator which is used to convert assembly
language in machine language.
RECAPRECAP
Programming Language.
Types of Programming Language
Language Translator
Types of Language Translators
QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
 What is Language?
 Which Language Translator is best of debugging?
QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
 What is programming Language?
 Why we need language Translator?
 Which Language is faster in execution?
 Which is native Language of computer?
 Which Language Translator is faster?
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES ?
ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES ?
COMPUTER SOFWARE
NEXT LESSONNEXT LESSON
Chapter 1 a13

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Chapter 1 a13

Editor's Notes

  1. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  2. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  3. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  4. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  5. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  6. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  7. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  8. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  9. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.
  10. f you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. More recently, operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices, you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day, from cell phones to wireless access points. The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an operating system and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is now more powerful than a desktop computer from 20 years ago, so this progression makes sense and is a natural development. In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device. For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or often even a new operating system entirely rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and know how to get at it, you can in many cases change some of the ways it behaves. And, it's as true of your cell phone as it is of your computer. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way.