1 Week 12 (Mar. 242527) China’s Rise as a Global Powe.docx

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Week 12 (Mar. 24/25/27) China’s Rise as a Global Power
REQUIRED READING: Fairbank and Goldman, China, 429-51,
457-60; Ebrey, Chinese
Civilization, section 100.
1) 1st –round discussions & presentations: Maximum 2.5 marks
for each student
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Speech: 84 79 86 74
Text: 80 85 95 80
Average: 82 82 90.5 77
Grade for each student in a group: 90-100=2.5 marks; 85-
89=2.0; 80-84=1.5; 75-79=1.0
2) 2nd round discussions: Maximum 2.5 marks+2 bonus marks
for each student
1.5 marks for each student at Mar. 11 class discussion +1 bonus
mark (with note);

Maximum 2 marks for a student with reading note for March 18
discussion:
[For a reading note receiving 50% grade, the student receives 1
out of the 2 marks]
3) The deadline for submitting term papers to the coursespace is
postponed to April 3,
2020. The requirements for the term paper (see course outline,
p. 4):
3.1) About 5 pages in length (double-spaced)/Submit only word
document.
3.2) Cite sources from the two main textbooks and from at least
two additional
academic publications (internet sources must be publications of
an academic
nature[with notes and bibliographies for citing sources])
3.3) The marks for the term paper will be based on the
coherency of arguments,
the adequacy of sources, the quality of analysis, and the
correctness of writing
and academic style.
3.4) Academic Style (examples of Chicago style)
A. Notes for cited books:
a. The 1st note for a cited book:
Given-name Surname, Book Title: Subtitle (City, State: Press,
Year), pp.

b. The 2nd -X notes for citing the same book:
Surname, Shortened Book Title, pp.
B. Notes for cited articles:
a. The 1st note for a cited article
Given-name Surname, “Article Title: Subtitle.”Journal Title 1,
no. 2 (Year): pp.
b. The 2nd -X notes for citing the same article:
Surname, “Shortened Article Title,” pp.
C. Bibliography (in alphabetic order of authors’ surnames)
a. For a cited book:
Surname, Given-name. Book Title: Subtitle. City, State: Press,
Year.
b. For a cited article:
Surname, Given-name. “Article Title: Subtitle.”Journal Title 1,
no. 2 (Year): p-p
3.5) How to find additional sources after UVic libraries are
closed:
Use key words (relating to your topic) to search “Articles” at
UVic library
website: https://www.uvic.ca/library/find/articles/index.php

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Film: Salisbury’s Report on China: Part 3 (Mar. 24)/Cancelled
The film is about Chinese history in 1972-1989, starting from
Deng Xiaoping’s rehabilitation
and Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 to Deng’s suppression of
student protests in Beijing in 1989.
China at the Turn of the Century (Mar. 25)
1. Reforms in the Late 19th & 20th Centuries: A comparision
-Qing restoration from 2nd Opium War/4 rebellions 1851-74
-Self-strengthening Movement 1861-94
*Including diplomatic/military/economic reforms [failed by the
mid-1890s]
-Emperor Guangxu led the 1898 political reform:
Empress Dowager ended reform/put Emperor Guangxu
under house arrest 1898-1908
*Cixi supported Anti-foreign Boxer movement 1900
*Cixi turned to more radical political reforms: New Policy
reform 1901-11

*Caused Republican Revolution 1911
-PRC’s recovery from the Great Leap Forward/Great
Famine/Cultural Revolution 1958-76-
*[CCP’s Self-strengthening] reforms 1978-
*Open door +economic reforms >Political reform
*Caused student protest in the Tian’anmen Square movement
1989
*Deng Xiaoping suppressed student protests [similar to Cixi]
put General Secretary Zhao Ziyang under house arrest 1989-
2005
*Deng: further open door>Anti-foreignism
Further economic reforms>Political reform [differed from
Cixi] 1989-
: What are similarities and differences in late 19th- and late
20th- century reforms?
2. Further Economic Reforms
: Why Deng led China into further economic reforms rather than
political reforms?
-USSR collapse (CCP’s lesson: Avoid political reform without
economic success) 1991
*Deng’s southern tour to Shenzhen Special Economic Zone深圳-

>
expansion of the reformist zone to Shanghai
A. Open door policy
-For gaining foreign capital/technology/trade
*Foreign investment: US $ 5.2 billion 1986
$ 65 billion 2005
B. Industrial reform
-Promote private/foreign enterprises
*Unprofitable state enterprises: 50% 1996
*Privatization through collective shareholding (managers +
workers=shareholders) 1997-
*Caused unemployment: 11% + 1997 -> 17 % 2005
C. Rural changes
-Farming by 50% of rural laborers [Many men went to work in
cities] 1990s
*Feminization of agriculture
*“Floating [rural] population” in cities
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3. Political changes without reforms
A. Personnel changes
-Deng Xiaoping’s death (at the age of 93, 1904-97) 1997
[Emperor Qianlong: died at 88y: Longest lived national leader
before Deng] 1799]
-General Secretary of CCP 1989-
1) Jiang Zemin江泽民 (b. 1926-) 1989-2002
-Yangzhou native
*Technocrat
2) Hu Jintao胡锦涛 (b.1942-) 2002-2012
-Native of Anhui Province安徽省? [in CCP’s propaganda]
*Or Taizhou (泰州 Yangzhou) native, Jiangsu province? [To hide
hometown ties with Jiang]
*Hydraulic engineer/ Technocrat

3) Xi (His) Jinping Chin-ping 习近平 (b. 1953- )
-CCP general secretary Nov. 15, 2012-
Chairman of the CCP Military Commission
*PRC state chairman Mar. 14, 2013-
*Xi Jinping’s wife: Peng Liyuan彭丽媛: Pop singer/Major general
-Xi Jinping: a member of “Crown Prince Clique” 太子党
-Father Xi Zhongxun (1913-2002)
*CCP leader in Northwest rural base [savior of CCP after the
Long March] 1933-
*Vice-Prime minister 1959-62
*Mao’s victim in political purge 1962-78
*Returned as leading reformer in Canton after Mao’s death
1978-
-Xi Jinping: Turned from Beijing student into peasant -1969-
(16y)
-Education at Tsinghua University 清华大学:
*Worker-peasant-soldier student 工农兵学员 1975-79
*Earned the Doctor of Law? [completed doctoral program as a
provincial official] 1998-2002
-Vice-party-chief/Governor of Fujian province福建省 1995-
2002
-Killer of official corruption?
*Yuanhua Co. scandal远华案 n Fujian: The largest

scam/corruption scandal 1994-99
-Lai Changxing (赖昌星 1958- ), Fujian native
*CEO of Yuanhua Co.: $10 billion scam 1994
*Refugee in Canada 1999-2011
*Extradited to China 2011
*Life imprisonment 2012
-14 accomplices executed
*300 officials tried
*Comparison of Canadian extradition of Lai Changxing to
China & Meng Wanzhou to U.S.
: Why personnel change in CCP’s leadership showed political
progression/regression?
B. Power Struggles [through anti-corruption campaigns]
1989-
-Central vs. Provincial authorities:
4 provincial-level municipalities:
Tianjin/Beijing/Shanghai/Chongqing
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1) Gen. Secretary Jiang Zemin vs. Beijing CCP Chief Chen
Xitong 1995
[Chen Hsi-t’ung陈希同, 1930-2013]
*Jiang charged Chen: Taking $100,000 bribe/ 16-year
imprisonment 1998-2006-
2) Gen. Secretary Hu Jintao vs. Shanghai CCP Chief Chen
Liangyu陈良宇(1946- ) 2006
*Hu. charged Chen: Taking $ 340,000 bribe/18-year
imprisonment 2008-
3) Gen. Secretary Xi (Hsi) Jinping vs. Chongqing CCP Chief Bo
Xilai 薄熙来(1949- )2012
[Po Hsi-lai]
*Xi charged Bo: Taking $3.5 million bribe/life
imprisonment
-Bo Xilai’s Downfall, 2011-12
*Bo’s wife Gu Kailai谷开来 : Murder of Neil Heywood/Received
suspended death sentence
*Bo’s police chief Wang Lijun 王立军: Sought asylum in US/15
year imprisonment
C. Anti-corruption at the Top Level
-Officials of General Secretary Jiang Zemin (1989-2002):

1) Zhou Yongkang周永康: “Security Tsar” -2012
* Politburo Standing Committee member -2012
*Life imprisonment for taking bribe: $ 20 million 2015
2) Gen. Xu Caihou/Guo Boxiong: Vice chairmen of CCP’s
Military Commission
Demanded cash for rank [promotion] in army -2012
*Xu: died in 2015/Guo: Life imprisonment , 2016-
3) Officials of General Secretary Hu Jintao (2007-12)
-Ling Jihua令计划, Chief of Staff of General Secretary Hu Jintao
2007-12
*Life imprisonment for Bribery & Abuse of power
7/2016-
-Amendment of the 1982 PRC constitution 3/11, 2018
*Abolishment of 2-term limit of statement chairmanship
(presidency) for President Xi Jinping
-President Xi’s X:
Personal dictatorship?
Party division?
Political democracy?
*Absolute power equals absolute corruption 绝对权力等于绝对腐败
: Why CCP’s General Secretaries Jiang/Hu/and Xi all benefited

from
anti-corruption campaigns?
The 2nd Round of Presentations of group discussions (Mar. 27)/
Cancelled
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Week 11 (Mar. 17/18/20) China’s Turn to Reforms
REQUIRED READING: Fairbank and Goldman, China, 378-80,
395-397, 406-429; Ebrey,
Chinese Civilization, sections 95-99.
(Due to class cancellation in week 2, this weekly schedule of
lectures is different from that
in the syllabus; Due to the cancellation of face-to-face
instruction, the detailed lecture

outlines will help you complete the scheduled readings and
prepare for the final exam)
Sino-Soviet and Sino-West Relations (Mar. 17)
1. The Sino-Soviet Split
: Why USSR tuned from the chief ally of Mao’s China into its
No. 1 enemy?
A. Mao’s Chinese communism vs. Stalin
*Mao in Moscow:
-Signed Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance & Mutual
Assistance 1950-
中苏友好同盟互助条约
*USSR loan to China: $300 million in 1950 (added $130 million
in 1954)
*1390 Soviet specialists helped 156 industrial projects in China
- PRC’s price for the treaty in the Korean War: $ 1.35 billion +
1 million casualties
B. Mao’s global communism vs. Moscow (cause 1 for Sino-
Soviet split)
-Mao’s 2nd visit to Moscow
*for the 40th anniversary of Russian revolution
*for 76 communist parties’ meeting

*Mao: “East wind prevails over West wind” 东风压倒西风:
Aggressive policy toward the West
-Khrushchev: 3 “peaceful”policies:
*Peaceful coexistence of socialist-capitalist blocs
*Peaceful competition between socialist-capitalist blocs
*Peaceful transition from capitalist to socialist regime (led by
communist parties in the West)
C. Mao’s nationalism vs. USSR (cause 2 for Sino-Soviet split)
*Imperial Russia seized 1,520,000 km2 from Qing China
1858-1881
-Khrushchev’s plan for Sino-Soviet fleet of submarines 1958
*Mao’s rejection of the plan for fear of USSR’s control over
China’s coastline
*USSR withdrew Soviet specialists for 156 industrial projects
in China 1960
-Sino-Soviet border clashes for 4,189 times 1964-1969
- Sino-Soviet clashes over Zhenbao Island/Manchuria
珍宝岛/(Damansky Island in Russian)
*Clash on March 2, 1969: Chinese offensive and 7 casualties of
Soviet border patrol
*Soviet counterattack on March 15, 1969: 60 Soviet casualties/
800 Chinese casualties
*Nixon rejected Brezhnev’s plan for joint US-USSR nuclear

attack on China 1969
2. The Sino-West Rapprochement
-Mao/Edgar Snow meeting Oct. 1969
*PM Pierre Trudeau: Recognized PRC 1970
*PM Zhou Enlai met US table tennis team Apr. 1971
-U.S. National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger’s secret visit
to Beijing July 1971
*President Nixon’s visit to China Feb. 1972
: Why US tuned from No. 1 enemy of Mao’s China into its
major Western ally?
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Discussion: Communist views on China (Mar. 18)
(No face-to-face discussion; Submit a reading note to the
coursespace as proof of your
participation in discussion & as answer to your group’s
discussion question on March. 18)
-The following notice for two bonus marks in the second round
of discussions also appeared in
Weeks 9 & 10 Lecture outlines:
3
For the 2nd round of discussions and presentations, each student
will receive a maximum
of 2.5 marks, plus 2 bonus marks, if she or he also submits one
page of reading note (typed
double-spaced) on March 11th, and another one on March 18th.
A. The reading note can use point-format to answer the question
for a specific group on
the specific date (see course outline, pp. 5-6).

B. On the second half page of your reading note, quote evidence
(several sentences) for
your points from Fairbank and Goldman’s textbook (with page
numbers), and from at
least TWO SOURCES in Ebrey’s Chinese Civilization (with
page numbers of the
book, no need for footnotes).
C. Under each quotation, use 1-2 short sentences to explain its
meanings and relations
with your point-format answers.
Late submission is not accepted. For any student who misses the
2nd-round discussions, she or he
could lose a maximum of 4.5 marks (4.5 % of final grade).
China’s Economic and Political Reforms (Mar. 20)
: What led to post-Mao’s reforms under Deng Xiaoping (Hsiao-
p’ing)?
Deng’s policy: Reform (改革）+ Open-door (开放)
-Nixon’s visit to China 2/1972
*US recognized PRC 1/1972
*Deng’s visit to US 1/1979

-World Bank report (1997): PRC’s 2-decade economic growth:
+ 10% /year 1978-1997
*Deng Xiaoping (Hsiao-p’ing 邓小平 1904-97): [ruled behind
screen as CCP’s military leader]
Vice Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1977-1981
Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1981-1989
-Hua Guofeng (华国锋 1921-2008): CCP’s Chairman 主席
1976-1981
*Hu Yaobang （胡耀邦 1915-89）: CCP’s General secretary
总书记 1981-1987
*Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳: General secretary 1987-1989
1. Economic Reform ______
A. Rural reforms ______
-End Mao-style people’s communes
-Adopt household responsibility system:
*Peasant families: Use of state-controlled land/Responsible for
tax/grain procurement for state
*Grain production increased by 49 % 1978-84
-Labor saving of peasants from 300 days to 60 working days per
year

*Peasants’ freedom to work in sideline production & in cities
for extra income
: Why rural reforms were so simple but so successful?
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B. Urban Reforms 1979-1989-
a. Development of private business: From 0% to 21% of China’s
GNP 1979-1985
b. Development of foreign ventures
-Four special economic zones on coastline near
Taiwan/Macao/Hong Kong 1979-
*For the purpose of getting foreign capital/learning foreign
technology/promoting foreign trade

*Foreign capital investment in China: $ U.S. $ 5.2 billion -
1986
*Foreign ventures in China: 6,000 -1986
-Problem 1:
*Income inequality between employees between private/foreign
ventures
and state-owned enterprises
c. Industrial reform of state-owned enterprises
-Industrial responsibility system 1978-
*Enterprises free to produce profitable products (beyond state
plans)
reward managers/employees (beyond low/static salary)
hire employees from market (rather than accept assigned
workers)
*Responsible for paying state tax from emprises’ profits
-Problem 2:
*Unemployment (enterprises ended life-long secure
employment/laid off unnecessary workers)
d. Price reform 价格改革
[Enterprises were still unprofitable because state set
unchangeable prices]
-State lifted price control over 100,000 items of goods 1983

-Problem 3: Inflation
*price rose by 26% 1988
: Why urban reforms were so complicated and problematic?
2. Political reforms
-Toward Collective leadership instead of Deng Xiaoping’s
personal dictatorship
*Deng Xiaoping (Hsiao-p’ing 邓小平 1904-97): [ruled behind
screen as CCP’s military leader]
Vice Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1977-1981
Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1981-1989
*Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦: General secretary 1981-87
*Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳: General secretary 1987-89
-Toward rule of law and banned mass movements
: Why political reforms could not stop CCP’s official
corruption?
*Student protests for free elections and CCP’s suppression
1986-87
*General Secretary Hu Yaobang was criticized for liberalism &
tolerance of students
*Zhao Ziyang as CCP’s general secretary

3. The Tian’anmen Square incident 天安门事件 1989
: Was the May 4th Movement of 1919 a democratic movement?
Was the student protest of 1989 a democratic movement?
-The Tian’anmen Square incident at 3 stages:
1) Hu’s memorial service & Beijing student protest 4/17-26,
1989
-Hu Yaobang’s death 4/15, 1989
*Students’ memorial service for Hu/strike 4/17,1989-
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*Students led strike and demanded reverse of CCP’s verdict
against Hu in 1986
Protest against official corruption (e.g. the oldest son of Deng
Xiaoping)
2) People’s Daily editorial & nationwide student protest
4/26-5/20, 1989
-Deng Xiaoping & PM Li Peng 李鹏: People’s Daily editorial:
Accusing students’ strikes as
“anti-CCP conspiracy ” 4/26, 1989
-Gen. Secretary Zhao Ziyang’s dissent speech: “Students’
strikes for patriotism” 5/4, 1989
-Students’ hunger strike in Tian’anmen Square
*Nationwide protests: Demanded reversing People’s Daily
editorial verdict against students
3) Beijing’s martial law & military crackdown 5/20-6/4,
1989
-PM Li Peng issued Beijing marshal law 5/20, 1989
*Popular block of PLA’s entry into Beijing for reversing the
marshal law
-Military crackdown of students’ protests 6/3-4, 1989
*The Tian’anmen Square Massacre? Major massacres before
PLA reached Tian’anmen

-Death toll
*NY Times reports: Reducing from 3,000 to 400 student deaths
*PRC official report (6/6, 1989): 23 student deaths+180
civilian deaths
150 PLA deaths
Did the students’ protest of 1989 pursue true Chinese
democracy (a representative
government by the people, of the people, and for the people)?
The lecture “Between Four & Five Modernizations” is cancelled
and its contents will be
incorporated into other lectures.
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Week 10 (Mar. 10/11/13) Mao’s Continuous Revolution

REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp.
Civilization, sections 89-94.
lectures is different from that
in the syllabus, and it also includes the first class lecture in
week 11)
Mass Campaigns & the Cultural Revolution (Mar. 10)
-The unfinished part of the lecture “The Founding of the
Communist State” (Mar. 6) will be
incorporated into the lectures below.
: Why we need to learn and understand the “mad” history of the
Cultural Revolution?
1. Mao’s Mass Movements
1957-
A. 100 Flowers Movement
-Mao: “Let 100 flowers bloom, let 100 schools of thought
contend” 百花齐放，百家争鸣
*Mao: Anti-CCP’s __________
*Intellectuals: Anti-CCP’s__________
-Anti-rightist Movement 反右运动

*____________________rightists
-Mao’s foresighted trap for intellectuals?
*Or Mao’s ___________ mass movement?
*Mao vs. Intellectuals for _____________
: Why the Anti-rightist Movement became Mao’s first failed
mass movement?
B. The Great Leap Forward 大跃进
*Soviet model economy+ ______________
a. Steel production: To surpass UK/US 超英赶美
-Heavy industry (____)>Agriculture
*__________ backyard furnaces
: Why Mao stressed the heavy industry in the Great Leap
Forward?
b. People's commune 人民公社
-Mao: For ________________
*________ communes in China
*Each commune: _______ households/__________people
*Including factories/schools/banks/nurseries/public
kitchens/old folk homes
*CCP cadres’ mutual competition: “Setting off satellites” in
____________

c. Great famine
*______ million deaths
-Mao’s economic fiasco:
*____________>Machine/technology
+____________>Economic efficiency
-Marx: Classless society/Public ownership>_____________
dynamics
*Mao: ___________>Market/Machine for
____________>Modernization
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: Why Mao’s Great Leap Forward movement caused
the largest human-made disaster in global history?
2. The Cultural Revolution
: Why Mao could launch the Cultural Revolution in 1966 and
led it until 1976?
A. Causes of the Cultural Revolution: ________________
a. Mao’s power struggles
-Defense minister Peng Dehuai (彭德怀, 1898-1974)
*Mao’s Xiangtan county fellow, Hunan province 湖南省湘潭县
*Commander-in-chief in the Korean War
*Dismissed for ________________
-Liu Shaoqi [Liu Shao-chih, 1898-1969) 刘少奇
*Mao’s Hunan provincial fellow 湖南省
*Mao’s Great Leap Forward-Great famine -1959-
*Liu as State Chairman 1959-
*Policy of ___________________
b. Sino-Soviet split
*Khrushchev: Anti-Stalin vs. Mao’s _________

c. Mao’s egalitarianism
-____________ vs. the masses
d. The masses: For ___________________
B. Course of the Cultural Revolution
1) Mao+ Red Guards vs. Liu Shaoqi 红卫兵
*Anti-4-olds: __________________破四旧
-Red Guard: Seized _________power
*Civil wars: Red Guards vs. Worker/Peasant rebels
工人、农民造反派
-Mao + People’s Liberation Army disbanded the Red Guards
*Mao’s heir: Lin Biao 林彪（1907-71）replaced Liu Shaoqi
: Why Mao failed to end the Cultural Revolution in 1969 as he
had planned?
2) Mao, the PLA & Lin Biao
-Mao vs. Lin: For state chairman?
-Lin’s plots to assassinate Mao
*Lin’s flight to USSR/Plane crash
3) Mao+ Gang of 4 vs. Deng Xiaoping [Deng Hsiao-ping, 1904-
97）
-Deng’s _______ vs. Gang of 5’s ___________
-PM Zhou Enlai’s death 周恩来
*Mass memorial service vs. Mao

*Deng Xiaoping’s 2rd dismissal in the Cultural Revolution
-Hua Guofeng (1921-2008) as Mao’s successor 华国锋
*Mao’s death/Fall of Gang of 4
: Was Mao a great savior or a wicked devil for China?
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Li Yinqiao: Mao & The Legend of A White Snake 白蛇传
Question: Why Mao became naked in public?
-Mao
-Victor in ______________
[CCP ______________________________ ]
[Failure to form ________________________]
*Loser in _______________
-Leader of Chinese ________
*China’s ________________
*China as a ______________
-Ally of the West vs. ______
Discussion: Communist views on China (Mar. 11)
-For the students whose names are not on the list below, please
sign into one group in the class of
Mar. 10, next Tuesday.
-The following notice for two bonus marks in the second round
of discussions also appeared at
the end of Week 9 Lecture outlines.

For the 2nd round of discussions and presentations, each student
will receive a maximum
of 2.5 marks, plus 2 bonus marks, if she or he also submits one
page of reading note (typed
double-spaced) DURING group discussion on March 11th, and
another reading note DURING
group discussion on March 18th.
A. The reading note can use point-format to answer the question
for a specific group on
the specific date (see course outline, pp. 5-6).
B. On the second half page of your reading note, quote evidence
(several sentences) for
your points from Fairbank and Goldman’s textbook (with page
numbers), and from at
least TWO SOURCES in Ebrey’s Chinese Civilization (with
page numbers of the
book, no need for footnotes).
C. Under each quotation, use 1-2 short sentences to explain its
meanings and relations
with your point-format answers.
Please notice that the reading notes will be collected by the

instructor and a teaching assistant
ONLY DURING the two classes for group discussions. Late or
online submission is not
accepted. For any student who misses the 2nd-round
discussions, she or he could lose a maximum
of 4.5 marks (4.5 % of final grade).
Reading notes will be returned to students together with
marked term papers during the
final exam time or at an earlier time.
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5
China, the Korean War, and the Cold War (Mar. 13)
: Why the Korean War was the wrong war of all losers? Who
was the biggest loser?
*General Omar Bradley (Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chief of
Staff, 1951): The Korean War was
“the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with
the wrong enemy.”
*The Boxer War vs. the Korean War
*Chinese commander-in-chief Peng Dehuai (1898-1974, 彭德怀)
vs.
U.S. commanders-in-chief: Generals D. MacArthur (1880-
1964)+ M. Ridgway (1895-1993)
1. China and Korea
-Traditional tributary relations
*Ming/Qing China (1368-1912) in 2 Korean wars
-PRC as Asian communist leader
*Mao-Stalin meeting in Moscow

2. Outbreak of the Korean War: Kim Il-Sun's misjudgment on
US policy
-Kim Il-Sung 金日成 (1912-94):
*In China
*In USSR
*Democratic People's Republic of Korea/Soviet-backed
-Republic of Korea: US-backed
*Kim’s ___________ against South Korea
-US defense line: ____________________________
* Kim’s plan of _________/Stalin + Mao’s agreement
-US: NSC 68 Document: _______________________
*Korean War at 38 parallel 6/25, 1950-
: Why Kim Il-Sung’s misjudgment of American policy led to the
Korean War?
3. Expansion of the Korean War: US misjudgment on China’s
response
-US ___________ to Korea
*US _______army to Korea
-UN Security Council’s 2 resolutions

*Gen. MacArthur/___________ to Korea
*US ________________ to Taiwan Strait
-UN troops’ __________ landing
*UN troops recovered South Korea below ________ -9/1950
-Kim’s request to Mao
*PM Zhou Enlai’s 2 warnings to US
*South Korean troops passed ____________
*US troop passed _____________________
: Why American military and political leaders misjudged
China’s response to the war?
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4. Extension of the Korean War: Mao’s misjudgment on US
military
-Chinese People’s Volunteer (CPV) /中国人民志愿军
*Stalin retracted ____________
*CPV entered the Korean War
-CPV’s 1st campaign:
*Caused _______________ casualties
-CPV’s 2nd campaign:
*Drove UN (US) troops ________________
-CPV’s 3rd/4th campaigns:
*CPV crossed ____________________
*UN troops pushed back to __________
-CPV’s 5th-6th campaigns:
*____________ CPV casualties
*__________ fight ________ parallel-Truce 5/21, 1951-7/27,

1953
: Why the Chinese People’s Volunteer first succeeded but later
failed in the war?
5. Impacts of the Korean War on PRC & the Cold War
1) Chinese and UN casualties
*________________ Chinese casualties
*____________ North Korean casualties
*___________ UN casualties (____________US casualties)
*[_________ South Korean casualties]
2) US-led ___________ on China
3) PRC-USSR _______________
*Payment for USSR supplies: _________
4) PRC-Taiwan _________________
5) Death of Mao Anying 毛岸英（1922-50）
6) China’s impacts on the Vietnam War
: Why China was the biggest loser or the biggest winner of the
Korean War?
Sino-Soviet and Sino-West Relations (Mar. 17)

1. The Sino-Soviet Split
: Why USSR tuned from the chief ally of Mao’s China into its
No. 1 enemy?
A. Mao’s Chinese communism vs. Stalin
*Mao in Moscow: ballet Red Puppy
-Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance & Mutual
Assistance 1950-
中苏友好同盟互助条约
*USSR loan: _______(1950)_________(1954)
*__________ specialists helped ______ projects
- PRC’s price for the Korean War: ______________
B. Mao’s global communism vs. Moscow
-Mao’s 2nd visit to Moscow
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*40th anniversary of Russian revolution
*76 communist parties’ meeting
*Mao: East wind prevails over West wind 东风压倒西风
-Khrushchev: 3 “peaceful”policies
C. Mao’s nationalism vs. USSR
*Russia seized _____________
-Mao vs. Khrushchev: Sino-Soviet _____________
*Khrushchev withdrew ________
-Border clashes __________ times
-Zhenbao (Damansky) Island/Manchuria 珍宝岛
*_______ Soviet casualties
*_______ Soviet/______ Chinese casualties

*Brezhnev’s plan for joint US-USSR nuclear attack on China
2. The Sino-West Rapprochement
-Mao/Edgar Snow meeting
*PM Pierre Trudeau: Recognized PRC
*PM Zhou Enlai/US table tennis team
-Henry Kissinger’s secret visit
*Nixon’s visit to China
: Why US tuned from No. 1 enemy of Mao’s China into its
major Western ally?
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Week 9 (Mar. 3/4/6) China and the Cold War
Civilization, sections 86-88.
lectures is slightly different
from that in the syllabus)
The Founding of the Communist State (Mar. 3)
- Complete the lecture on “The Pacific War, Civil War & CCP’s
Victory”
*For details, see Week 8 Lecture outline for Feb. 28.
Yin-Yang Evolution of Modern China & Foreign Powers
1A. Relative unity: Late Qing-Early Republic
1839-1916
1B Disunity by warlords’ civil wars/Entry in WWI 1916-27
2A Relative unity under GMD regime [with German back]
1927-37

2B Disunity by Japanese war & GMD-CCP civil wars 1937-
49
3. Relative unity under PRC vs. Taiwan (+US) 1949-
-People's Republic of China (PRC)
*Mao: People's democratic dictatorship [vs. USSR’s proletarian
dictatorship]
* “New democracy”: Mass line+ United front
*Dictatorship ____-state /_____-army)
1. United front
- “Democratic parties”: Song Qingling 宋庆龄 (GMD): ________
of PRC
-Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
中国人民政治协商会议
*Common Program 共同纲领
*Elected __________ of PRC
-National People’s Congress 中国人民全国代表大会
*Constitution
2. Mass politics
-Land Reform Movement

*Confiscated _______ of China’s land from _________ and
____________
*Distributed land to ___________ and ____________
*Untouched: _________ peasant class
3. CCP party-state
2
-_________________ CCP party committees
People’s governments
at the ___________________________________ levels
*_______ municipalities (+___________)
*_______ provinces (+ __________ )
*_______ minority regions (+___________)
*_____ prefectures/_________ counties/__________townships
4. CCP’s Party-army
-CCP's _________________>Defense ministry
-_______Military regions: Regional commander

Political___________
*Dual leadership to the ___________________ level
5. Mao’s dictatorship
-Chairman of CCP’s ____________________
of PRC’s ____________________ [ Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-
ch’i) 刘少奇]
of CCP's _____________________
-Mao’s Chinese communism: For classless society + Public
ownership via class struggle
*Mao’s China: Classless society?
*___________ classes vs. ___________classes
-Mao’s China: Public ownership?
Question: what was Mao’s greatest fear?
-Mao’s choices of successors:
- Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch’i, 1898-69) 刘少奇: PRC chairman
1959-69
* Lin Biao 林彪 (1907-1971): CCP’s vice chairman 1969-71
*Hua Guofeng （华国锋）（1921-2008）: CCP chairman 1976-81
Yin/Yang dialectic of CCP & GMD

: Why CCP succeed in revolution but failed in modernization (-
1978)?
*Why GMD lost Mainland China but modernized Taiwan?
Presentations of group discussions on Jan. 29 & Feb. 26 (Mar.
4)
Question 1: Group 1 (leader) presents (7 minutes); Group 3
criticizes (3 minutes)
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Students’ Evaluation of Presentations
Name: ______________________ Student ID______________
Group No._________
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Gesture
(Formal & Natural) _____% _____% _____% _____%
Body language
(Use of hands, eye-contact, etc.) _____% _____% _____%
_____%
Speech
(Clear/Right speed/Interesting) _____% _____% _____%
_____%
Contents:

(Correct/Coherent/Sufficient/ _____% _____% _____%
_____%
Right answers to questions)
Average rank of presentation _____% _____% _____% _____%
_____________________________________________________
___________________
Short comments: _____ _______ _______ _______
This evaluation form will be distributed in the class. Students
can evaluate all group leaders’
presentations, but a leader cannot evaluate her or his own
presentation.
The evaluation results will be subject to review by the
instructor. Obviously unfair evaluations
will not be taken into account in the calculation of marks for
each presentation.
Film: Salisbury’s Report on China: Part 2 (Mar. 6)
The documentary film is about the early history of the People’s
Republic of China (1949- ) until
the beginning of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76).

-Pre-film lecture: Explanation for the 2nd-round discussions and
presentations.
*Starting from this class, students will sign into four different
groups for the 2nd round of
discussions and presentations.
* For the 2nd round of discussions and presentations, each
student will receive a maximum of 2.5
marks, plus 2 bonus marks, if she or he also submits one page of
reading note (typed double-
spaced) DURING group discussion on March 11th, and another
reading note DURING group
discussion on March 18th. The reading note can use point-
format to answer the question for a
specific group on the specific date (see course outline, pp. 5-6).
On the second half page of your
reading note, quote evidence (several sentences) for your points
from Fairbank and Goldman’s
textbook (with page numbers), and from at least TWO
SOURCES in Ebrey’s Chinese
Civilization (with page numbers of the book, no need for
footnotes). Under each quotation, use

1-2 short sentences to explain its meanings and relations with
your points.
Please notice that the reading notes will be collected by the
instructor and a teaching
assistant ONLY DURING the two classes for group discussions.
Late or online submission is not
4
accepted. For any student who misses the 2nd-round discussion,
she or he could lose a maximum
of 4.5 marks (4.5 % of final grade).
Reading notes will be returned to students together with
marked term papers during the
final exam time or at an earlier time.
1
Week 8 (Feb. 25/26/28) The Pacific War and Chinese Civil War

326-39; Ebrey, Chinese Civilization,
sections 84-85.
from that in the syllabus)
World War II and Communist Revival (Feb. 25)
-For details, see Week 6 lecture outlines: Feb. 25)
Discussion: Westernized Views on China (Feb. 26)
2
The Pacific War, Civil War & CCP’s Victory (Feb. 28)
Yin-Yang Evolution of Modern China and Foreign Powers
1) Relative unity: Late Qing-Early Republic 1839-
1916
-Disunity by warlords’ civil wars/Entry in WWI 1916-27

2) Relative unity under GMD regime [with German back]
1927-37
- Disunity by Japanese war & GMD-CCP civil wars 1937-
49___
-GMD vs. CCP in WWII
*GMD: Southwest______________
*CCP: Northwest + _____________
-GMD: _____________ dictatorship
*CCP: ______________ dictatorship
-GMD: ______________ fights
*CCP: _______________ warfare
-GMD: Tax/fiscal policies
*CCP: Rural reforms
: Why both GMD and CCP pursued party dictatorship, but the
former declined and
the latter succeeded in WWII?
1. Japan, China & the Pacific War
: Why Japan in 1941 didn’t join Nazi Germany’s invasion of
USSR

but instead initiated the Pacific War against the US/UK and
their allies?
-Japan/Germany/Italy: The Axis Powers
*Anti-Comintern [USSR] Pact
*USSR’s support of GMD/China
*Japan/USSR wars in Zhangguofeng 张果峰战役
In Nomonhan 诺门罕战役
*Germany-USSR Non-aggression Pact
*Japan-Germany-Italy: Tripartite Pact
*Japan-USSR Neutrality Pact
*German attack on USSR
-Japan entered Vietnam
*US-UK-Dutch _________embargo on Japan
*Pearl Harbor attack
-US troops in the Pacific War
*Jiang Jieshi /President Roosevelt/PM Churchill at Cairo
Conference
-China’s contributions to the Allied success in
WWII____________
-Yalta Conference, Crimea:

*USSR joined the Pacific War for _______
-US/UK/China: Potsdam Declaration
*US atomic attacks on Hiroshima/ Nagasaki
*USSR declared war on Japan
*Japan’s surrender
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: Why the second US atomic attack on Japan was strategically
unnecessary?
2. GMD-CCP postwar rivalry
-US airlifted 100,000 GMD troops

*USSR in Manchuria
*CCP’s People’s Liberation Army中国人民解放军
-Jiang/Mao negotiation for:
*__________ government
*_______ assembly
*_______ army
-GMD’s national election/assembly
*President ___________________
*GMD’s use of ______________
*Officials ___________________
*Fiscal policy:_______________
: Why GMD led Chinese success in anti-Japanese war but then
lost popular support?
3. The GMD-CCP Civil War
-GMD: __________ million troops
*CCP ___________ million troops
-GMD’s __________ strategy
*GMD’s occupation of ________
-CCP’s ___________ warfare

*GMD: _______ million troops
*CCP: _______ million troops
-CCP/GMD decisive wars
1) Manchuria campaign 辽沈战役
-CCP Gen. Lin Biao 林彪: _______troops vs. GMD ______
troops
2) Beijing campaign 平津战役
-CCP Gen. Lin Biao: _______troops vs. GMD ______ troops
3) Xuzhou campaign 淮海战役
CCP Deng Xiaoping 邓小平: _______troops vs. GMD ______
troops
-CCP’s seizure of Nanjing 南京
: Why CCP’s military strategies helped its success in its civil
war with GMD?

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Week 6 (Feb. 11/12/14) The Communist Revolution and WWII
REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, 301-
326; Ebrey, Chinese Civilization,
sections 78, 83.
from that in the syllabus, and it also includes the first class
lecture in week 8)

Film: Salisbury’s Report on China: Part 1 (Feb. 11)
-Pre-film lecture: Academic style for exam and term papers
*The film is about early history of the Chinese Communist
Party and its major leaders
Take-home Midterm Examination (Feb. 12)
No class/No lecture
Notice: The class time will be used by students to complete and
submit the take-home midterm
exam papers.
Mao’s Communism & the Long March (Feb. 14)
: What is communism?
What’s similarity/difference between Marxist and Maoist
communism?
1. Mao’s Rural Revolution
A. Rural struggles
-Mao Zedong: the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan province
湖南秋收起义

*Red Army 红军
*Mao: “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun”
枪杆子里面出政权
* Mao Zedong 毛泽东（1893-1976）, native of Hunan Province
湖南省
* No. 1 Marshal Zhu De 朱德 (1886-1976), native of Sichuan
Province 四川省
B. Rural bases
-Jiangxi (Chiang-hsi) Soviet 江西苏区
*Jinggang Mountain: Hunan-Jiangxi borders 井冈山：湖南-江西
*Ruijin region: Jiangxi-Fujian borders 瑞金：江西-福建
*CCP’s rural bases across China
: Why CCP’s rural bases were all located on provincial borders?
C. Rural Soviet
-Chinese Soviet Republic, Ruijin 中华苏维埃共和国，瑞金
*Chairman Mao
D. Rural reforms
*______ reform：Poor peasants vs. landlords > rich peasants

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E. Guerrilla warfare 游击战
-Mao’s guerrilla tactics
The enemy advances, we ______;
The enemy camps, we ______;
The enemy tires, we ______;
The enemy retreats, we ______;
*Mao & 4 CCP’s campaigns against GMD troops
: Was Mao a military plagiarist?
F. Mao vs. CCP Politburo (+Comintern/USSR)
-Mao vs. Bo Gu 博古 (1907-46): Land reform
*Mao vs. Li De 李德 (Otto Braun 1900-74): Guerrilla war
游击战 vs. ______
-German: Gen. Seeckt /GMD Army Trench war 堑壕战:
______

*GMD’s 5th campaign
: Why KMT could defeat CCP in southern China in the mid-
1930s?
2. Long March
-From Jiangxi (south China)->Shaanxi province (Northwest
China) 江西-陕西
*_______ miles / ______ days
*Crossed _____ provinces/_______ cities/______mountain
ranges/_______ large rivers
*Frequency of wars on the Long March
-_________ soldiers [at the beginning] --->_______ survivors
[at the end]
*Women on the Long March
-Zunyi (Tsun-yi) conference 遵义会议
*Mao+ Zhou Enlai vs. Bo Gu + Otto Braun
*Mao as CCP’s chairman?
- CCP’s Shaanxi base & Xi Zhongxun (Hsi Chung-hsün, 1913-
2002) 习仲勋
*CCP’s savior->Mao’s victim->Leading reformer->Father of
PRC’s president at present
3. The Xi’an (Hsi-an) Incident 西安事变
-Red Army in Shaanxi

[Japan’s control of Manchuria 9/18, 1931-]
*Gen. Zhang Xueliang’s Manchurian army: Retreat to Xi’an
-Zhang kidnapped Jiang Jieshi
*Jiang and the 2nd united front
*Mao-Stalin’s exchange
*Gen. Zhang’s half-century house arrest
: Why Mao’s communist was attractive to poor peasants/radical
intellectuals
before 1937 and to more Chinese populace after 1937?
Reading break
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World War II and Communist Revival (Feb. 25)
: When and where did WWII start?
1916
1927-37
- Disunity by Japanese war & GMD-CCP civil wars 1937-
49___
1. Japan’s full-scale war
-Japanese full-scale war starting from Beijing
*Japan’s seizure of Shanghai

*Nanjing Massacre
*Film: In the Name of the Emperor
2. CCP-GMD 2nd united front
-GMD-ruled area: Chongqing (Chungking) 重庆 Southwest
China
*CCP-ruled area: Yan’an 延安 Northwest China
-CCP under the 2nd United Front
*Stop ________ war
*Continued land reform? (Fairbank & Goodman, China, p. 318)
*Rename the Red Army as ________in northern China
as ________in southern China
: What’s difference between the 1st and 2nd united fronts
between GMD and CCP?
3. Jiang Jieshi & GMD in Chongqing (Chungking)/Southwest
China
-GMD and Sun Yat-sen’s 3 People’s Principles
a. Sun Yat-sen’s Principle 1: Nationalism
-_______ control of Southwest China:
*Sichuan/Guizhou/Yunnan provinces 四川省/贵州省/云南省

-________battles against Japanese offensives
*New 4th Army Incident
*Burma Road
b. Sun Yat-sen’s Principle 2: Democracy
-Jiang Jieshi”s new form of dictatorship
c. Sun Yat-sen’s Principle 3: Socialism
-Policy toward peasants ________
*Policy toward economy ________
*Conscription policy _________
: Why GMD lost popular support during WWII?
4. Mao & CCP in Yan’an (Northwest China)
-CCP’s rural bases in Shaanxi (Shaan-hsi 陕西) and Japanese-
ruled areas
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- Mao Zedong Thoughts
* Mao, On Practice (1937)/实践论
*Mao, On Contradiction (1937)/矛盾论
-Mao’s “New Democracy” 新民主主义
a. _______ in governments
b. _______ in policy-making process
: Why CCP in WWII was/wasn’t a democratic regime? Why
was it popular?
-CCP’s Armed struggles
*CCP’s Armies
*CCP’s warfare
[Japanese troops’ “3 all” policy]
-CCP’s rural reforms:

*______ reduction
*______cooperatives
-Mao’s Personal dictatorship
*Rectification campaign 整风运动: Personal thoughts vs. Maoism
*Chairman Mao of CCP
-Mao’s marriages & dictatorship
*Mao & Luo Yigu 罗一姑 (1889-1910)
*Mao & Yang Kaihui 杨开慧（1901-30）
*Mao & He Zizhen 贺子珍 (1909-84)
*Mao & Jiang Qing （Ch’ing）江青（1914-91）
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Week 5 (Feb. 4/5/7) The Nationalist Revolution
REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, 275-
301; Ebrey, Chinese Civilization,
sections 80-81.
lecture in the next week)
-Lectures on “World War I and New Western Influence”/ “The
May 4th Movement vs.
Westernization” (For details, see Week 4 lecture outlines for
Jan. 31 and Feb. 4 classes)/ Feb. 4
The Nationalist Revolution & Soviet Impacts (Feb. 5)
1. Founding of the CCP (the Chinese Communist Party)
-Chen Duxiu turned to Comintern (Communist
International/USSR)
: Why Chinese intellectuals turned away from Western
democracy

to European Marxism and Russian communism?
-CCP’s 1st conference in Shanghai
*13 Chinese intellectuals & 2 Comintern agents
-Mao Zedong (1893-1976)/ Hunan Province
2. The 1st United Front of GMD/CCP
-Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party (Kuomintang,
KMT/Guomindang, GMD)
*Canton Governments: 1917-19/1920-22/1923
: Why Sun’s long-established GMD needed to ally with the
newly formed CCP?
-Sun Yat-sen’s 3 new people's principles
*Nationalism: From anti-Manchu to ____________
*Democracy: From 5-power government to _________
*Socialism (People’s livelihood): Limiting landholding/capital
vs. ___________
: Why and How Sun Yat-sen initiated party dictatorship in
modern Chinese history?
-GMD as a __________ party
*Party discipline
*Democratic centralism

*Party dictatorship
-Sun’s death 1925
-Party-army under Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石) (1887-
1975)
*Whampoa (Huangpu) Military Academy 黄埔军校
-1, 000 USSR _____/______ advisers
*Mikhail Borodin (1884-1951): Chief adviser
*USSR Generals: V. Galen (V. Blyuker) and A. I Yegorov
3. The Northern Expedition 北伐战争
-Jiang Jieshi as Commander-in-Chief
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*Western route vs. Confucian Gen. Wu Peifu in Wuhan 吴佩孚
武汉
*[Central route vs. Bandit Gen. Zhang Zuolin in Beijing] 张作霖
北京
*Eastern route vs. Gen. Sun Chuanfang in Shanghai 孙传芳上海
-Party-state: From Canton to Wuhan/under leftist leaders:
*Song Qingling宋庆龄 (1893-1981)
*Wang Jingwei汪精卫 (1883-1944)
-CCP & Mao: Peasant & labor movements
*May 30th movement
-Jiang Jieshi: Shanghai massacre of _____/________
: Why GMD and CCP split at the end of the North Expedition?
The Nationalist Regime & Foreign Powers (Feb. 7)
1916

1927-37
Sun Yat-sen’s 3 chief bodyguards from Canada
*Overseas Chinese Dare-to-die Vanguards 华侨敢死先锋队
*Ma Xiang 马湘 (1889-1973)
*Huang Huilong 黄惠龙 (1878-1949)
*2-gun[Morris] Cohen 马坤 (1887-1970)
-Jiang Jieshi/Nanjing Government (1927-37): Judged by Sun’s 3
People’s Principles
1. Principle one: Nationalism and the Nanjing regime
A. National unification
-2nd-stage Northern Expedition
*Gen. Zhang Zuolin’s retreat: Beijing->Manchuria
*Japanese assassination of Zhang Zuolin in Mukden (Shenyang)
*Gen. Zhang Xueliang (Hsüeh-liang) 张学良: Manchurian
surrender to GMD
B. National independence
-_______ autonomy
-Japan’s invasion of Manchuria and Northern China

*Jiang’ Jieshi’s (+Zhang Xueliang): __________ policy toward
Japan
: Why the Nationalist government succeeded but also failed in
nationalism?
2. Principle two: Democracy and the Nanjing regime
-Chiang’s 5-power government
* Executive 行政院
*Legislative 立法院
*Judicial 司法院
*Examination 考试院
*Control 监察院
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-Jiang’s personal dictatorship
a. Familial relations
-Jiang’s marriage with Mao Fumei 毛福梅 (1882-1939, m. 1901)
Chen Jieru 陈洁如 (1906-71, m. 1921)
Song Meiling 宋美龄 (1897-2003, m 1927)
*Sun Yat-sen and Song Qingling 宋庆龄
*H. H. Kung 孔祥熙 and Song Ailing 宋蔼龄
*T. V. Song宋子文
-Jiang-Chen brothers: CC Clique of GMD
[Chen Qimei 陈其美 (1878-1916)]
*Chen Guofu 陈果夫 (1892-1951)
*Chen Lifu 陈立夫(1900-2001)
b. German connections
-German military advisers
*Colonel General Hans von Seeckt (1866-1936)
*Central army and _________ warfare
*Cadets of Whampoa Academy: Secret police: _________
*New Life Movement 新生活运动

3. Principle 3: Socialism (people’s livelihood) and the Nanjing
regime
-Bourgeois government?
*Feudal government?
: Was the Nanjing regime a weak or strong party dictatorship?
Film: Salisbury’s Report on China: Part 1 (Feb. 11)
-Pre-film lecture
*The film is about early history of the Chinese Communist
Party and its major leaders
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Week 4 (Jan. 28/29/31) WWI and Chinese Intellectuals

Civilization, sections 76-77, 82.
-Lectures on “The New Policy & Constitutional Reforms”/ “The
1911 Revolution & Asia’s
First Republic” (For details, see Week 3 lecture outlines for
Jan. 24 and 28 classes)/ Jan. 28
Discussion: Chinese Views on the West (Jan. 29)
2
World War I and New Western Influence (Jan. 31)
Yin-Yang Evolution of Modern China and its Relations with
Foreign Powers
1916
*Survived 5 wars with Britain/France/Japan/8 powers 1839-
1901

*Suppressed 4 domestic rebellions + [Boxer uprising] 1851-
1901
-Disunity by warlords’ civil wars 1916-27
2) Relative unity under GMD regime 1927-37
-Disunity by Japanese war & GMD-CCP civil wars 1937-49
3) Relative unity under PRC vs. Taiwan (+US) 1949-
1. Wars in China and World
-Warlord regimes in Beijing
* Warlords: Leaders of personalized armies & divisive politics
*Warlord government in Beijing:
Constitutions/Presidency/Cabinets/Parliament
* [Warlord] PM vs. President/Parliament: China’s entry in
WWI 1917
-Pigtail Gen. Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün) 张勋 restored Emperor
Puyi 溥仪 7/1-12, 1917
*Dog-meat" Gen. Zhang Zongchang (Chang Tsung-ch’ang)
张宗昌 (1881-1932)
-Sun Yat-sen & Southern warlords:
*Sun’s 3 Canton Governments

2. Golden age of Chinese Bourgeoisie
: Use Yin-Ying dialectic to explain why the chaotic period of
warlord regime and
warfare was a golden age of Chinese bourgeoisie (capitalists)
and of cultural
development?
-Chinese chambers of commerce
*Chinese working class
3. Golden age of Chinese culture
-Government schools
*Missionary schools
*1st women’s college
A. Western influence: Individualism
-Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893-1976)/Hunan Province
*Arranged marriage-Ms. Luo 罗氏
*Entered 1st Hunan Normal School
*Lived with Yang Kaihui 杨开慧 (1901-30)
B. Western influence: Feminism
*Soon Qingling 宋庆龄 (1893-1981) married Sun Yat-sen

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C. Western influence vs. Chinese culture
-Western concepts in Chinese
*Liberalism: ziyou zhuyi
*Individualism: geren zhuyi
: Why modern China accepted Western cultures but still kept its
cultural identity?
The May 4th Movement vs. Westernization (Feb. 4)
: Why the May 4th Movement introduced but also rejected
Western cultures?
1. The New Culture Movement
A. Chen Duxiu (Du-hsiu) 陈独秀 (1879-1942)/Studied in Japan
-Journal New Youth 新青年

*Communist leader
B. Hu Shi 胡适 (1891-1962)/Studied in US
-Literary revolution 文学革命
*Historical research on classics
C. Lu Xun (Hsün) 鲁迅 (1881-1936)/Studied in Japan
-Vernacular novel 白话小说
*Anti-Confucianism： Diary of a Madman 狂人日记
*Arranged marriage/Filial piety to mother
-Supporter of communism
D. Li Dazhao 李大钊 (1888-1927)/Studied in Japan
-Beijing University’s chief librarian
*1st Marxist scholar
*Communism for nationalism
: Why leaders of the New Culture Movement still stuck with
Chinese tradition?
2. The May 4th Demonstration
: Was the May 4th Movement a pro-West movement? Or anti-
West movement?
*Versailles Peace Conference for WWI
*China’s contributions to WWI

*US President Wilson: Self-determination of nations
*Allied powers affirmed Japan’s control of Shandong
Peninsular 山东半岛
-Beijing: 3,000 student protest in Tian’anmen square
*Slogans: "Returning Shandong to China" 归还山东
“Down with foreign powers" 打倒列强
-Students attacked 2 pro-Japan ministers
*Police arrest of 32 students
-Student protests in 200+ cities
*Students’ 3 demands
-Shanghai student/merchant/worker strike
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*Students’ success
: Why the May 4th Movement succeeded? Because of mass
demonstrations/strikes?
*Zhongping Chen: “The May Fourth Movement and Provincial
Warlords: A Reexamination.”
Modern China (Los Angeles) 37. 2 (2011): 135-69.
-Intellectuals’ turn to Marxism/Masses
*Chen Duxiu turned to Soviet communism
-Mao Zedong around 1919
*Assistant librarian at Beijing University
*Hunan student leader/Communism
*Summer investigation in Hunan province
: Did the May Fourth Movement help/or kill Chinese

democracy?
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Week 3 (Jan. 21/22/24) The Republican Revolution

-Lectures on “The Self-strengthening movement” and “The 1898
Reform and Boxer
uprising” (For details, see Week 2 lecture outlines for Jan. 15
and 17 classes)/ Jan. 21
Elite Reformers and Revolutionaries (Jan. 22)
-Explanation for the schedule of group discussions and
presentations
*Students sign into 4 groups for the 1st round of group
discussions
: What is the similarity and difference between reform and
revolution?
1. Elite Revolutionaries
-Sun Yat-sen 孙逸仙 [中山] (1866-1925):
*A Cantonese or Hakka 客家?
*Moved to Hawaii/became a Christian
-Sun’s rise as the Father of Republican China (国父)
*Founded the Revive China Society 兴中会, Honolulu
*Sun’s 1st visit to Victoria, Canada

* Sun joined the Triad Society, Hawaii
-The Triad in Victoria
*ABC/CBC Triads: Chee Kung Tong 致公堂 (Public-Spirited
Society)
-Sun: Revolutionary League 同盟会, Tokyo 1905-
-3 people's principles 三民主义:
*Nationalism 民族主义
*Democracy 民主主义
*Socialism 民生主义
-Sun’s 10 uprisings 1895 –4/1911 (Canton)
*Victoria’s Triad Society’s donation to Sun’s Canton uprising
-Triad Society’s split with Sun after the Republican Revolution
1911-
*Sun: Provisional president of the Republic of China
1912
* The Triad Society became Chinese Zhigong Party/中国致公党
* The Triad Society became Chinese Minzhidang (Chinese
People’s Party) 民治党
*Dart Coon Club 达权社

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2. Elite Reformers
-Kang Youwei 康有为 (1858-1927) in Victoria 4-10/1899
*For constitutional monarchy
*Founded the Chinese Empire Reform Association (Society to
Protect the Emperor 保皇会):
1st Chinese global political organization starting from Victoria
-Kang Tongbi 康同璧 (1881-1969) in Victoria 1903
*Founded the Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association
(Women’s Society to Protect the
Empero 保皇女会):
1st Chinese Women’s transnational political organization
starting from Victoria
-Fall of the Chinese Empire Reform Association 1908-
The New Policy & Constitutional Reforms (Jan. 24)

1. Causes of the New Policy Reform 新政, 1901-11
: Was Empress Dowager Cixi a diehard conservative? Or a
leading reformer?
*Pressure after the Boxer fiasco
*Manchu centralization of power
2. Contents of New Policies
: Why the New Policy Reforms brought revolutionary changes
to China?
A. Educational reforms
-New schools
*Students abroad
*Civil service examinations -1905
B. Political reforms
a. Administrative reforms
*From Zongli Yamen (Foreign Office, 1861) to _____________
*From 6-boards (AD 581-) to _____________
b. Constitutional reform
-Death of Emperor Guangxu 光绪 and Empress Dowager Cixi

慈禧
*The last emperor: Emperor Xuantong (Hsüan-tung)宣统 and the
regent: Prince Chun 醇王
-Election of provincial assemblies 咨议局: The 1st Chinese
experiment with democracy
*National Assembly 资政院
*Royal cabinet 皇族内阁
*Councils: Town/city/county/prefecture
C. Economic reform
-Fiscal reform
*Gentry-levied lijin 厘金
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*National/provincial budgets
-Railway nationalization 铁路国有
*Sichuan revolt vs. Railway nationalization 四川铁路运动
*Qing New Army’s transfer from Wuchang 武昌 to Sichuan
: Why the Chinese democratic experiment with constitutional
monarchy failed?
D. Military reform
- Yuan Shikai 袁世凯 & New Army新军
*To build 36 divisions of New Army
*Officer training in Japan: Chiang Kai-shek/Jiang Jieshi 蒋介石
(1887-1975)
The 1911 Revolution & Asia’s First Republic (Jan. 28)
-Wuchang Uprising 武昌起义: By the New Army
: Why Sun Yat-sen was an absent “Father of Republican
China”?
*Shanghai Uprising by Sun’s Revolutionary League
*15 provinces declared independence from the Qing government
-Republic of China 中华民国

*Nanjing Provisional Government 南京临时政府
*Sun Yat-sen: Provisional President 临时大总统孙中山
-Beijing/Qing Court: PM Yuan Shikai 袁世凯
*Emperor Xuantong’s abdication
*The Last Emperor Xuantong-Puyi 宣统/溥仪 (1906-67) and his
love-hate with 5 wives
: What’s historical significance of the 1911 Revolution?
-Yuan Shikai’s presidency vs.
Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party 国民党 (Kuomintang,
KMT/Guomindang, GMD)
*KMT’s success in national election
-Yuan assassinated Song Jiaoren 宋教仁 (1882-1913)
*Yuan dissolved parliament/assemblies
*Japan’s 21 demands
*Yuan’s restoration of emperorship
*Yuan’s death and the beginning of warlord era
: Why the Chinese democratic experiment with republicanism
failed?

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Week 2 (Jan. 14/15/17) China’s Early Modernization
(Westernization?)
206-34; Ebrey, Chinese Civilization,
sections 70-71, 73.

The Taiping Revolt and Christianity (Jan. 14)
-Completing lecture on “The Opium War and treaty system”
-Question about weekly topic: China’s Early
Modernization=Westernization?
*The Taiping Revolt as the largest “Christian” movement in
China
1. Causes of the Taiping Revolt
A. Population pressure
*Rice agriculture and population growth in southern China
B. Socioeconomic inequality
-Landlords vs. peasants
* Manchu vs. Han Chinese
*Cantonese vs. Hakka 客家 (Guest people) [Hakkas and their
temple in Victoria]
*Males vs. females
C. Christian impacts
-Hong Xiuquan (Hsiu-chuan ) 洪秀全 (1814-64): Hakka,
Guangdong Province

*Failures in prefectural-level [lowest] civil service exams
*Hong’s vision of meeting “God” and “Jesus”
*Hong formed the God Worshippers’ Society 拜上帝会, Guangxi
province 广西
: Why Hong’s “Christianity” was popular among his Chinese
followers?
2. Course of the Taiping Revolt
-Taiping Kingdom (太平天国 Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace)
in Guangxi province 1851-
*Hong: Heavenly King of Taiping
*Yang Xiuqing (杨秀清 Hsiu-ch’ing): Eastern King/Commander-
in-Chief
-Taiping mobile war: From Guangxi province to Nanjing 南京
*Nanjing as the Heavenly Capital 天京
-Taiping system
*Hong’s palace
*Six-board system (Boards of Civil
service/Finance/War/Ritual/Justice/Public work)
*________ of men and women
*Common treasury
*Land _________

3. Causes of Taiping Failures
A. Military failure
B. Power struggles
-Hong vs. Eastern King Yang Xiuqing
C. Diplomatic ignorance
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-Taiping vs. Britain and France
D. Cultural destruction
-Taiping vs. Confucian Generals: Zeng Guofan (曾国藩 1811-
1872)
E. Strategic mistakes
-Taiping vs. Nian Rebels (捻军) and Muslim Rebellions
*Fall of Nanjing, Taiping Kingdom
The Self-Strengthening Movement (Jan. 15)

(自强运动/洋务运动: Early modernization)
1. Qing leadership & Modernization
Yin-Ying dialectics 阴阳辩证法
*Yin-Ying dialectics of Qing China’s strength/weakness &
successes/failures
*Yin-Yang Evolution of History
A. Manchu central leadership [For lecture only; No need to
remember the following names]
-Emperor Xianfeng (Hsien-feng) 咸丰帝 (b. 1831，r. 1850-61)
*Empress [Dowager] Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) 慈禧 (1835-1908) vs. Queen
Victoria (1819-1901)
*Emperor Tongzhi (T’ung-chih) 同治帝 (r. 1862-75) vs. Emperor
Meiji (Japan), 1852-1912
*Emperor Guangxu (Kuang-hsü) 光绪帝 (r. 1875-1908)
*Emperor Xuantong (Hsuan-t’ung) 宣统皇帝 (r. 1909-12)
-Prince Gong 恭亲王 (1832-98) & _______ modernization
B. Chinese provincial leadership
-Zeng Guofan 曾国藩 (1811-1872) & _____ modernization
*Li Hongzhang 李鸿章 (1823-1901) & ____ modernization
2. Modernization within tradition

-“Chinese learning as the ________, Western learning for
practical use”中体西用
*The Shanghai Railway: The fate of the 1st railway in China
*The unsinkable Marble Boat in the Yihe Summer Palace vs.
Loss of 2 Chinese naval fleets
: Why late Qing China succeeded in suppressing 4 rebellions but
failed in the Self-
strengthening Movement?
The 1898 Reform and Boxer Uprising (Jan. 17)
1. Causes of Political Reforms
A. The failure of the Self-strengthening Movement
a. The Sino-French War
-Loss of the __________ Fleet 南洋水师
b. The Sino-Japanese War
-Loss of the __________ Fleet 北洋水师
-Treaty of Shimonoseki 马关条约
B. Rise of Confucian reformism
-Statecraft 经世致用
-Kang Youwei 康有为 (1858-1927)

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*Confucian evolution
*Datong 大同书 Great Harmony：An origin of Maoism
C. Imperialist partition of China
-Russia & Liaodong peninsular 辽东半岛
*Germany & Shandong peninsular 山东半岛
*France & Guangzhou Bay 广州湾
*Britain & New Territories (Hong Kong) 香港新界
2. The 100-Day-Reforms
-Emperor Guangxu 光绪帝 (r.1874-1908)
vs. Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) 慈禧 (1835-1908)
- Guangxu’s reform edicts
*For Metropolitan (Beijing) University
*For civil service examinations
*For sinecure officials

*For national assembly/constitution
-Tan Sitong 谭嗣同 (1865-98) vs. Gen. Yuan Shikai 袁世凯
(1859-1916)
*Empress Dowager Cixi’s coup
*Execution of Tan & 5 reformers
: Why the 1898 political reforms failed?
3. Boxer Uprising & Empress Dowager Cixi
-Anti-Christian Boxers 义和团 & Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) 慈禧
a. Common concern about __________
b. Common objective of __________
- Boxer：Origin in Shandong Province 山东
* “Invulnerable” to gun/canon 刀枪不入
“Oppose the Qing/Destroy the foreign” 反清灭洋
-Boxer in Beijing/Cixi’s support
“Support the Qing/destroy the foreign” 扶清灭洋
-Cixi’s declaration of war on foreign powers
*Siege of 8 foreign legations
-8 Nations/Allied expedition to Beijing
*UK/US/Germany/France/Italy/Belgium/ Austria/Japan
*Cixi + Emperor Guangxu fled to Xi’an (Hsi-an) 西安
(Northwest China)

-The Boxer Protocol
Late Qing China/Mughal India/Tokugawa Japan: Which was the
strongest power?
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HSTR 265B China and the Modern West (1839-2019)
(Spring semester, 2020)

A survey of modern Chinese history from 1839 to 2019, or from
the beginning of
China’s full-scale contacts with the modern West, through its
Republican, Nationalist and
Communist revolutions, until its reentry into the world system
as a global power.
Week 1 (Jan. 7/8/10, 2019) Introduction
REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 1-
25, 198-205; Ebrey, Chinese
Course Orientation (Jan. 7)
-China: Its linguistic origin
*Pinyin and Wade-Giles spelling systems of Chinese terms
-China and the Modern West: Culture divergence in Family-
Given names 姓名
in forms of address 称谓

*Quiz (not for course credit or causeless fun! ) :
Guess how many forms of address [for relatives only] in
Chinese?
-Modern China’s historical changes and Western impacts:
*Late Qing (Ch’ing) reforms 晚清改革
*Republican/Nationalist/Communist Revolutions
共和革命/国民革命/共产主义革命
*Post-Mao reforms 毛时代之后的改革
-Modern China’s historical continuity vs. modern West:
*in terms of science/technology/Christianity
*in terms of Marxism/market /democracy
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2
-Chinese folk song in 2009
1949: Only ___________ can save China,
1979: Only ___________ can save China.
1989: Only China can save ___________
2009: Only China can save ___________
1919-2019: Only ________ can save China [by Z. Chen]
What is History?/ Why modern Chinese history matters?
*To Know China from 1839: An oriental loser?
*To Know China by 2019: A global power?
*To understand China as Canada’s old foe
*To understand China as Canada’s close friend
*Quiz (not for course credit or causeless fun! ) :
Why China regarded Canada as the most friendly county in the
West before 2018?
-Canada-China in 2018-19: Foes or Friends?
*Arrest & extradition of Huawei Co. 华为公司 CFO Meng
Wanzhou 孟晚舟 2018-

*Comparison of arrest and extradition of Meng Wanzhou and
_________ by Canada
-Introduction to Textbooks:
*John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New
History.
Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press, 2006.
*Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook.
New York: The Free Press, 1993.
-Requirements:
1). Class participation 10%
[including class attendance/performance 5%]
[including group discussions/presentations 5%]
Notice: only 8 elected group leaders will give presentations in
classes
2). Term paper 20%
3). Midterm exam (take-home) 30%
4). Final exam 40%
-Questions & Answers
Land, People and Culture (Jan. 8)

1. Land
-China and Canada: Geographically similar or different?
A. Geographic isolation
-Geographic isolation of premodern China
Why premodern China maintained cultural continuity but
suffered cultural decline?
-Geographic “isolation” of modern China
/-
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Why pre-WWII China differed from India and Japan in face of
Western challenges?
B. Geographic variety
a. Topographic variety
-2 major rivers in China
b. Climatic variety
-Monsoon 季风 (seasonal wind)
*Climatic differences in Inner Asia and China proper
*Climatic reason for China’s large population
2. People

-History of Chinese population AD 2-1851
*Demographic reason for China’s technological decline
*Population pressure and China’s social revolutions
-Contemporary Chinese population 2005-
Who are the “Chinese?”
3. Culture
What’s culture?
A. Cultural diversity
- Cultural diversity in cuisine
in clothing
in speech
B. Cultural unity
- Cultural unity in writing system
in Confucianism
The Opium Wars and Treaty System (Jan. 10)
1. Causes of the 1st Opium War
A. Tribute system vs. British imperialism

*Portugal/Holland as tribute states 1670-
*Britain: Lord Macartney’s mission to China/Emperor
Qianlong(r. 1736-96): 83 birthday 1793
*Ritual dispute-> failed mission
: Why Lord Macartney’s mission reflected a cause of the Opium
War?
B. Self-sufficiency vs. British [free] trade
-Canton System 1757-
*13 merchant-guild (Cohong)
*Wu Bingjian 伍秉鉴(1769-1843): Qing China’s Bill Gates
: Why Qing China had right/did not have right to close its door
to British trade?
C. Opium issue
-British tea import/Trade deficit in Canton
*British illegal opium export to China
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*Chinese opium/fiscal crises
-Poppy (opium) in Western/Chinese cultures
*John McCrae (Canadian poet/officer in WWI, 1872-1918)
"In Flanders Fields"
In Flanders fields the poppies blow

Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the dead, short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
: Why opium trade was crucial to both Britain and Qing China
but poppy has different
images in British (+Canadian) and Chinese minds?

-Imperial commissioner Lin Zexu (Tse-hsü) 林则徐 (1785-1850)
*Anti-opium campaign in Canton 1839
Could Commissioner Lin’s anti-opium policy help Canada’s
anti-opioid campaign?
2. The 1st Opium War 1839-42
-War in Tianjin/abortive agreement
*war in Canton-Shanghai-Nanjing
-Reasons for Qing (Ch’ing) China’s failure
3. Consequences of the 1st Opium War
-Sino-Anglo Treaty of Nanjing 南京条约
*Qing China’s treaties with US/France
4. The Arrow War (2nd Opium War) 1856-60
-Chinese ship Arrow
*China vs. France: Missionary issue
*British/French troops in Canton/Dagu Fort (Tianjin)
*The rejection of the Treaty of Tianjin by Emperor Xianfeng
(Hsien-feng)咸丰 (r. 1850-61)
-Anglo-French Expedition to Beijing
*Robbed/Burned Yuanming Summer Palace 圆明园
*Convention of Beijing

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Why Canada was related to the Arrow War and to the
destruction
of the Yuanming Summer Palace?
5. Treaty System
a. Unequal treaties:
b. Treaty ports
-Shanghai: Chinese county city+International Settlement+
French Concession

Prof. Zhongping Chen’s another course in Spring 2020
HSTR 366 War & Revolution in China
(Spring semester, 2020)
A study of dynamic interaction between wars and revolutions as
well as military and
political changes in modern China up to the mid-twentieth
century. Focuses on the
escalation of China’s civil wars and its military engagements
with foreign powers in 1600-
1950. Guerrilla tactics, intelligence operations, mobile warfare
and decisive battles will
receive special attention.
36107470000606

Copyright © 1993 by Patricia Buckley Ebrey
Copyright © 1981 by The Free Press
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without
permission in writing from the Publisher.
The Free Press
A Division of Simon & Schuster Inc.
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, N.Y. 10020
www.SimonandSchuster.com
Printed in the United States of America
printing number
17 19 20 18
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chinese civilization: a sourcebook / edited by Patricia Buckley
Ebrey.—2nd
ed., rev. and expanded.

p. cm.
Rev. and expanded ed. of: Chinese civilization and society.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-908752-X
eISBN-13: 978-1-4391-8839-2
1. China—Civilization—Sources. 2. China—History—Sources.
I. Ebrey,
Patricia Buckley II. Chinese civilization and society.
DS721.C517 1993
951—dc20 92-47017
CIP
CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents According to Topics
A Note on the Selection and Translation of Sources
Map of China
I. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
1. Late Shang Divination Records. The questions and answers
inscribed
on oracle bones used to communicate with divine powers

2. The Metal Bound Box. A scene in which the Duke of Zhou
offers his
life to the ancestors in place of his nephew the king, from the
Book of
Documents
3. Hexagrams in the Book of Changes. Two passages from an
ancient
diviners’ manual
4. Songs and Poems. Songs of courtship, feasting, and war, from
the Book
of Songs
5. The Battle Between Jin and Chu. Description of the
strategies,
jockeying for position, and boasting of a major battle, from the
Zuo
zbuan
6. Confucian Teachings. Passages from the Analects, Mencius,
and Xunzi
7. Daoist Teachings. Passages from the Laozi and Zhuangzi
8. Legalist Teachings. Passages from the Book of Lord Shang
and Han
Feizi
9. Two Avengers. From the Intrigues of the Warring States
10. Social Rituals. The procedures to be followed when an
inferior visits a
superior and vice-versa, from the Book of Etiquette and Ritual

II. THE QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES
11. Penal Servitude in Qin Law. From excavated wooden-strip
documents
12. The World Beyond China. From Sima Qian’s Historical
Records
13. Heaven, Earth, and Man. From the writings of Dong
Zhongshu
14. The Debate on Salt and Iron. A court debate between the
Legalist
prime minister and the Confucian scholars about the role of the
government in economic matters
15. The Classic of Filial Piety. A popular primer that glorifies
the virtue of
filial devotion
16. Wang Fu on Friendship and Getting Ahead. A second-
century man’s
cynical view of how men get ahead
17. Women’s Virtues and Vices. An exemplary biography of a
model
woman, the lament of a man whose wife was far from model,
and a
woman’s admonitions to girls on how to behave
18. Yin and Yang in Medical Theory. The theory behind
traditional
medicine, from the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal
Medicine

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