The Korean War and the Sino-US Confrontation Lecture plan of this week Overview of the Korean War China’s involvement Domestic and international impacts Puzzles and answers A framework to understand PRC foreign policy (suggested by Thomas Robinson) North Korean tanks crossed the 38th parallel A Country Divided: The historical background August 15, 1945, the Soviet Union entered into North Korea; September 8, 1945, the US troops arrived in South Korea: Korea was divided along with the 38th parallel Early developments of the warJune 25: South Korea fought back Jun 27: U.S. President Harry Truman announced U.S. support to South Korea, and dispatched the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Strait Late June to early Sept, North Korea almost occupied the whole peninsula Sep 11: Truman approved the crossing of the 38th parallel Sep 15: The Inchon landing Dramatic changes of the war situations, June 25, 1950-Apr 22, 1951 The War didn’t last longLate November 1950: South Korea gained predominanceJanuary 1951: A kind of balanceApril: Stagnation June 23: Soviet diplomat Malik proposed talksJuly 10: The talks opened July 1953: The War ended  19 nations were involved into the war Oct 19, 1950: Chinese troops advanced into Korea Photo: Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River China’s Involvement Chinese “volunteer” soldiers prepared to advance in their Fifth Offensive of the Korean War, April 1951 China’s military preparation to participate during the period from late June to mid-Oct, 1950July 13, China set up a force of about 300,000 soldiers to defend its northeast borders Sept 19, Chinese military officers went to North Korea for surveying the terrain By the end of Sept, China got ready for military actions But the political decision was difficult to makeOct 2nd, Mao telegraphed Stalin, indicating China’s willingness to send some troops to the Korea War But soon later China retreated from the stance Oct 8th, Zhou Enlai was sent to Soviet Union for convincing Stalin that China was not able to send troops Oct 8th, when Zhou was on the flight to Moscow, in Beijing Mao convinced the CCP Politburo that China should be involved into the Korean War Mao changed mind Reaching the final decisionZhou’s diplomatic task was altered to negotiate with USSR for the Soviet logistic supports to the Chinese troops in Korea Oct 18th, Mao issued the order to the Chinese troops for crossing the Yalu Mao took the responsibility for making the final decision Among the Impacts: China-N. Korea vs. USA ‘Bloody friendship’ between China & North Korea From Sino-Soviet alliance to Sino-American confrontation This was the overall confrontation (not only military) Domestic anti-U.S. mass mobilizations 556 millions of Chinese yuan were collected through mass donations, worth about 3,710 fighters ‘Resisting America, assisting Korea’: A major mass campaign in the early 1950s in Chinese politics ‘Who are the most beloved pers ...

1. The Korean War and
the Sino-US Confrontation
Lecture plan of this week Overview of the Korean War
China’s involvement
Domestic and international impacts
Puzzles and answers
A framework to understand PRC foreign policy (suggested by
Thomas Robinson)
North Korean tanks crossed the 38th parallel
A Country Divided: The historical background
August 15, 1945, the Soviet Union entered into North Korea;
September 8, 1945, the US troops arrived in South Korea: Korea
was divided along with the 38th parallel
Early developments of the warJune 25: South Korea fought back
Jun 27: U.S. President Harry Truman announced U.S. support to
South Korea, and dispatched the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Strait

2. Late June to early Sept, North Korea almost occupied the whole
peninsula
Sep 11: Truman approved the crossing of the 38th parallel
Sep 15: The Inchon landing
Dramatic changes of the war situations, June 25, 1950-Apr 22,
1951
The War didn’t last longLate November 1950: South Korea
gained predominanceJanuary 1951: A kind of balanceApril:
Stagnation
June 23: Soviet diplomat Malik proposed talksJuly 10: The talks
opened
July 1953: The War ended
19 nations were involved into the war
Oct 19, 1950: Chinese troops advanced into Korea
Photo: Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River
China’s Involvement
Chinese “volunteer” soldiers prepared to advance in their Fifth
Offensive of the Korean War, April 1951

3. China’s military preparation to participate during the period
from late June to mid-Oct, 1950July 13, China set up a force of
about 300,000 soldiers to defend its northeast borders
Sept 19, Chinese military officers went to North Korea for
surveying the terrain
By the end of Sept, China got ready for military actions
But the political decision was difficult to makeOct 2nd, Mao
telegraphed Stalin, indicating China’s willingness to send some
troops to the Korea War
But soon later China retreated from the stance
Oct 8th, Zhou Enlai was sent to Soviet Union for convincing
Stalin that China was not able to send troops
Oct 8th, when Zhou was on the flight to Moscow, in Beijing
Mao convinced the CCP
Politburo that China should be involved into the Korean War
Mao changed mind
Reaching the final decisionZhou’s diplomatic task was altered
to negotiate with USSR for the Soviet logistic supports to the
Chinese troops in Korea
Oct 18th, Mao issued the order to the Chinese troops for
crossing the Yalu
Mao took the responsibility for making the final decision

4. Among the Impacts: China-N. Korea vs. USA
‘Bloody friendship’ between China & North Korea
From Sino-Soviet alliance to Sino-American confrontation
This was the overall confrontation
(not only military)
Domestic anti-U.S. mass mobilizations
556 millions of Chinese yuan were collected through mass
donations, worth about 3,710 fighters
‘Resisting America, assisting Korea’: A major mass campaign
in the early 1950s in Chinese politics
‘Who are the most beloved persons?’
Chinese saga of fighting Americans as an enduring legacy of

5. patriotism
The fate of the Chinese Commander in Korea Marshall Peng
Dehuai
Peng with Kim in Korea
Mao sent his eldest son into the war. He died in Korea, which
had consequences in Chinese politics
The Enigma of China’s InvolvementWhy did Stalin decide NOT
to be directly involved into the War?
Why did Mao decide to join?
What is Chen Jian’s explanation? Do you agree or not? Why?
China vs. USA: GDP in 1950
China: 39 billion US$
USA: 329 billion US$
*
Chart1USAChina
Sales

6. 329000000000
39000000000
Sheet1SalesUSA329,000,000,000China39,000,000,000To resize
chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.
China vs. USA: Foreign Trade in 1950
Chart1USAUSAUSAChinaChinaChina
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
24100000000
0
Sheet1Series 1Series 2Series 3USA24,100,000,000China0To
resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.
China vs. USA: Finance in 1950
USA
The world's only creditor nation, with a gold-backed dollar
serving as a reserve currency for international trade as
mandated by the Bretton Woods international finance regime
China
The new CCP regime was struggling against inflation
crisis that had troubled the previous KMT regime, and the PRC
had very small financial budget
China vs. USA: Military Power in 1950
USARecently emerged as a major winner of the second world
warVirtually the sole nuclear power in the worldAdvanced
weapons and military equipmentPowerful navy and air forces

7. ChinaJust after about three decades of wars
Backward weapons and equipment
Virtually no navy and air forces
Domestic situation in ChinaThe Civil War was not really
finished, as some parts of the mainland were still beyond
control of the CCP
The PLA was preparing to cross Taiwan Strait
Massive supporters of the KMT regime were at large and even
influential in local and social life
Tremendous challenges in economic reconstruction and
development
Back to the Puzzle
Why did China enter the Korean War?
What best explains China’s decision of doing so?
Different explanationsChen Jian: Sino-Soviet alliance, domestic
power consolidation (Communist revolutionary China)
Michael Sheng: Ideology, revolution (also, communist
revolutionary China)
Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue: National interest, security
concerns, nationalism, and realpolitik (nationalistic, powerful
China)
Whiting: Perception and misperception (understanding of
‘security’), communication and miscommunication (‘cultural’
China?)

8. Compensation to Stalin’s Cost in the Shaping of the Sino-Soviet
Alliance
From Stalin’s geopolitics
to Mao’s
ideological & political calculations
Robinson’s sextet of comprehending PRC foreign policy
Three domestic factors: The primary of politics (revolutionary
politics, Mao’s personality)
The weight of the past (revolutionary experience, such as united
front strategies within triangle relationships, Chinese
experience with imperialism, ancient Chinese wisdoms)
The importance of ideology (Marxism-Leninism and Mao
Zedong Thought, anti-imperialism)
Three international factorsThe foreign policies of the
superpowers (USA and USSR)
The structure of international system (global and Asian
regional, bipolarity)
China’s calculation of its relative power and interests
Meeting Schedule AdjustmentThe classes on Feb 20 (Monday)

9. will be cancelled due to the instructor’s conference trip
The lecture topics will be accordingly adjusted
ReminderThe first book review is DUE on Jan 30 (next
Monday) by 3:00 pm
Name your document as “Poli 319 [or Hstr 365c] BR1 Your Last
Name”
Hand in as a WORD document attached to your email to
[email protected]
The negative impact of the Cultural Revolution on China’s
economy, culture and education
Thesis statement: The cultural revolution had many negative
impacts on several areas, such as economic, education and
culture, thus leading China's development to stop for 10 years,
in addition, the soul of that generation of citizens were caused
indelible harm.
Introduction: As Heberer argued that the ‘Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution’ is a political and social movement in the
territory of the People's Republic of China between May 1966
and October 1976, which could be seen as a great Chinese
trauma in twentieth century, and the party leadership declared
this period to be a “ten-year catastrophe, which had led to
national chaos” in 1991. (2009:165) This essay will outline and
critically evaluate three key areas that were influenced strongly
in the Cultural Revolution. ( Heberer, 2009:165) Comment by
Guoguang Wu: I urge you to focus on only one aspect of one
field of these broad three (economy, culture, and education). No
a serious paper (and even a book) can cover such three huge
fields.

10. BP1: Economic
1 As Harmel state, Poor quality of many economic
infrastructures resulted in a slow development of economic
because the government built a great number of factories which
could immediately offer twenty million to have a work at the
end of the Cultural Revolution. (Harmel,2016:40)
2 During the period of the Cultural Revolution, the whole ten
years, the government did not increased wages, but after the
1977s, the government had greatly increased wages, which
resulted in inflation. (Zhou,2016:289) Comment by Guoguang
Wu: You may simply focus on this, and develop your entire
paper around this topic.
BP2: Education
1 Cultural Revolution introduced a new educational system,
which led to the closure of urban schools. The number of junior
and senior schools doubled due to an increase in the number of
students. By considering the schools that were closed for almost
two years and the increase in the population, there was a major
negative impact on the senior and junior attainment years.
2Due to the disruptions in learning, the substance of education
was also affected. According to Li, (2001), universities started
selecting students who belong3 to specific social classes such as
workers, peasants, and soldiers. Such an aspect led to a
downgrade in the academic standards within the Chinese
society. Comment by Guoguang Wu: ?
BP3: Cultural
1 During the Cultural Revolution, Mao decided to replace the
old culture with a new culture. According to Guoqiang &
Walder, (2011), the change of the old culture was a strategy by
Mao to attack the intellectual community in China. Mao led to
the destruction of cultural values, religious customs, and
traditions.
2 After the death of Mao, his efforts of destroying the old
culture were merely successful. The introduction of new

11. leadership orientation created a way in which the leadership
focused more on politics. The new form of leadership under the
communist party used the cultural remains in preserving its
history and for political purposes (Mitler, 2008).
Conclusion:
In conclusion, The cultural revolution had many negative
impacts on several areas, such as economic, education and
culture, thus leading China's development to stop for 10 years,
in addition, the soul of that generation of citizens were caused
indelible harm. The cultural, educational, and economic reforms
negatively affected the Chinese community on a greater scale
that it is still felt in the modern China. Comment by Guoguang
Wu: What is your research question with a question mark?
References
Guoqiang, D., & Walder, A. G. (2011). Local politics in the
Chinese Cultural Revolution: Nanjing under military control.
The Journal of Asian Studies, 70(2), 425-447.
Harmel, Robert, and Yao-Yuan Yeh. “Attitudinal Differences
within the Cultural Revolution Cohort: Effects of the Sent-
down Experience.” The China Quarterly, vol. 225, 2016, pp.
234–252.
Li, X. (2001). The Chinese cultural revolution revisited. China
Review, 137-165.
Mittler, B. (2008). Popular propaganda? Art and culture in
revolutionary China. Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, 152(4), 466-489.
Thomas Heberer (2009) The “Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution”: China's
modern trauma, Journal of Modern Chinese History, 3:2, 165-
181
Zhou, Dong. “The Long-Term Impacts of the Cultural
Revolution: A Micro-Analysis.” Labour, vol. 30, no. 3, Jan.
2016, pp. 285–317., Comment by Guoguang Wu: The outline is

12. not viable for a paper. Also, you failed to follow the guidelines
for outline writing. The length is much more beyond the page
limit.
5/10