A tale of two cities in this power point presentation it is about life after and before french revolution ,some major effects of french revolution with key points as 1.end of bourbon rule in France. 2. change in land ownership in France. 3. loss in power of the French catholic church. 4. the birth of ideologies. 5. the rise of modern nationalism. 6.the spread of liberalism. 7.wars and destruction. 8. anti-war and my opinion. wars and destruction in french revolution , anti war and my view point.

1. DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL,
INDORE
english holiday
homework
SUBMITTED BY :- KANAK GARG
CLASS :- 8 ‘C’
SCH.NO. :- 4797

2. A TALE OF TWO CITIES
Introduction :-
 The action of A Tale of Two Cities takes place over a period of about eighteen years, beginning
in 1775 and ending in 1793.
 The novel shows that Dickens regarded the condition to be an "evil" one: "since he depicts both
countries as rife with poverty, injustice and violence due to the irresponsibility of the ruling
elite1 ". As the novel unfolds, however, England becomes a safe haven for those escaping the
violence perpetrated by the French Revolution. In this article, the social problem in A Tale of
Two cities and its effect on the popular confidence in the stability of England in the eighteen-
fifties is raised. So, the focus here is on the way Dickens captures the extremes of idealism and
terror of the revolutionary period of the late 18th. The injustice of equal treatment for unequal
crimes reflects Dickens' everpresent concern with social justice, but it hardly compares with the
unrest and injustices in France. A Tale of Two Cities is crucial for interpretation of the novel,
suggesting that the opposing Cities of Paris and London constitute the true protagonists in the
novel, transcending the importance of the main characters.
BY :- CHARLES DICHKENS

3. SOME REASONS WHY THE REVOLUTIONOCCURRED:-
 France could not produce enough food to feed its people.
 The newly wealthy middle-class – merchants with a bit more education than
the average peasant, but less power than the average nobleman - was
growing rapidly Peasants hated the ancient feudal system; they were forced
to work for local nobles.
 New ideas about social and political reforms were spreading.
 The peasants who were sent to fight and die in America wondered why they
did not have the same rights.

4. LIFE BEFORE FRENCH REVOLUTION :-
 Shortly before the French Revolution, a small percentage of the population comprised
of the clergy and a few nobles were known to be quite wealthy and lived a luxurious
lifestyle. However, the majority of the population consisting of peasants was living in
abject poverty. People would spend days searching for employment without luck, and
when they finally found work, the pay was only enough to feed their families.
 Most people lived in the countryside, as the conditions there were a bit bearable as
compared to city life. Urban residents generally had a shorter life span since the air was
filled with pollution while water was quite dirty. Disease outbreaks were quite rampant
leading to many deaths both in the city and the countryside.
 The huge economic gap between peasants and the elite is one of the primary reasons
why the revolution began. Peasants were also not afforded equal rights as those who
were considered wealthy, and this intensified the discontent of the people of France
during that time.

5. LIFE AFTER FRENCH REVOLUTION :-
 The revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution i.e. equality and liberty changed the clothes
people wore, the language they spoke and the books they read. Laws were passed to translate
these ideals into everyday practice.
 One important law that came into effect soon after the storming of the Bastille in 1789 was the
abolition of censorship. In the Old Regime all written material and cultural activities could be
published or performed only after they had been approved by the censors of the king.
 Now the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" proclaimed freedom of speech and
expression to be a natural right. As a result, newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed
pictures flooded the towns of France from where they travelled rapidly into the countryside.
They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France.
 Freedom of press also meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each side
sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print.
 Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people. The visual and oral art
forms became very popular among the common mass which could not read and write in the
18th century.
 The majority of men and women could now easily understand the ideas of equality, liberty and
justice.

6. SOME MAJOR EFFECTS OF FRENCH REVOLUTION
#1 END OF BOURBON RULE IN FRANCE
The House of Bourbon is a French Dynasty that
had ruled France for over 400 years. Its reign was
disrupted by the French Revolution. Monarchy was
abolished in France in 1792 and replaced with
the Republican form of Government. Although the
Bourbon monarchy was restored after the downfall of
Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, it lasted till only
1830 when it was finally overthrown in the July
Revolution. Also, during the Revolution, the royal
guard of the Bourbon monarchy was replaced by
the National Guard, the revolutionary army whose role
was to protect the achievements of the French
revolution. By the end of 1793, the National Guard
comprised of 700, 000 well trained soldiers that
protected people and their property.

7. #2 CHANGE IN LAND OWNERSHIP IN FRANCE
MANORIALISM WAS AN INTEGRAL PART OF
FEUDALISM BY WHICH PEASANTS WERE RENDERED
DEPENDENT ON THEIR LAND AND ON THEIR LORD.
TITHES WAS ONE TENTH OF ANNUAL PRODUCE OR
EARNINGS TAKEN AS A TAX FOR THE SUPPORT OF
THE CHURCH. BOTH THESE TAXES WERE
ABOLISHED DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
TWO THIRDS OF FRANCE WAS EMPLOYED IN
AGRICULTURE AND ABOLITION OF THESE TAXES
BROUGHT MUCH RESPITE FOR THE PEASANTS.
ALSO, WITH THE BREAKUP OF LARGE ESTATES
CONTROLLED BY THE CHURCH AND THE NOBILITY
DURING THE REVOLUTION, RURAL FRANCE
PRIMARILY BECAME A LAND OF SMALL
INDEPENDENT FARMS. IT MIGHT BE SAID THAT THE
REVOLUTION BEQUEATHED TO THE NATION “A
RULING CLASS OF LANDOWNERS.”

8. #3 LOSS IN POWER OF THE FRENCH
CATHOLIC CHURCH
PRIOR TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, CATHOLICISM HAD
BEEN THE OFFICIAL RELIGION IN FRANCE AND THE FRENCH
CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS VERY POWERFUL. IT
OWNED AROUND 10% OF THE LAND. IT ALSO
RECEIVED TITHES, WHICH WAS ONE-TENTH OF THE
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF THE COMMON PEOPLE TAKEN AS
TAX TO SUPPORT OF THE CLERGY. FROM THIS DOMINANT
POSITION, THE FRENCH CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS ALMOST
DESTROYED DURING THE REVOLUTION. ITS PRIESTS AND
NUNS WERE TURNED OUT, ITS LEADERS EXECUTED OR
EXILED, ITS PROPERTY CONTROLLED BY THE STATE AND
TITHES WAS ABOLISHED. THE CONCORDAT OF 1801, AN
AGREEMENT BETWEEN NAPOLEON AND THE CHURCH,
ENDED THIS PERIOD AND ESTABLISHED RULES FOR A
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHURCH AND THE FRENCH
STATE. THOUGH THE CONCORDAT RESTORED SOME OF
THE TRADITIONAL ROLES OF THE CHURCH, IT DIDN’T
RESTORE ITS POWER, LANDS OR MONASTERIES. ALSO
RELIGIOUS WORSHIP COULD NEVER BECOME AS
PROMINENT IN FRANCE AS BEFORE.

9. #4 THE BIRTH OF IDEOLOGIES
AN IDEOLOGY MAY BE DEFINED AS A DOCTRINE ABOUT THE BEST FORM OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION GAVE BIRTH TO IDEOLOGIES. IN FACT THE TERM
IDEOLOGY WAS COINED DURING THE REVOLUTION. PRIOR TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, PEOPLE
GENERALLY LIVED IN THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT HAD BEEN IN PLACE FOR CENTURIES AND
THAT FORM WAS MONARCHY IN MOST PLACES. HOWEVER, AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, NO
GOVERNMENT WAS ACCEPTED AS LEGITIMATE WITHOUT JUSTIFICATION. THE REPUBLICANS
CHALLENGED THOSE WHO FAVORED THE MONARCHY. EVEN WITHIN REPUBLICANS, SOME
ADVOCATED A GOVERNMENT DIRECTED BY THE ELITE WHILE OTHERS PREFERRED A MORE
DEMOCRATIC STRUCTURE. SEVERAL IDEOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES AROSE DUE TO THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION INCLUDING NATIONALISM, LIBERALISM, SOCIALISM AND EVENTUALLY COMMUNISM.
#5 THE RISE OF MODERN NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion or allegiance to a nation and places
these obligations above other individual or group interests. The French Revolution initiated the
movement toward the modern nation-state and played a key role in the birth of nationalism across
Europe. As French armies under Napoleon Bonaparte captured territories, the ideology of Nationalism
was spread across Europe. The Revolution didn’t only impact French Nationalism but had a profound
and long lasting impact on European intellectuals. Due to this, struggle for national liberation became
one of the most important themes of 19th and 20th-century European and world politics.

10. #6 THE SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
LIBERALISM IS A POLITICAL AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY
BASED ON LIBERTY AND EQUALITY. DURING THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION, HEREDITARY ARISTOCRACY
WAS OVERTHROWN WITH THE SLOGAN “LIBERTY,
EQUALITY, FRATERNITY” AND FRANCE BECAME THE
FIRST STATE IN HISTORY TO GRANT UNIVERSAL MALE
SUFFRAGE. THERE WERE TWO KEY EVENTS THAT
MARKED THE TRIUMPH OF LIBERALISM DURING THE
REVOLUTION. THE FIRST WAS THE ABOLITION OF
FEUDALISM IN FRANCE ON THE NIGHT OF 4TH AUGUST
1789. THIS MARKED THE COLLAPSE OF FEUDAL AND
OLD TRADITIONAL RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES. THE
SECOND WAS THE PASSAGE OF THE DECLARATION OF
THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN IN AUGUST
1789. THE DECLARATION IS REGARDED AS A
FOUNDATIONAL DOCUMENT OF BOTH LIBERALISM AND
HUMAN RIGHTS. DUE TO THE SUCCESS OF THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION, LIBERAL GOVERNMENTS WERE
ESTABLISHED IN NATIONS ACROSS EUROPE, SOUTH
AMERICA AND NORTH AMERICA THROUGH THE 19TH
CENTURY. THUS THE REVOLUTION IS CONSIDERED A
DEFINING MOMENT IN LIBERALISM.

11. WARS AND DESTRUCTION :-
 According to British historian Niall Ferguson, France is the most successful military power in
history. The French participated in 50 of the 125 major European wars that have been fought
since 1495; more than any other European state. They are followed by the Austrians who
fought in 47 of them, the Spanish in 44 and the English (and later British) who were involved
in 43. Out of 168 battles fought since 387BC, they have won 109, lost 49 and drawn 10.
 inequality is also a measure point for the wars in the france revolution.
 The French Revolution is famous for its rapid and violent destruction of feudalism and
“secularization.”
 The damage done by the French Revolution to southern French history in particular is
incalculable.
 France was the victor of both wars and hostilities temporarily ended with the Treaty of
Amiens in 1802, by which Great Britain recognised the French Republic. George III followed
the French Revolutionary wars with the same active interest that he had a decade and more
earlier with the War of American Independence.

12. ANTI-WAR
An anti-war movement is a social movement, usually in opposition
to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed
conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The term
anti-war can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all
use of military force during conflicts, or to anti-war books,
paintings, and other works of art. Many activists distinguish
between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war
activists work through protest and other grassroots means to
attempt to pressure a government to put an end to a particular
war or conflict or to prevent it in advance.
MY views on importance of anti-war :-
The anti-war movement did force the United States to sign a
peace treaty, withdraw its remaining forces, and end the draft
in early 1973. Throughout a decade of organizing, anti-war
activists used a variety of tactics to shift public opinion and
ultimately alter the actions of political leaders.