Gastrointestinal tract for the lessons

1. Classification of internal organs:
INTERNAL
ORGANS
viscera, splanchna
PARENCHYMAL
liver, kidney…
TUBULAR
Oesophagus,
trachea
GLANDS
TUBULAR
(SIMPLE,
COMPOUND)
ALVEOLAR
(SIMPLE,
COMPOUND)
STROMA PARENCHYME

2. General plan of the structure ofGeneral plan of the structure of
cavitas (tubular) organscavitas (tubular) organs::
• Mucose
membrane
(inner);
• Muscular layer
(middle);
• Serous or
adventitial
(outer).

3. Mucous, muscular & serous layersMucous, muscular & serous layers
of the stomachof the stomach

4. Mucose membrane of the
stomach.

5. The structure of the wall of different
departments of the alimentary tube

6. The serous layer of the abdominalThe serous layer of the abdominal
cavity is the peritoneumcavity is the peritoneum
• It has two layers: visceral, covering internal
organs & parietal, lying walls of the abdominal
cavity.

7. The relation of organs with theThe relation of organs with the
peritoneumperitoneum
By the relation with the peritoneum all
organs of the abdominal cavity are
grouped as: intraperitoneal,
mesoperitoneal & extraperitoneal (or
retroperitoneal)

8. DEPARTMENTS OF THE ALIMENTARYDEPARTMENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY
CANALCANAL
• Oral cavity,
• pharynx,
• esophagus,
• stomach,
• Small &
• large intestine.

9. FUNCTIONS OF THE ALYMENTARY SFUNCTIONS OF THE ALYMENTARY SYYSTEMSTEM
• it provides storage,processing of ingest, and
elimination of unabsorbed component (faeces)
• it secretes enzymes and lubricants which
facilitate the passage of the ingest
• it absorbs nutrients and other materials and
passes them into the body
• it propels material within it by muscular action
• it has defensive, immunology properties
• it houses microorganisms
• its epithelial lining forms barrier between its
lumen and the true interior of the body.

10. Motor function:

11. л

12. Absorption function

13. Evacuation function

14. Internal organs develop fromInternal organs develop from
endoderm & mesodermendoderm & mesoderm

15. DEVELOPMENT OF THEDEVELOPMENT OF THE
ALIMENTARY SYSTEMALIMENTARY SYSTEM
• Alimentary
system is
developed on
3-4th
weeks of
the
development
from the
primitive gut,
which is
closed on the
cranial and
caudal ends

16. FORMATION OF THE ORAL ANDFORMATION OF THE ORAL AND
ANAL PITSANAL PITS
• They appear on the
cranial and anal ends
on the 1st
month of
embryonic
development
• They form two
layered membranes
from ectoderm and
endoderm:
pharyngeal and anal
• They are broken till
end of the 5th
week of
the development
Pharyndeal
membrane
Anal
membrane
entoderm
ectoderm
Viteline duct

17. s u p e r io r , p r o x im a l h a lf
o f d e s c e n d in g p a r t o f
d u o d e n u m ,
p a n c r e a s a n d d u c ts
b u c c a l c a v ity , p h a r y n x ,
o e s o p h a g u s , s to m a c h ,
r e s p ir a to ry s y s te m ,
liv e r, g a llb la d d e r ,
F O R E G U T
r e m a in in g d u o d e n u m ,
je ju n u m , ile u m
c a e c u m , a p p e n d ix ,
a s c e n d in g c o lo n
M ID G U T
d e s c e n d in g c o lo n ,
s ig m o id c o lo n ,
r e c tu m a n d a n a l c a n a l
to th e a n a l v a lv e s
H IN D G U T
P R I M I T I V E G U T
foregut midgut hindgut
Oral
cavity
anus

18. BUCCAL CAVITY DERIVES FROM BOTHBUCCAL CAVITY DERIVES FROM BOTH
ECTODERMAL AND ENDODERMALECTODERMAL AND ENDODERMAL
REGIONSREGIONS
• The pharyngeal arches form
the mandibular and the
maxillary prominences
• The opening of the
stomodeum bounded
cranially by the frontonasal
prominence, caudally by the
mandibular prominences and
laterally by the maxillary
prominences

19. ROTATION OF THE STOMACH AND FETAL GUTROTATION OF THE STOMACH AND FETAL GUT
• The stomach has two rotations. The first 90° clockwise,
viewed from the cranial end, the second 90° clockwise
about an anteroposterior axis, so its right surface
becomes dorsal and its left ventral
• The proximal limb of the primary intestinal loop moves
to the right and the distal limb to the left having already
rotated through an angle of 90°

21. • Caecum may remains
below the liver
• Rotation of organs on the
left side is called situs
viscerus inversus

22. 1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
1
2
34
5
6
7

24. 1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8