4. HOPI
• Presented in some private hospital in Sialkot
• Vomiting for 2 days Half a cup of gastric contents,
3-4 episodes per day, associated with oral intake, not
relieved with medications
• Abdominal pain for 1month Left hemi abdomen,
dull, moderate, no migration/radiation, partially
relieved by medication, no aggravating factor
5. • Attendants did not notice any mass
• But attending physician noticed a mass in left flank
on examining the child
• At Sialkot initial management done and on workup
pt. diagnosed as a case of left renal mass and
referred to CHL.
6. Systemic Inquiry
No H/O constipation/ diarrhea, hematuria, dysuria,
facial flushing, cough ,fever or lower limb swelling
7. Birth & Family History
• Born of non consanguineous marriage
• S.V.D at term
• 3rd among 4 siblings.
• No other siblings have any significant medical or
surgical history.
11. GPE
• Healthy looking playful child with average built sitting
comfortably in mothers lap.
• Weight 12 kg
• Normal looking except for loss of hairs on head
• No Pallor, jaundice, cyanosis, lymphadenopathy
• Vitals
• Pulse: 110/min
• Temp: 98 F
• BP: 95/70 mmHg
• RR: 30 breaths/min
12. Systemic Examination
● Abdominal Examination
Abdomen soft, distended on left side with 7x7 cm firm
to hard mass in left lumbar area, bimanually palpable
and ballotable. No visceromegaly or other mass.
13. • Respiratory System
• B/L Non vesicular breathing, no added sound
• CVS
• No murmur appreciated on auscultation, apex beat normal
• CNS and Motor/Sensory
• Grossly intact, No weakness in any limbs, intact sensation
14. Management at CHL
● Pt was received in Oncology department
● Baselines and Radiological investigations performed
● Biopsy of mass performed
● Chemotherapy commenced as 8 cycles
doxyrubicin, vincristine and dactinomycin
17. Ultrasonography
● A solid hyperechoic lesion measuring
12.8x9.8x8.6cm is noted arising from lower pole
of left kidney
● Right kidney and rest of organs appeared normal
with no significant findings
26. MDT
● Plan made to involve cardiac surgery and go for left
nephrectomy with extraction of thrombus.
● Cardiac surgery team to perform extraction of intra
cardiac and thoracic part of IVC thrombus
● Peadiatric Surgery to perform Nephrectomy and
thrombolectomy from intra abdominal part of IVC.
27. SURGICAL PLAN
Sternotomy for atrial thrombus removal under Cardiac Bypass
plus Trans-abdominal left sided Radical Nephrectomy, venous
thrombus removal and lymph node biopsy
28. Pre Op Preparation
● Shifted to Surgery ward
● Detail explanation of procedure to parents
● Informed consent obtained
● Optimization of patient for surgery
● ICU bed availability with ventilator
● Fresh labs & arrangement blood and components
● Detailed discussion with cardiac surgery for plan of action
29. Cardiothoracic Surgery
● Median sternotomy
● Cardio pulmonary bypass machine
● Evacuation of thrombus from RA thoracic part of
IVC
32. Nephrectomy + Thrombectomy
● Left supra umbilical transverse incision
● A 15*7 cm mass with enlarged precaval, para-
aortic and mesenteric lymph nodes, along
with thrombosed renal vein and thrombus
extending to IVC
● Nephrectomy with lymph node dissection
33.
34. ● Partial control of IVC was taken with Satinsky clamp
to prevent decreased pre load
● Thrombectomy performed
● IVC repaired
● Drains placed in pelvis and renal bed
37. Post Operative Management
● Pt shifted to cardiac ICU on elective mechanical
ventilation
● Extubated on 2nd post op day
● Started oral liquids on and shifted to SICU on 3rd pod
● Urinary catheter out on 4th pod
● Drains out on 6 th pod and shifted to ward
● Patient discharged after establishing oral diet on 9th pod
38. Post op Echo
● No residual mass in IVC
● No residual mass in RA & RV
● Good biventricular function
39. Histopathology Report
● 13x8.5x7cm mixed type triphasic Wilm’s Tumor.
● RA and IVC Thrombus involved by tumor
● Para-aortic lymphnodes involved
● Mesenteric lymphnode not involved
41. GROSS EXAMINATION
Case No. 1320-26/2022
1462) Received a left radical nephrectomy measuring 15 x 7 x 6cm.
Ureter measuring 10 x 0.4cm. The specimen was bivalved. There was a
tan white firm tumour measuring 13 x 8.5 x 7cm (80% viable and 20%
necrotic), capsule is 0.1cm away from tumour. Normal kidney
measuring 2 x 0.5cm. Small cysts identified grossly. Renal sinus fat and
hilum was not identified grossly. Representative sections were taken as:
A = Ureter resection margin B = Hilum
C = Perinephric fat D = Hilar blood vessels
E = Tumour with capsule F = Tumour with normal kidney
G = Normal kidney H-U = Sections from tumour
42. 1321) Received two pieces of tissue, larger measuring 2.5 x 2 x 0.2cm
and smaller measuring 1.5 x 1 x 0.5cm, representative sections were
taken in two blocks.
1322) Received a single piece of tissue, measuring 2 x 1 x 0.2cm,
passed entirely in one block.
1323) Received a single piece of tissue, measuring 5 x 2 x 1.5cm,
hemorrhagic areas seen grosly, representative sections were taken in four
blocks.
1324) Received a single piece of tissue, measuring 1.5 x 1 x 0.4cm,
bisected and passed entirely in one block.
1325) Received a single piece of tissue, measuring 1.5 x 1.5 x 1cm,
bisected and passed entirely in one block.
1326) Received a single piece of tissue, measuring 2 x 1 x 0.4cm,
bisected and passed entirely in one block.
49. OPINION
• 1321) Thrombus from renal vein, biopsy. Involved by Tumour.
• 1322) Wall of renal vein, biopsy. Free of Tumour.
• 1323) Thrombus from IVC, biopsy. Involved by Tumour.
• 1324) Hilar lymph node, biopsy. Reactive Lymph
Node.
• 1325) Para aortic lymph node, biopsy. Involved by Tumour.
• 1326) Mesenteric lymph node, biopsy. Reactive Lymph
Node.
50. Follow up
● Follow up was done on 15th post op day
● No active issues
● Wounds were healthy, stitches were removed.
● Currently patient is on H/oncology followup
52. RENAL TUMORS
●6.3% of childhood cancers
●Include
○Wilms Tumour
○Renal Cell Carcinoma
○Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney
○Rhabdoid Tumour of the Kidney
○Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
○Renal Cystic Tumour
○Angiomyolipoma
53. WILMS TUMOUR
● Nephroblastoma or Renal Embryoma
● 91% of paediatric renal tumors
● 6% of all paediatric tumors
● Named after Carl Max Wilhelm Wilms, a German
pathologist and Surgeon
54. EPIDEMIOLOGY
●2nd most common malignant abdominal tumor after
neuroblastoma.
●Risk in general population is 1:10,000.
●Mean age at diagnosis is 36 months
●Most children present between 12 to 48 months of
age.
●Unilateral or bilateral
58. ● Fever, Anorexia, Weight loss (10%)
● Left varicocele ( due to extension of tumour into renal vein)
● Cardiac malfunction (extension into atrium)
● Acute Abdomen (rare, due to tumour rupture and
haemorrhage)
⮚ Generally, children with WT are healthy toddlers with
palpable abdominal mass
60. DIAGNOSIS
● ULTASONOGRAPHY
○ Site of origin and extension
○ Sensitive for intravascular extension
● CT SCAN
○ Confirms renal origin of mass
○ Rules out bilateral Wilms Tumour
○ Confirms presence of metastasis if any
61. ● MRI
○ Avoids radiation exposure
○ Distinguish nephrogenic rests from WT
○ Follow up children with bilateral WT after resection
● Echocardiography
62. SCREENING
● Children at high risk for developing WT (syndromics )
● Scan every 3 to 4 months.
● Confirmation with CT or MRI needed
63. PATHOLOGY
● Embryonal tumours with all components seen in normal
developing kidneys, including:
○ Blastemal
○ Stromal
○ Epithelial tubules
● Class WT is triphasic, containing all
● Biphasic and Monophasic lesions also occur.
64. ● Monophasic can be very invasive and difficult to
distinguish
● Histologically 2 groups:
○ Favourable Histology almost 90%
○ Unfavourable Histology anaplastic, clear cell sarcoma of
kidney and rhabdoid tumours
65. Favorable Histology
• Triphasic pattern of
blastema, epithelial and
stromal tissue
• Small uniform nuclei
• Good response to treatment
Unfavorable Histology
• Higher degree of anaplasia
• Hyperchromatic, pleomorphic
nuclei larger than 3 times of
adjacent cells
• Abnormal mitotic figures
• Poor response to treatment
66. PRETREATED TUMOURS AND
PATHOLOGY
● Pre-treated tumours differ in histology from non
treated tumours.
● Chemotherapy may either produce necrosis of
tumour or differentiation of tumour.
● Without neoadjuvant chemotherapy:
○ Triphasic mixed histology (45%)
○ Blastemal (39%)
○ Epithelial dominant (15%)
68. STAGING
● Local Staging: refers to abdominal disease.
● Disease Stage: considers both local and distant
hematogenous metastatic disease.
● Described by:
○ COG (children oncology group)
○ SIOP (Societe Internationale D'oncologie Pediatrique)
69.
70.
71. TREATMENT
● Based on studies by COG and SIOP.
● According to COG protocols:
○ Nephrectomy
○ Chemotherapy
○ Radiotherapy
72. ● According to SIOP protocols:
○ Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
○ Nephrectomy
○ Chemotherapy
○ Radiotherapy
73.
74.
75.
76. SURGERY
● Mainstay of either treatment regimen.
● Fundamental Tasks include:
i. Safe resection of tumour
ii. Accurate staging of tumour
iii. Avoidance of complications that will upstage tumour
iv. Correct documentation of intraoperative findings
and details of procedure
77. ● Factors that negatively affect patient survival include:
i. Tumour spills
ii. Failure to biopsy lymph nodes
iii. Complete tumour removal
iv. Failure to assess for extra-renal tumour extension
v. Surgical complications
78. TECHNICAL CONCERNS IN
UNILATERAL TUMOURS
● Wide abdominal exposure using transverse
transabdominal or thoracoabdominal incision
● Complete removal of Gerota fat and fascia.
● Complete mobilization of tumour.
● Ligation of renal artery first when ligating renal
pedicle.
● Renal vein should be palpated first for any
intravascular extension and then ligated.
79. ● Adrenalectomy if mass arises in upper pole of kidney.
● Ligation and division of ureters as low as possible.
● Sampling of lymph nodes: hilar, pericaval and para-aortic
nodes.
● In case of invasion into surrounding structures, en bloc
resection should be avoided
● Liver metastasis should be treated with adjuvant
chemotherapy and resection should be avoided.
80. UPSTAGING OF TUMOUR
● SPILL: refers to break in tumour capsule;
transaction of ureter or renal vein while these
structures are containing tumour.
● RUPTURE: traumatic or spontaneous rupture of
tumour pre-operatively; incisional biopsy; tumour
invading capsule with open neoplastic tissue surface
being in contact with peritoneal cavity.
⮚All these events makes child stage 3; so such
events must be documented carefully.
81. MANAGEMNT OF
EXTENSION IN RENAL
VEIN, IVC & ATRIUM
● Detected pre-operatively
by USG/CT/MRI
● Neo-adjuvant
chemotherapy if tumour
thrombus extends into
IVC at the level of liver
or higher.
82. ● Palpation of renal vein before tumour mobilization
of kidney.
● If tumour extends into renal vein or IVC below level
of liver it should be removed en bloc with kidney by
taking control of renal vessels above and below the
kidney.
• If tumour thrombus still persists above level of liver
it should be removed by putting patient on
cardiopulmonary bypass.
84. Drawbacks of IVC & Cardiac
Extension
• Extended course has no additional benefits
• Sugical morbidity
• Prlonged surgery time
• Increased blood loss
• Prolonged hospital stay
• Complications
85. CHEMOTHERAPY
● Dactinomycin remains the mainstay of treatment
regimen today.
● FAVORABLE HISTOLOGY TUMOURS:
○ WITHOUT LOH:
○ Stage I&II: 18 weeks of vincristine &
dactinomycin; OS 98.4% and 98.7%
○ Stage III&IV: 24 weeks of vincristine,
dactinomycin and doxorubicin
86. ● Bone marrow transplant has been performed with
EFS rates of 36% to 60% in these small series.
87. Take Home Message
● The surgical resection of Wilms tumor with
intravascular extension remains a formidable
challenge.
● This complicated task is achieved by
multidisciplinary approach