8. Drainage of abscess
• Removal of pus .
• Relieves pain.
• Reduces the bacterial load.
• Improves the blood supply.
• Prevents the development of life threatening
complications.
• Cause of abscess development is to be
determined.
9. How to drain an abscess ?
• Emergency chamber opening of tooth.
• Extraction of tooth.
• A surgical stab incision with 11# blade. A drain
is placed to keep the incision open.
11. Periapical surgery
• Also called periradicular surgery.
• Involves :
-surgical exposure of root apex (RCT treated)
-apicectomy and currettage
-retrograde filling
-closure of defect
16. Indications of periapical surgery
• Anatomic problems preventing complete
debridement or obturation.
• Restorative considerations that compromise
treatment.
• Horizontal root fracture with apical necrosis.
17. • Irretrievable material preventing canal
treatment or retreatment.
• Procedural errors during treatment.
• Large periapical lesions that do not resolve
with root canal treatment.
19. Contraindications for periapical
surgery (or cautions)
• Unidentified cause of RCT failure.
• When conventional root canal treatment is
possible.
• Combined coronal treatment & apical surgery.
• When retreatment of a failed rct is possible.
20. • Vital structures in jeopardy.
• Structures interfering with access & visibility.
• Compromise of crown root ratio.
• Systemic complications (bleeding disorders).
23. 2.Flap design
• A properly designed flap results in good
healing.
• Features of a properly designed flap ?
24. properly designed flap
• Wider at the base.
• Incision lies on healthy bone, not on the
resorbed bone over the pathology.
• The vertical incision lines should not be at 90
degrees to the base of the flap.
• Incision should be over the line angles of
tooth.
• Interdental papilla should be saved.
26. Types of flaps
• According to incision :
Semilunar incision.
Submarginal incision.
Full mucoperiosteal incision.
• According to shape :
2 cornered
3 cornered
27. Semilunar incision
• Submarginal curved.
• Slightly curved half moon horizontal incision in
alveolar mucosa.
• Easy reflection & quick access to peri radicular
structures.
• Limits providing full evaluation of root surfaces.
28. • If a root is fractured, performing a root ressection
is not possible , through this incision.
• Incision is primarily based on unattached mucosa,
heal more slowly and greater chances of
dehiscence.
• Excessive bleeding and scarring. Contraindicated
in endodontic surgery.
30. Submarginal incision
• Horizontal component of submarginal incision is in
attached gingiva with 1 or 2 vertical releasing incision.
• Generally the incision is scalloped in horizontal line,
with obtuse angles at the corners.
• Incision is used most successfully in maxillary anterior
region.
• Pre requisite is 4mm of attached gingiva and good
periodontal health.
31. • Major advantage is esthetics.
• Leaving the gingiva intact around margins of
the tooth is less likely to result in crown
resorption and tissue recession with crown
margin exposure.
• Lesser risk of incising over the defect and
better access & visibility.
33. Full mucoperiosteal incision
• Is made into the gingival sulcus, extending to
the gingival crest.
• Includes elevation of interdental papilla, free
gingival margin, attached gingiva & alveolar
mucosa.
• Preferred over the other 2 designs.
34. • Provides;
maximum access & visibility.
Not incising over the lesion or bony defect.
Fewer tendencies for hemorrhage.
Complete visibility of root.
Lesser scarring.
• Disadvantages :
flap is difficult to replace and suture.
More chances of gingival recession.
37. 4. Incision & reflection
• Full thickness incision is made through the
periosteum.
• Reflection of the flap, vertically then
horizontally.
• Elevator must rest on bone.
38. 5. Periapical exposure
• Frequently the bone overlying the apex is
resorbed.
• If the opening is small, it is enlarged with a
surgical bur.
• Bony window should be adquate.
• Root apex can be approximated with the help of
probe and radiograph.
40. Root end ressection
• It removes the region which most likely had
poorest obturation. Lateral canals and distal
curvatures are usually present in this region.
41. Root end ressection
• Before sectioning, a trough is created around
apex, to expose & isolate the root end.
• Bevelling in faciolingual direction.
• By minimizing the length of bevel, fewer
dentinal tubules are exposed, redcuing the
apical leakage.
43. 7. Root end preparation
• After root end ressection, it should be
prepared to facilitate retrograde obturation.
This prevents leakage.
• The depth of preparation must be atleast
1mm.
• Ultrasonic instruments offer better control &
ease of use. Better cleaning.