Examples Of Theoretical Constructs

Examples Of Theoretical Constructs
Theoretical Constructs Personality theories differ from the perspectives of theorists. Each theorist describes and perceives personality according to
their understanding. Therefore, the essay provides a number of different perspectives regarding the case of John. Therefore, when evaluating the case
of John one ought to decide which approach to use.
Phenomenological Theorists The phenomenological theory is also identified as a humanistic theory. Through the phenomenological theory, a person
constructs an exclusive world. The theory of phenomenological theory by Carl Rogers is centered on the theory of Snygg and Combs. Human
motivation stands as the main drive that steers towards growth promoting individuals to fulfill their natural and unique ... Show more content on
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Through the phenomenology theory, the thinking of the patient gets analyzed in order to identify the ideal situation from the felt situation. Through
the phenomenological theory, behavior is triggered by past experiences. In the case of John, his behavior may be linked to his experiences with the
male genome in his family. His father and grandfather committed suicide in the early 30s. It is normal for the behavior of John to change in regard to
this past experiences. Past experiences determine the manner in which one perceives and sees the event as well as the reaction to provide to it. John
does not show any signs of thoughts or perception linked to committing suicide. However, the anxiety and depression that he has may be linked to the
past experiences that have occurred in his life. Reality in John's life is centered to his unique behavior where he believes that he will commit suicide
but does not talk about since it stands as a normal thing for a male in his family. Therefore, in reference to the phenomenological theory, personal
positive growth may be industrialized through understanding the phenomenological worlds of the patient (Vandenbos, Meidenbauer, & Frank–McNeil,
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Social Construct
Social scientists define social construct as a social mechanism, phenomenon or category created and developed by society; a perception of an
individual, group, or idea that is constructed through cultural or social practice. Social constructs or social constructions define meanings, notions, or
connotations that are assigned to objects and events in the environment and to people's notions of their relationships to and interactions with these
objects. In the domain of social constructionist thought, a social construct is an idea or notion that appears to be natural and obvious to people who
accept it but may or may not represent reality, so it remains largely an invention or artifice of a given society. Depending on the constructionist
perspective,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another example is the scientific racism; this comes out when they start to measure brains and other body parts to compare it to animals. Whites are
seen as advantaged, and non–whites are inherently viewed as poor, uneducated, violent criminals.
In conclusion, race has been proven to be a social construction, as defined by social scientists. To compare a black man to an orangutan is humiliating
and dehumanizes blacks as whole. This tactic benefited elite whites for centuries, justifying black oppression. And when less–desirable whites are then
compared to blacks, this divides blacks and whites that were otherwise basically of the same social class. Race is advantageous for social elites when
it most convenient for them: to either bring people together, or to divide and

Crime is a Social Construct.
CRIME IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT Crime is the product of the social structure; it is embedded in the very fibres of society. In this essay, I aim to
explore different theories as to why crime exists within society and how we as a society therefore construct it. Crime is a social construct; it is
always in society and is on the increase. It is inevitable. Where does it come from? It comes from legislation, from the making of laws. Functionalists
see crime deviance in society as a function, in that it serves to remind us, through public condemnation of those who have broken the rules, of our
shared values and norms. Furthermore, they suggest that crime is a result of structural tensions and a lack of moral regulations within society. If the...
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The laws against higher status crime, the White Collar crime, are therefore relatively lenient and rarely enforced, but the laws against crime which
is committed by those with a lower status, are harsher and more often enforced because they are so visible and detected much more easily. The
activities of White Collar crime occur on a daily basis, but there is no public outcry or moral panics about it and therefore no legislation made,
whereas, 'street' crime attracts massive law enforcement. As Jeffrey Reiman (2001) so aptly stated, "The rich get richer and the poor get prison".
Interactionism was quite popular from 1960s to 1970s. Max Weber and George Herbert Mead favour the Interactionist approach and suggest that crime
is a social process, that crime is an interaction between the victim, the police/officials and the offender. Crime is shaped by the nature of this
interaction and this selective labelling, stigmatisation, negative labelling of those without power and more vulnerable. This approach focuses upon the
interaction between deviance and those who define it as such, hence the Labelling Theory. Howard F Becker, the founder of this theory, argues that
society creates deviance by making rules. Rules that when broken, constitute deviance, and by labelling those particular people as deviants, they are
also labelling them as outsiders. Therefore, it is not the act of the person, but rather a consequence of applying the rules by

Construct Questionnaire
Construct Questionnaire Part 1
Dawn Carlton
Psychology 245
August 10, 2015
Tracy Masiello
Construct Questionnaire Part 1
I chose motivation as my construct because I am very curious at what drives people and keeps them on track to reach goals, deadlines, and thing of this
nature. Motivation of course is not something that can be measured, nor could it possibly measured accurately. First motivation can be defined in
multiple ways to different people. Internal and external influences that fuel desire and energy in people to be continually involved and faithful to a job,
role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the
strength of desire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately it would need to be broken down in many sections and even further than just intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. I think on a higher level if
I were to really gain an accurate measure of motivation on academics it would require much time and man power. I think it would also need to view
and measure learning strategies because not all students learn the same or in the same pace. Motivation is a very valuable construct that can be very
beneficial in all aspects of life. I find that motivation is hard to come by for some when it comes to academics and that is why I chose this construct
within this dimension of academics. Although I was able to come up with questions to help test or measure motivation, I almost feel that I could have
better more confined questions if given more time to provide. Due to motivation being so vast within the academic community, I think there are better
findings that could come from more critical questions in finding the motivation from students academically. I know that each construct can have a
continual and ongoing study and that the research is forever something that is done. Just like what motivates people, people are always changing and

Construct Validity Research
The above examples provide evidence that a personality measurement can be examined through its reliability. A good personality test should have the
same findings in different occasions (i.e. test–retest reliability) and also all of the items in the test should be measuring the same thing (i.e. internal
consistency). Nevertheless, personality measurement can be evaluated by its validity as well. Construct validity is one of the main subtypes of validity.
Construct validity refers to the ability that a personality test measures what it is intended to measure. Discriminant validity is a subtype of construct
validity, which refers to the extent that the concept that is not related to the test doesn't emerge in the test. Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2009) tested the
discriminant validity by comparing the BFI with the NEO PI–R. They showed that the correlation between the BFI and NEO PI–R facet scales has
high discriminant validity. Each BFI facet scales correlated most with the corresponding NEO PI–R facet scales than with the other NEO PI–R facet.
This research demonstrated that BFI is discriminant valid because it only correlates most with the corresponding items on the NEO PI–R. Furthermore,
McCrae and Costa, P. T. (2004) found that NEO Five
–Factory Inventory (NEO–FFI) had high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this meta–analysis, it included 4,378 MMPI and 1,793 the Rorschach articles. Then, the validity coefficients of the MMPI and the Rorschach
Inkblot Test were compared. They found that the MMPI had the unweighted mean validity coefficients of .30 whereas the Rorschach had .29. The
MMPI was more valid for studies using psychiatric diagnoses and self–report. In contrast, the Rorschach Inkblot Test was more valid for the objective.
This meta–analysis showed that both the MMPI and the Rorschach Inkblot Test were valid in some

Identity Social Construct
Identity, the distinguishing of character and persona of an individual. Identity, the social construct that defines us as individuals. Self identity, the
ideology in which the individual determines their own self worth. This seems like the idea to distinguish one's own character; however it does apply to
every human being. In many cases, including myself, it is society that is the main influence that molds the being. Its customs have impacted how these
individuals think and behave in order for them to fit into its ideals, which can transform many to the point where they are living a totally different
identity. Some of these individuals are boys and men who may not fit the perfect image of "masculine," and may be ridiculed to the point where... Show
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Many of these who do not fit into this standard usually have some "feminine' characteristics to them. In my childhood, I was real close to my
female cousins, and was around them often. Many times I would play with dolls with them, or dressed up with them. The only problem with this
was that I was a boy. I always felt guilty and insecure about playing with my cousins because afterwards I would always get told by my dad and my
uncle that "dolls were for girls only." This affected my mental state as I was being told at a young age that I was behaving like someone I was not
suppose to be. These comments propelled me to behave more like my other cousins who were boys, and for the most part took part in sports and
who fitted into the masculine standard. This transition greatly affected me as it made me take part in activities such as basketball and baseball,
which I hardly enjoyed but only took part in it because I was a boy. For a few years I played sports, but was miserable every moment I was on the
court or field. After frustration and dissatisfaction, I decided I was tired of participating in activities that I didn't enjoy and only joined so that way I
could be "normal." It wasn't until this decision that I slowly made the transition into behaving like

The Construct Emotional Intelligence
Chapter I
Introduction
The construct emotional intelligence refers to the extent to which individuals deal effectively with their own as well as of others emotions. There has
been a tremendous amount of popular and academic interest in emotional intelligence, probably because of the idea or of the scientific findings that
emotions are considered to be the important determinant for successful performance in various domains of life including health, leadership, workplace,
academic performance, life satisfaction and on many other psychosocial factors and well being.
The question of relationship between age and Emotional intelligence has profound implications for academics and organisations as the literature and
workforce gets older. The findings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, EI can be consider as a type of social intelligence since it has been defined in a very broader way the point where EI gets more clearly
distinguished from general or social intelligence as it involves wider aspects of emotions and emotional content.
Gardner (1983) theory of multiple intelligence contains two concepts as interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. "Interpersonal intelligence denotes
a person's capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people and, consequently, to work effectively with others" and,
"intrapersonal intelligence involves the capacity to understand oneself, to have an effective working model of oneself including one's own desires,
fears, and capacities and to use such information effectively in regulating one's own life".
Thus, it seems quite relevant that the existed concepts of different theories, philosophical quotes and clinical concepts had laid down the foundation
and provided a compatible backdrop for considering emotional intelligence as a viable

Examples Of Social Constructs
Social Constructs: The truth is nothing is true I am a girl and I wear short shorts. I am a girl and I sometimes drink until five am in the morning. I
am a girl and I may or may not have a thing for other girls. Is there something wrong with me? I don't think so, but some of you might think
otherwise. It's okay, I understand. I understand that most of you don't understand; which is why I'm here. "Girls should cover up", "girls should not
be drinking in the first place, let alone go home at five am", and "girls should be with boys", because as the saying goes "Adam is for Eve, not Adam is
for Steve," which is a pretty messed up statement, if I might add. Who's to say how I'm living my life is wrong? Who's to say that what I'm doing is not

Conformity To Human Constructs
Conformity to human constructs is an essential aspect of software. As with anything constructed by and for human use, we wish to understand and use
it easily. Software, above all else, is incredibly easy to change. These means that, unlike a physical structure that naturally degrades, software only
changes when it is purposefully changed by a human actor. As such, it can be easily changed, either during creation, or maintenance, to reflect human
constructs meant to contain and help understand it as a grows in complexity. Software is made to be used by some human or computer actor. These
requires it to conform not only to a thing we can understand, but also to something that is known in how it will react to, communicate with, and handle
data

Race A Social Construct
A relatively recent topic, meaning in the last one hundred year, within society is the concept of race and if it is biologically true, this meaning that
evidence suggests a biological reason behind the different categories of race that are independent from social, economical, or personal views. This type
of discussion can raise many concerns, questioning the possible social constructs revolving around race and its reason for being used in society today.
An article, written by the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, points out that early anthropology and biology alike assume that race is
real based upon "obvious physical features such as skin color, features of the face, shape and size of the body, and the underlying skeleton."... Show
Similarly, because the human race has a rich history of migration, even forming categories of humans based on pure location can be specious. That
being said, while categorizing humans into groups based on factors such as location or features, one must be always aware that these are pure social
constructs based upon a culturally defined groups, whereas things such as language, religion, and economy status do not constitute biological

How to Measure Construct
When measure a complex concept such as love, intelligence, motivation, there is no direct measure as when we measure height, weight. Those complex
concepts are also linked to behavior. The construct can be referred as hypothetical constructs. "Hypothetical" because they are inferred from theories
and other behavior, and "constructs" because they must be constructed by using a database of observations that can be measured. (clayton)
Practically the construct is defined by how it is measured. This is called an operational definition.
The meaning of our study rests on how we objectively observe the construct or behavior of interest. Thus, developing a reliable and valid set of
procedures for measuring our variables is crucial for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
showing a very gloomy film to subjects). |
In science (e.g. social sciences and psychometrics), construct validity refers to whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized psychological
scientific construct (e.g., "fluid intelligence") that it purports to measure. In other words, it is the extent to which what was to be measured was actually
measured. It is related to the theoretical ideas behind the trait under consideration, i.e. the concepts that organize how aspects of personality,
intelligence, etc. are viewed.[1] The scale seeks to operationalize the concept, typically measuring several observable phenomena that supposedly reflect
the underlying psychological concept. Construct validity is a means of assessing how well this has been accomplished. In lay terms, construct validity
answers the question: "Are we actually measuring (are these means a valid form for measuring) what (the construct) we think we are measuring?"
A construct is not restricted to one set of observable indicators or attributes. It is common to a number of sets of indicators. Thus, "construct validity"
can be evaluated by statistical methods that show whether a common factor can be shown to exist underlying several measurements using different
observable indicators. This view of a construct rejects the operationist past that a construct is neither more nor less than the operations used to

Deception Of Constructs In Psychology
Constructs in psychology are usually very difficult to notice just by observing. In this article, the construct would be deception. Just by looking at
someone you cannot tell whether they are being honest or deceptive. To examine deception in romantic relationships, in this study the researchers used
self–report measures, which basically means that the participants in the study wrote out their own feelings, and opinions. The college students
(participants) were told to keep diaries in which they had to report every time they believed that their significant other would lie and every time they
lied to their partner. As insignificant as they thought the lie was they had to write it down in their diary. The level of measurement they used was
nominal.

Social Constructs Definition
1.) A social construct is the titles that society uses to differentiate between people, places, and things. These social constructs do not actually
physically exist. Society perceives something, such as, one should never ask a woman her age, males are stronger than females, race to
differentiate between people, and too, the lines that are used to make up a map, and we as society just go along with the norm. Everyone knows that
there are no physical lines on the ground that tell you that you have reached another state, we as society just know that we have reached another
state. Just as, some people may take race and associate it with social class. Whereas, we as society know that there is no set rule that you cannot ask a
woman her age, but we follow the norm and don't ask a woman her age because society knows that it may be offensive.... Show more content on
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We as society, along with media, and culture have made up the norm that when you get old you become physically and psychologically weak, and
timid. So one of the social construct that comes along with these perceptions are, there is nothing to look forward to when you get old, but we know
that is also not true. Everyone ages different, and there is no set way that someone will age; whether it be there looks, physical health, or
psychological state. Someone in their eighties could be healthier, and more physically fit than someone who is in their sixties. So, for this matter, you
could not judge someone on their age because it is not following the social

Race Social Construct
For many centuries, scientists have debated over the concept of race. For most of the 19th and 20th Centuries, Race was categorised as a biological
concept. It wasn't till the middle of the 20th century where scientists began to rethink the notion and view race as more of a social construct race.
Race will be thoroughly looked at in this study as both a biological and social construct and finally examined as to why it is still seen as socially
significant. This essay will show that race is a socially significant and powerful because people naturally create categories, especially when it has to do
with the characteristics of a person.
What is Race?
Matsumoto and Juang (cited in Yee, Fairchild, Weizman & Wyatt 1993, p.20) suggest that there... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
oAnalysed culture could be linked to biology and related to different cultural levels. o Races could have reached the evolutionary stage of Homo
sapiens at different times. (The Scientific Fallacy of race Gianfranco Biondo, Olga Rickards Biological) o Europeans and Asians more advanced as
they had been in civilisation longer than Africans. (The Scientific Fallacy of race Gianfranco Biondo, Olga Rickards Biological) o Everyone Knows
It's a Social Construct": Contemporary Science and the Nature of Race Ann Morning o Biological Reality or Social Construct? Robin 0. Andreasent
–Arguments against Race as a

Race as a Social Construct
Race as a social construct
An imagined concept with real consequences
The concept of race is fundamentally a social construct. It is based on a notion of difference, of 'otherness', 'blackness', 'whiteness', identity,
nationalism and multiculturalism. 'Race' matters, as despite being biologically disputed, its social impact is immense. Despite being an unreal social
construct, it is real in its consequences. It affects life prospects and influences health, wealth, status and power. As such, a critical deconstruction of the
pernicious, pervading and often all too determinative discourse of racial categorisation is crucial to social progress. We must dissect and discern what
gives rise to these ideologies. How is race defined? What criteria, intellectual contexts, or psychological misconceptions lead to such discrimination?
(109 words)
Morning, Ann. June 07 2005. "On Distinction." In Is Race Real? a web forum organised by the Social Science Research Council. http:/
/raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Morning/.
Morning argues that there are underlying social and political agendas which shape the formation of racial distinctions. The nomination of what factors
are measured, which tools are used to measure, and how the results are interpreted ultimately form the basis of our racial categories. Morning's work is
an online forum piece, and as such it's reliability is limited. Despite this, Morning's presence within the academic community as a sociology professor,
including her published

Racism : A Social Construct
As I have lived most all of my life here in NYC, I have been affected by implicit biases, prejudices and discrimination based on my race, however my
socioeconomic class, gender and my sexual orientation are significant forces of my social identity that not only define who I am, but are
interconnected in the way I am and have been oppressed. Albeit racism has an impact on all of our lives in the US, however; it's the intersectionality of
the other social identity forces that when they are interacting with racism, they manifest many forms of social oppression.
My social identity is that of an African–American, married lesbian woman. Racism is a social construct that has serious impact on many people's
lives. Heterosexism, also a social construct and racism contribute to the ever widening inequality gap. To slow sown or change the gap growth,
policies would have to be imposed that would be specific to gender diversity and equality.
Racism is structurally embedded in many institutions, but so does heterosexism as well. They may not be overtly visible, however when one is
identified as homosexual, [s]he may become under attack from by the same institutions that are in place to protect in our society. . For many, the social
construct of racism is created from a visible trait or characteristic that is visible and obvious, however sexual orientation can be hidden or unspoken.
Anti –gay rhetoric, attitudes and behaviors, which in turn, leads to "patterns of

4.4 Construct Validity
4.4 Construct validity
In order to test the construct validity of each scale, bivariate correlation will be used, because this test is to find out the association among those
different variables and how strong the association is. (Pallant,2010). At the same time, checking the association among the subscales is regarded as
way to assess scale's construct validity (ibid). In addition, most of the researchers believe that the dividing point of the statistical significance (p) to
ensure the relationship between variables is .05. Namely, in 100 samples, there are 5 times chances to get relationship that are not appeared in the
whole population. Specifically, p < 0.05 is set to ensure the expected relationship (Bryman and Bell, 2007). And all the... Show more content on
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From the regression analysis result (Figure 29a in Appendix F), the consumers' perception of CSR–Society doesn't have positive influence on the
functional brand image. This is because, based on the coefficients in the figure 20b, ОІ=–.084, t=–.765 and p=. 447, which means the H 2a is rejected.
In terms of H2b, consumers' perception of CSR–Society has the positive influence on emotional brand image, because, based on the figure 29b in
Appendix F, ОІ= .369, t=3.613 and p=. 001. At the same time, consumers' perception of CSR–Society accounts for 13.6% of variance in emotional
brand image (RВІ=. 136), and the Adjusted RВІ amend the RВІ to .126, which makes a better estimate. And based on F (13.057) and P (.001), the
independence has the good prediction of the dependence. Therefore, according to those coefficients, H2b is accepted.
4.63 The test of hypotheses 3
H3a and H3b assume that employees' perception of CSR–Society has the positive influence on functional brand image and emotional brand image. In
terms of H3a (See figure 30a in Appendix F), employees' good perception of CSR–Environment doesn't have the positive influence on functional brand
image, because the coefficients (ОІ= –.246, t=–.1777 and p=. 082). Hence, H3a is

Virginity Is A Social Construct
Virginity is a social construct that has various definitions and values from different people in the United States. I am conducting my research based on
the question of whether the concept of losing one's virginity is valued differently among males and females in the United States, regardless of their
sexual orientation.
The subject of virginity in the United States has changed immensely throughout the years. With the emerge of new social aspects such as feminism and
gay rights movements, the value of the term has altered meanings. (Carpenter, 2002) Numerous studies were conducted in the 1970s and 1980s on
sexuality. The results indicated that "young women, while more permissive than in previous decades, continued to value virginity,... Show more content
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(Barnett, 2017, 102) To summarize this, some people may feel pressured that their first time will impact the rest of their life. That same researcher
focused on gender with virginity in a different article they conducted and indicated that "gender differences play a meaningful role in understanding
sexual definitions". (Barnett, 2017, 204) This article helped me to elaborate on my research question, and the subject of gender influence will be my
main focus as I perform interview questions.
The Sterk article was highly informative for understanding how to conduct my interview process. I understood that in order to obtain the best responses
you must not abruptly ask the questions right away. She mentioned how she gained relations with everyone she interviewed before even asking any
questions. It is also important to have open–ended questions, as that will provide supplementary responses to use in your research. I hope to ask
insightful questions that will allow those I interview to reflect and rethink about gender differences relating to virginity.
I am going to interview students in my classes to reach the requirement of someone 18–30 years of age. I'm hoping that students will be willing to
partake in my project. I will reiterate that I will not be asking about their sexual history, when they lost their virginity, or their sexual orientation, to
ensure comfort and safety. I would like those I interview to feel comfortable about

Social Construct Essay
I highly agree that us as human beings have the capability to wonder about our origins, as well as the responsibility that comes with it. We are
responsible for knowing our origins because it's apart of our history and how we came into existence. If we never knew where we came from or how
we came into being then what is our purpose in life? Without knowing the past we can't ever have a successful future; we learn from our past so that
we don't continue to make the same decisions in the future. For example religion wouldn't be practiced today had there not been scriptures and text
handed down from generation to generation. Religion is a huge part of our history because regardless of the religion there's always a passage at the
beginning which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Science is most definitely a social contsruct because it is very well accomplished at cancelling out any type of religion because everything is meant
to be factual. It mainly states that we came from apes in the sense of evolution and that everything came to be from the Big Bang Theory; where
everything is existence just happened out of no where within space and time from an all powerful source of energy. This mindset is nothing more than
a social construct because scientist and science books teach us this which in turn will construct our minds to believe that is what really took place in
our history. However, I don't believe that at all because if anything science proves that in my opinion that God is the source of entertainment that
science talks about. At the end of the day scientists can't prove what the source of energy was or where it came from, but only that it can't be created
or destroyed and it created everything in existence including the planets, the sun, the galaxies etc. God is neither a person or deity but a source of
powerful energy who can't ever be created or destroyed. Other that my obvious opinion I believe that science is a social construct because it tries to
shape our minds to think that things came or come about in a certain way, place, and

Labor Is Not A Simple Construct
Essay #3:
Labor is not a simple construct. It is made up of a multitude of people with unique background and traits. While these people worked hard, it was not
always easy to be treated justly. Many important events arose along labor's growth in the United States encompassing identifiers such as race, class and
gender. These different areas are an integral part oflabor and will continue to be. Most of these identities overlap at certain points but it is worth
mentioning them separately as each individual aspect of labor contributed a substantial amount to further the progress of labor within the United States
even through the most difficult times. Gender, Race, and Class have played an important part in shaping U.S Labor history.
One of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This in turn led the company to exploit their women workers by instituting speedups and a 20% paycut. Led by Sarah Bagley in 1845, 70 female
workers walked out of the factory and demanded to the MA legislature for a 10–hour work day. While this ultimately failed and led to the company
hiring more immigrant laborers that were willing to take the pay cut, it opened the door for women to fight for their rights at their workplaces. In
1860, women once again played an important role in labor. The Lynn Strike of 1860 would not have been as effective if it were not for women.
Women helped form the "social networks that made the demonstrations even possible." They also held their own female–only rallies that carried signs
that demanded they not be treated like slaves and if they are given fair compensation then they would be more than happy to return to work. Women
would ultimately abandon the strike resulting in its failure. During the Progressive Era, women like Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells were activists for
the people, including labor, by the former setting up settlement housing and the latter writing pamphlets on lynching that would shock the world.
Women emerge again in full force during WWII. Before WWII, 15.9 million women were employed and during the peak of the war 19.5 million
women contributed to the war effort back home. After the

Natural Writing As A Construct
Natural Writing as a Construct
A construct is a flawed argument stated on something that seems natural, but when questioned, you realize it is not. The topic of whether writing is
natural is a construct in itself. I believe that there is more that goes into when writing and that writing is not natural. So many things come into play
when writing and learning how to write. Not everyone writes the same so teaching multiple people how to write in a way to better them individually
can be difficult. I never really realized this, until I reach the college level and took the Rhetoric and Composition class that made me see the difference
between "how to write" and "what is writing." The transitioning from high school to college has opened my eyes to much more then just a linear
learning experience.
Research
When looking for information to back up my claim I found that different things go into and affect the way we write. Anything from where we are
from, to our experiences, emotions, and what we have learned. No body is just born and knows how to write right off the back. When you are born
you have to learn a language and then you learn to read and write, at least the basics. In the article, "Speaking is Natural; Reading and Writing Are
Not", it says, "A related fact should be self–evident: Reading and writing are acquired skills for which the human brain is not yet fully evolved
(liberman, Shankweiler, & Liberman, 1989). Human brains are naturally wired to speak; they are not

Stereotypes Of A Personal Construct
Each of us builds a "picture" on how we feel and look at another person, which in turn outputs an opinion or stereotype. We will call this personal
construct in this paper. Personal constructs are specific descriptions of others that people assigns personally from their own experience and knowledge.
Similarly Trenholm (2014) defines personal constructs as "characteristics that we habitually notice in others" (p. 47). You know the old saying, "what
you don't know, won't hurt you"? With personal constructs, if you don't understand your own constructs it could hurt your ability to communicate with
others by being unfair. For me to understand when I'm using personal construct constructively or negatively I must understand what kind of... Show
I tend to get to know a person before making a judgment. I develop my constructs after I initially have some interaction and test the person out.
Since I am in the military and have such a diverse group of people coming and going on a constant rotation, I believe it has trained me to have a
"blank canvas" when I first meet a person and follow on with a construct after the fact. I also look at men and women as equal and no one over the
other. I believe this is a fair way of judging people by seeing what they can do and how they act first instead of "first impressions". Adequate
assessments of people I meet develop over time. But, when I say this, I base my assessment against the values that are important to me. I realize, for
someone else labelling these people, their view may differ than mine; adjectives opposite of mine.
When judging myself I feel I did not judge myself more favorably. I obviously judged myself better than the person I dislike and my coworker, but
again, they don't carry the values that are the most important to me. The adjectives I used to explain both of them are the same adjectives I could use
to explain the previous unhappy things in my life while growing up, hence why I don't want to converse or hangout with them. The rest of the group
had qualities I respect and similar to some of my own

Sexuality As A Social Construct
Hannah St. Lifer
Sexuality as a Social Construct
Heternormativity is the idea that there exist two distinctive classifications of the genders, males and females, with customary roles in society. The idea
asserts that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation of people and that all sexual and marital relations must abide by this norm. Society
has adopted this belief and constructed it into a standard of life. It is normal for people to automatically presume that most other people are
heterosexual and that heterosexuality is the default sexual preference. Thus, all other sexualities that are nonheterosexual are a deviation of the default.
Heterosexuality is the most appreciative and is the most acceptable sexuality for a man and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Monogamous, reproductive heterosexuality is also valued socially above all other forms of sexuality. Society has constructed the belief that
heterosexuality is the ideal sexual identity, and society subsequently critiques non–heterosexual identities, such as gays, bisexuals, and trans, which all
fall outside this custom.
As a consequence of society deeming heterosexuality as the ideal sexuality, sexualities that are biologically infertile are less socially acceptable in
society. Nonheterosexuals are seen as deviants and consequently mocked and ridiculed by society. Gayle proposes that same sex relationships are
inferiors, but, "stable, long–term lesbian and gay couples are verging on respectability, but bar dykes and promiscuous gay men are hovering just
above the groups at the very bottom of the pyramid." For instance, society already considers gay males to be lower on the hierarchy, but those
males, which are less masculine, are even lower on the pyramid. Society has constructed these "less masculine" gays to be "more gay". However,
homosexual males that still obtain monogamous relationships are more appreciated in respect to gays who are not in relationships. For example,
famous gay couples such as Ellen DeGeneres's relationship, and the gay marriage portrayed on Modern Family, are valued in society. These are higher
up on the pyramid because both gay couples are in stable relationships that

Race Cultural Construct
Even though race is often confused with something having to do with biology it is not, instead race is a cultural construction. People commonly use
biology to try and determine the race of another person by using physical characteristics and skin color to put them in a racial classification. Assigning
race based on physical characteristics is problematic since traits vary independently they are not inherited as some sort of genetic package based on the
race a person is. Therefore using biological concepts to explain race is problematic since society is the one who defines what race is and because
those definitions change race is a cultural construct. Race is considered a cultural construct because of how easily the categories of race are ... Show
However, not every association will be as severe compared to others and there are benefits depending on the race the individual identifies with that
comes from being part of that race. These racial ideologies were formed and used in order to prove the differences about the status between races
and the reason for those inequalities and privileges to exist. Eventually these ideas of race became institutionalized meaning in order to justify the
social and economic differences between races thinking about race became so ingrained that it encouraged institutionalized segregation. Although it
may seem as though institutionalized segregations is something of the past it continues to this day because our society still uses racialized thinking
even though we may not realize it. All these consequences and privileges are all derived from concepts of race that were formed based on false
assumptions and ideas on how biologically the races were different from one another. This is another reason on why the biological concepts of race
are problematic since it was able to cause individuals to reason why one race was superior to another when that certainly is not the case.
Genetics has no place in race and the fact that we impose physical characteristics onto race is what causes race to be a cultural construct. It's a
problem for a society to believe that having certain physical traits automatically assign the individual to a certain race when in reality there is more
diversity in genes within races than between. Therefore, since the society is able to agree as a whole their definition of race and redefine it to fit their
needs it causes race to become beta cultural construct rather than something that is

Social Construct Of Crime
The social construct of crime – the process constructing crime was subjected to the constraints of a legitimate nature which allowed by law for the
fairness between both the powerful and their less powerful counterparts. This was done with specific mechanisms to control the behaviour of the
powerful, this process made laws such as environmental laws possible.
The corporate deconstruction of green – green crimes are the result of behaviours displayed by groups or a single individual. Corporations play an
integral role in the term green because of the influence they have on various environmental movement groups through donations, funding and political
strongholds.
Corporate reconstruction of green – in the 1990's we saw the reconstruction of the term "green" by corporations as they flooded the airwaves ... Show
Shared orientations of green movements – because of the diversity in environmental justice they are not identical but they share three common traits (1)
the politics of being green, (2) the multi–issue basis of green theory and oppression of those green theories, and (3) the appeal to the historically
situated theories.
Constructing green crimes: implications for green criminology – in the past the environmental justice movement took different approaches but this was
in accordance on how the term "green" used. According to the environmental justice movement a green crime would be an act which "violates
environmental rules and regulations, places damage on the environment, and are caused by human.
From h corporate perspective a green crime is any act or omission that violates the law and the person would be subject to criminal

Evaluation Of A Correlational Study Design Essay
The present study contains a correlational study design as well as a between–subject design. A correlational study design will allow the researchers to
adequately answer the first research question. The correlational study design allows the researchers to identify and interpret any correlational trends
regarding mental health effects and the success of transitioning amongst the participants. The dependent variable of the first research question includes
the success of transitioning (employment, education, residential status, and communication after high school) and mental health (depression/anxiety,
sleep, obesity, and physical activity). There is no independent variable in the first research question due to the correlational design. A between–subject
design will allow the researchers to effectively answer the second research question. This type of design matches participants based on a related
variable; groups with or without employment to further examine any differences that may exist between the two groups. The dependent variable of the
second research question is the level of mental health. The independent variable of this study is the two groups that the researchers are exploring:
employment group vs. non–employment group. Participants The present study will include a target goal of 100 individuals with DS between the ages
of 17 to 40 years old, and their parent or primary caregiver. The participants will be recruited through DS–Connect, a secure platform for

Construct Validity Analysis
that of what is expected to see if the answers compare to that of what is expected. This allows for individuals to answer, as they desire to see if they
are fit for the position. The aptitude test has various different types of categories that would be tested ensure that it is not being subjective. ("Aptitude
Tests– Introduction" Psychometric success) The situation test, will help evaluate if individuals can put their self into the specific situation and see if
they are able to address it in a positive manner. This allows for the assessment to evaluate in all aspects of how an individual would react. The test
consists of a series of work–based scenarios that an individual can possibly come across within the position. These scenarios can test ethical issues as
well as difficulties with colleagues and clients. Through this, it can be evaluated if the individual has key competencies that are essential for the
position. This test will ensure that candidates can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Construct validity identifies how well a test has measured its claims. Construct validity ensures that when a specific subject is being measured, there is
no interference. For example; within the position at TD Bank, when personality factors are being measured such as if the individual is going through
depression, the test should only measure that category without relating it to other components such as anxiety. By doing so, the test will ensure that
construct validity is valid. The aptitude test will ensure that it does not have misleading question, nor will there be specific questions as the example
above. The test will ensure that it is testing exactly the purpose of the test rather than other

The Constructs Of Teacher Leadership
In their text, Liberman and Miller (2004) addressed the constructs of teacher leadership in three themes from prior research: individual teacher leader
roles and organizational realities, learning in practice, and teacher leadership and reshaping school culture. Some of the research studies corresponded
with many of my experiences as an emerging music teacher and leader at a tough school placement. In the cultivation of teacher leadership roles, it is
important that a teacher is able to build trust and rapport among administration and fellow colleagues, making organizational diagnosis, using using
resources effectively, and ultimately have support to alter school culture for the better and to help establish teacher identity (Miles, Saxl, &
Liberman, 1988; Smylie & Denny, 1990; Wasley, 1991). In my first two years, I felt very confident in my abilities to develop my skills by way of the
veteran teachers at my school who led by example through classroom management skills and showing me better ways to make my lessons more
relevant to my students. I remember my mentor teacher pulling me aside and stating that I must expose my students to music that wasn 't always
written by dead people; start with what they know and go from there! When I started making such changes in my instructional approaches, it helped
establish connections and collaborations with my fellow teachers and invested students; thus influencing aspects of my leadership style. Much of which
echoed Miller and

How To Construct A Paper
While with a group of friends, they notice I had gotten quiet and ask me for why was I not talking anymore it was because I had found a better
research topic that I could work with, I told them. Picking a topic that I am familiar with and can relate to made deciding what sources I should use
and the understanding of where the articles views are coming form much easier. I started over on researching how to construct the paper, going back
over YouTube and constantly rereading the handouts and articles.
Now that my topic was common and easy to work with, I got started right way working on my annotative bibs, reflection, and abstract. I first started on
the annotative bibliography because it consist of researching my topic by looking for articles,

Examples Of Proactive Personality Construct
The proactive personality construct was introduced by Bateman and Crant (1993) who defined it as "a relatively stable tendency to effect
environmental change" (p. 107). Since that time proactive personality has emerged as a heuristic construct in organizational settings, showing
significant relationships with such variables as job performance, career success, and leadership quality (e.g., Crant & Bateman, 2000; Crant, 1995;
Seibert et al., 1999; Thompson, 2005).
Proactive personality is most frequently measured by Bateman and Crant's (1993) scale.The internal consistency of this scale ranged from .83 to .89
across three college student samples. The construct validity of Bateman and Crant's (1993) 17–item proactive personality scale was tested in relation to
other personality constructs, such as conscientiousness (r = .43,p < .01) and social desirability (r = .004,n.s.). In order to test for criterion validity,
Bateman and Crant (1993) correlated their measure with several criteria including, extra–curricular activities aimed at constructive ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Employees with this disposition tend to perceive opportunities for positive changes in the workplace and then actively work to bring about these
changes (Bateman & Crant, 1993; Grant & Ashford, 2008). Proactive employees demonstrate initiation, perceive their work roles more broadly, take
active steps to get work done, initiate changes, follow through until completion, and subsequently perform well at work; hence, proactive personality
has been linked to a number of positive work outcomes (see Crant & Bateman, 2000; Crant, 1995; Seibert et al., 1999; Thompson, 2005), which makes
proactive employees desirable to their organizations. Crant (1995) noted that proactive personality is a potentially useful tool for selection due to its
strong relationship with job performance, making it a valid

Pros Of Construct Validity
There are four validity types that build on one another. Conclusion and internal refer to the observation on the bottom, the construct emphasizes the
link between the bottom and top, the external is concerned about the range of theory on top. Conclusion Validity questions the relationship between
two variables. Internal Validity assumes there is a relationship that may be casual in the study. Construct Validity assumes the casual relationship in the
study. It asks if you can claim that a program reflected positively and that the measure reflected positively on the idea of the construct of measure.
External Validity assumes there is a casual relationship and between the constructs of cause and effect, and generalization

Identifying Constructs
In order to explore our research question we must first identify and define the relevant constructs, in doing so we will also identify psychological
measures and determine the validity of the constructs.
Constructs are defined as ... (come back if you need padding) Psychological measurement refers to scores assigned to individuals to describe some
characteristic of the individual. In turn that characteristics are used to define the construct, which refers to an informed concept that explains or
describes a given behaviour. Construct validity refers to how well the psychological measures represent a given construct.
In relation to the research question, there are two easily identified constructs, Binocular depth perception, and susceptibility to Schizotypy.
Conceptually we can define binocular depth perception as the ability of the individual to judge the distance of an object with the visual field relative to
themselves and other objects using the dissonance between the visual inputs from either eye. In reality, we could understand schizotypy using
established ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taken at face value the constructs appear to be valid, but the content of the schizotypy construct is somewhat questionable. I attribute this to my
gross oversimplification of a complicated construct. Similarly, at a glance, it is obvious that there may be issues with the validity of our measure of
schizotypy. The survey wouldn't be as definitive as medical diagnoses or simple assessment from a mental healthcare professional. We could rectify
this by having participants that are indicated to be high risk assessed by a professional as well, but this would likely be an expensive undertaking.
Since the research project is hypothetical we don't have to adhere to a budget, but assuming the survey is validated by outside sources before we
implement it there shouldn't be a need to assess the participants

Race Social Construct
Is Race a Social Construct – If yes why, if no why not?
To understand the question, we must first familiarize ourselves with the definition of race. Race is defined as "An arbitrary classification of modern
humans, sometimes, especially formerly, based on a combination of various physical characteristics, as skin color, facial form, or eye shape, and now
frequently based on such genetic markers as blood groups" (dictionary.com).
Firstly, the idea of race is based off of the physical differences in humans, not differences in genetics. In fact, if you look into the research that has
been done, humans of different races share at least 99.9% of the same genes. In the other 0.1% of differences, only 10% are actually impacted by
different races. So in reality, only 0.01% of genes are changed depending on one's race. That is, people who look very different from you have very
few biological differences. People that look like you have the same amount of differences as people that don't. Even when you compare our species to
other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everybody would all be the same generation iPhone, from the same carrier, built in the same factory, with the same options. Our actual physical
makeup is fairly uniform. The differences are all in the programming. One user may download one set of apps, while another downloads an entirely
different one. But, even then, they all have the same basic programming. These apps are the social and cultural parts of
So, when we say "race is a social construct" what we mean is that "people are all built with the same blocks, they don't vary much from person to
person or group to group, and the only major differences are the ones we make for ourselves."
If you were to take literally any baby from anywhere in the world and put it in another culture, that baby would not retain any aspect of the culture it
came from unless you went out of your way to do

Construct Related Evidence
Construct–related evidence, on the other hand, refers to the level in which a particular test or measure evaluates the concept or the construct it is
theoretically supposed to measure. If a test is supposed to measure a person's intelligence, for example, you wouldn't subject the individual to
personality testing unnecessarily. Instead, you'd want to make sure that the test being given to the test subject is accurately assessing the intelligence
quotient (IQ). Construct–related evidence of validity often involves a process that identifies the real meaning or purpose of the test either through
repetition or by compiling multiple sources of evidence. The collection of this evidence not only verifies that the tests actually measures what it is

The Roots Of Theoretical Constructs
The roots of theoretical constructs of SNA in graph theory has led to the use of mathematical concepts being borrowed and built upon to suit its
needs. As mentioned before, a graph is a collection of nodes, strung together by edges. Hence, to get from one node to the next, one needs to travel
along the edges. The number of edges traversed to reach from one node to another forms the notion of distance in graphs. More specifically, the
geodesic distance, d(u,v), between two nodes is defined as the length of the shortest path between them (Bouttier et al. 2003). The conceptualization of
'distance' as the number of intermediate edges between nodes, capture the way nodes are embedded in the network (Hanneman & Riddle 2005, p.77).
In terms of a social systems, being friends with an important person is always beneficial, as it potentially makes you 'closer' to many people in the
network [Needs explanation?]. In SNA, the edges connecting two vertices are usually un–weighted. However, in certain application scenarios, the
edges may have weights associated with them to represent factors like strength of a tie, or probability of forming a tie, or in case of spatial social
networks, the geographic distance between the nodes. The weights on the edges adds another layer to the conceptualization of distance, and the
geodesic distance calculation then, needs to account for the weights of the edges. If there is no path connecting the two vertices, i.e., if they belong to
different connected

NIRA Leadership Construct
The NIRA leadership construct consists of a seven–member Army Council that leads several small, tight–knit, covert cells. In a 2011 report, the British
government ascertained NIRA did not have complete control, but often utilized threats and violence to keep subordinate cells in line. In the evolution
of Irish VDR groups, many leaders of the current–day NIRA have been former members of other IRA variants. Michael McKevitt and Liam Campbell
alike were former members of the PIRA and from the border town of Dundalk, where many dissident republicans originate from. Beyond McKevitt
and Campbell, many NIRA leaders and council members are not known to the public. Often names and identities are only discovered after a leader is
killed or arrested.

Crime Social Construct
Crime is a social construct because it is an idea that is established by a society to control the behaviors of the people within the society ("Radical
Concept of Crime"). What is considered to be criminal varies within different area and cultures and even time. Things that were legal two hundred
years ago are illegal now. For example, in the 18th and 19th century when slavery was allowed in America, there were a lot of people who saw
nothing wrong with it because they had been socialized to accept and justify it. If you ask most Americans now about slavery, they would say that it
was a tragedy or that they just cannot understand how it happened. This is because we are now being socialized to think of slavery as wrong. Even
though many citizens... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is dangerous to disrupt an established organization without a carefully thought out plan for what will happen after. V's plan to disrupt the government
could have hurt all of his followers if he wasn't successful. It could also hurt them now that he is gone, because there is not a clear leader, and no
one is really in charge anymore. Leadership is necessary so that someone can be held responsible for the actions of the community. That's why a lot of
coup d'Г©tats do not ended up being successful regimes. It is easier to tear things down than to build them up. When V blew up a building, someone
could have gotten hurt. In the film, V is initially called a terrorist by the government, even though the first scene that he is in involves him saving
someone from being attacked police officers (James McTeigue, V for Vendetta). The terrorism takes on different meanings to different people.
Although terrorism is usually thought of as blowing up buildings, governments generally use the term to describe people who are going against them.
Terrorism is usually defined as inciting fear for political gain, and is often used by people in power to describe actions of people without power
("Radical Concept of

False Memory Research
False memory is a term for the event of an individual remembering information or events they were not exposed to. Jerwen and Flores (2013) defined
it as the creation of a memory about an event that an individual did not experience. They point out, "although not being able to remember something is a
memory problem, 'remembering' something that did not happen can be as serious a problem."
The seriousness of this problem is exemplified in the cases of individuals creating false memories of sexual abuse as a result of therapy. These types
of events caused vast amounts of research to be done on the topic. The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm has been one of the most
popular in false memory research and it continues to be a topic of interest today. A search of "DRM" in all text and "False Memory" in subject terms,
using PsycINFO, gave results of 560 peer–reviewed articles published in research journals within the last five years (2011–2016).
There have been critics of the usefulness of the DRM paradigm. I want to bring their issues to light and attempt to persuade that the DRM paradigm is
limited in the evidence it can add to the false memory research and suggest alternative paradigms.
The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) Paradigm
The DRM is of the most commonly used paradigms of inducing false memories for research. It was created when Roediger and McDermott's (1995)
improved a technique and resources first employed by Deese (1959) in a memory study to study false memory.

Dobyns Three Constructs
The Austrian neurologist and father of modern psychology, Sigmund Freud, believed that the psyche could be divided into three constructs. These
divisions aren't physical parts of the brain but rather hypothetical separations. Freud's Psychic Apparatus, as he called it, consists of what are known as
the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. These constructs help the mind avoid pain or displeasure in everyday life. Stephen Dobyns takes an interesting
perspective on these constructs in his poem "How to Like it". In the poem, Dobyns uses the relationship between the man, his thoughts, and his dog to
symbolize the three constructs of Freud's Psychic Apparatus and how they depict man's eternal struggle. This makes "How to Like it" a commentary on
man's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is drawn from the question that Dobyns poses, "How is it possible to want so many things and still want nothing?". The man, although he has
a house and loving wife, still wants something more. He day dreams of getting in his car and driving in search of something he doesn't yet know
or perhaps nothing. However, he knows that it would be wrong to abandon his wife, so he goes back inside and is now emotionally unavailable, as
hinted at when Dobyns says the man's wife finds him starring into the fridge. The man forever contemplates his purpose in regard to his happiness,
but this continuous contemplation only depresses him to the point where life becomes a series of questions; "...why you get up in the morning...
how it is possible to sleep at night... and how to like it". The clash between his dog's wants and his own thoughts only furthers this depression.
Having to constantly compromise between one's wants and desires and what is socially acceptable begins to take its tole on the psyche which is
exactly what happens to the man in the poem. It is even said that the man wants to, "...hit his head again and again against a wall" (Dobyns). He
becomes mentally exhausted by the end of the story which is why he is shown giving into the dog's suggestion to make the worlds biggest sandwich.
He does this in order

Examples Of Theoretical Constructs

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