3. A teleconference is a telephone or video meeting
between participants in two or more
locations. Teleconferences are similar to telephone
calls, but they can expand discussion to more than
two people.
Teleconferencing uses communications network
technology to connect participants’ voices. In many
cases, speaker telephones are used for conference
calls among the participants. A two-way radio
system can also be used. In some areas, satellite
enhancement of connections is desirable.
A teleconferencing can also be defined simply as
group communication through an electronic meeting.
It is a generic term for linking people between two or
more locations by electronics.
6. It all started about 54 years ago in the 1960’s as a
vision from American Telephone and Telegraph (AT
& T) through its Picturephone device – the birth of
teleconferencing.
At that time, travel was cheap and many people
simply didn’t understand that the Picturephone
would be a workplace changing technology.
It took 54 years and hundreds of millions of
dollars spent on fuel consumption for the idea
that grew out of Picturephone to become a real-
world every day application embraced by millions
worldwide.
8. Since 1968, Bank of America executives in San
Francisco and Los Angeles have held regular
business meetings without subjecting themselves
to commuter flights.
9. Since 1975, IBM has used its own in-house system
for still video conferencing. With this system,
snapshot-like images are displayed on television
monitors, along with audio conferencing.
10. Since 1978, Proctor and Gamble employees have has
access to CONFER their own computer-based
conferencing system. They can use the system directly
via typewriter like terminals, checking periodically for
new messages and typing their own comments.
11. Since 1981, Aetna Life and Company has used full-
motion video teleconferencing to link its offices in
downtown Hartford and suburban Windsor,
Connecticut. The full-color system requires virtually
no training, and data processing.
13. Audio Teleconference
Voice-only; sometimes called conference calling.
Interactively links people in remote locations via
telephone lines. Audio bridges tie all lines
together. Meetings can be conducted via audio
conference.
Preplanning is necessary which includes naming a
chair, setting an agenda, and providing printed
materials to participants ahead of time so that
they can be reviewed.
14. PBX stands for Private Branch Exchange, which is a private telephone network used
within a company. Users of the PBX phone system share a number of outside lines for
making external phone calls.
Conference Bridge - Technology used to connect two or more people over a telephone
or broadband internet connection, such as for a conference call
15. Video Teleconference
Combines audio and video to provide voice
communications and video images. Can be one-way
video/two-way audio, or two-way video/two-way audio.
It can display anything that can be captured by a TV
camera. The advantage is the capability to display
moving images.
In two-way audio/video systems, a common application
is to show people which creates a social presence that
resembles face-to-face meetings and classes and enables
participants to see the facial expressions and physical
demeanor of participants at remote sites. Graphics are
used to enhance understanding.
16.
17. Video conferencing is also an effective way to use one
teacher who teaches to a number of sites. It is very cost
effective for classes which may have a small number of
students enrolled at each site.
In many cases, video conferencing enables the
institution or a group of institutions to provide courses
which would be canceled due to low enrollment or
which could not be supported otherwise because of the
cost of providing an instructor in an unusual subject
area.
Rural areas benefit particularly from classes provided
through video conferencing when they work with a
larger metropolitan institution that has full-time faculty.
18.
19. Computer Teleconference
Uses telephone lines to connect two or more
computers and modems.
Computer conferencing is an emerging area for
distance education. Some institutions offer credit
programs completely by computer. Students receive
texts and workbooks via mail.
Through common files assigned to a class which each
student can access, teachers upload syllabi, lectures,
grades and remarks. Students download these files,
compose their assignment and remarks off-line, then
upload them to the common files.
20. Through computers, faculty, students and
administrators have easy access to one another as
well as access to database resources provided
through libraries. The academic resources of libraries
and special resources can be accessed through the
Internet.
Administrators can access student files, retrieve
institutional information from central repositories
such as district or system offices, government
agencies, or communicate with one another.
21. ISDN – (Integrated Services Digital Network) for simultaneous digital
transmission.
MCU – (Multipoint Control Unit) provides the capability for three or
more terminal and gateway to participate in multipoint conference.
22. Intranet is shared content accessed by members within a single
organization. (Internal Internet).
Extranet is shared content accessed by groups through cross-enterprise
boundaries.(An extension of an organization's intranet)
Internet is global communication accessed through the Web.
23. Audiographics Teleconference
Uses narrowband telecommunications channels to
transmit visual information such as graphics, alpha-
numerics, documents, and video pictures as an adjunct
to voice communication. Other terms are desk-top
computer conferencing and enhanced audio..
Devices include electronic tablets/boards, freeze-frame
video terminals, integrated graphics systems (as part of
personal computers), Fax, remote-access microfiche and
slide projectors, optical graphic scanners, and
voice/data terminals.
Audiographics can be used for meetings and distance
learning.
26. IP Terminals - These terminals are very similar to Dial Up terminals but IP terminals
offer a module allowing the connection to take place over an internet connection as
opposed to a phone line. These terminals offer faster processing speeds than dial up
terminals.
Hypercom - was founded in Australia in 1978. They produce electronic payment
processing hardware and software for a wide range of industries.
A PIN pad or PIN entry device - is an electronic device used in a debit, credit or smart
card-based transaction to accept and encrypt the cardholder's personal identification
number (PIN).
Check Reader - similar to a card reader, a check reader scans a customer’s check and
verifies available funds. Check readers can be linked to a merchant service, and have
the capability to convert a check into a debit transaction, allowing for quicker receipt
of funds.
Contactless Readers - contactless smart card readers use radio waves to communicate
with, and both read and write data on a smart card. A contactless smart card is any
pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits that can process and store data,
and communicate with a terminal via radio waves.
29. microfiche - piece of film containing
microphotographs of the pages of a
newspaper, catalog, or other document.
Integrated graphics systems (as part of
personal computers),
31. Move Information - Not People
Electronic delivery is more efficient than
physically moving people to a site, whether it is
a faculty member or administrator.
Save Time
Content presented by one or many sources is
received in many places simultaneously and
instantly. Travel is reduced resulting in more
productive time. Communication is improved and
meetings are more efficient. It adds a competitive
edge that face-to-face meetings do not.
32. Lower Costs
Costs (travel, meals, lodging) are reduced by keeping
employees in the office, speeding up product
development cycles, improving performance
through frequent meetings with timely information..
Accessible
Through any location site in the world.
Larger Audiences
More people can attend. The larger the audience,
the lower the cost per person.
33. Adaptable
useful for business, associations, hospitals, and
institutions to discuss, inform, train, educate or
present.
Flexible
With a remote receive or transmit truck, a
transmit or receive site can be located anywhere.
Security
Signals can be encrypted (scrambled) when it is
necessary. Encryption prevents outside viewers.
34.
35. Unity
Provides a shared sense of identity. People
feel more a part of the group more often.
Individuals or groups at multiple locations can
be linked frequently.
Timely
For time-critical information, sites can be linked
quickly. An audio or point-to-point
teleconference can be convened in three
minutes.
Interactive
Dynamic; requires the user's active participation. It
enhances personal communication. When used well
for learning, the interactivity will enhance the
learning and the teaching experience.
36. Immediate Scheduling & Flexibility
You can set up a teleconferencing call in a matter
of minutes.
There are online teleconferencing services that
allows you to log in, set the date and time for your
call, and retrieve a phone number and personal
identification number, or PIN, to distribute to your
call participants almost instantly. Call participants
also have a lot of flexibility.
Callers can leave and come back to the discussion
whenever desired.
41. Ability to Record
Another advantage of teleconferencing is that you have
proof of who participated in the call and you can also
have the call recorded.
So if there are any disputes or questions about the
terms of a verbal agreement that was made over the
phone, you can simply refer to the recording or
transcript of the call. You can also email each
participant a copy of the call.
This will help your clients, colleagues and workers be
more efficient. For instance, if you were discussing a
project to be completed, an employee can replay the
call to be clear about his role in the project.
43. Hard to Officiate
In a normal meeting, one person is usually assigned to
act as parliamentarian over the proceeding. The
parliamentarian is a neutral person who prevents the
discussion from veering off-topic, mediates arguments
and keeps the meeting short.
However, when you're having a meeting over the phone,
people are less likely to respect and acknowledge the
parliamentarian. As a result, a teleconference can be
difficult to manage and officiate.
44. Difficult to Create Group Rapport
Teleconferencing is an impersonal means of
communicating. It's very difficult to create a group
rapport, which is essential to the outcome of the
meeting. Face-to-face meetings often create an
informal atmosphere, allowing the participants to relax
and develop a comfort level with each other.
Due to the level of formality and inapproachability it
imbues in its users, teleconferencing is specifically not
suitable for negotiation, job interviews, contract
reviews or bargaining efforts which rely on
interpersonal communication, and is thereby limited
in its viability.
Many people consider it important to maintain eye
contact, observe other's gestures and shake hands to
establish rapport.
45. Technical Issues
In a teleconferencing situation, equipment might
break down, bringing the operation to a halt.
This can lead to delay and can be detrimental to
a business, especially if the meeting is urgent.
While video conferencing does enhance many
presentations with charts, models and graphs, if
technical problems occur, like poor sound quality,
unclear video or interrupted connections, its usage
may do more harm than good. Moreover,
participants might not be comfortable handling the
equipment.
46. Expensive for Small Companies
The equipment cost and dial-up plans are often
considered expensive by some companies. It is
not suitable for small companies who have a
group of workers and clients situated nearby.
Unnecessary Meetings
Since teleconferences are touted as saving people
time and expenditure, meetings might be held
more often than necessary.
47. According to ROBERT JOHANSEN
author of the book titled
Teleconferencing and Beyond.
“To take advantage of teleconferencing
technologies, however demands a well planned and
organized effort because the potential impacts are
so great, the introduction of teleconferencing
technologies should be carefully and thoroughly
engineered to avoid the pitfalls. Knowing what
users feel about present system is one essential step
in avoiding this pitfalls”.
49. Telecommuting is a non-traditional work arrangement
using telecommunications and computer facilities as an
alternative for work at a central workplace.
There is a study that investigated the potentials of
telecommuting in the Philippines, through employees’
and employers’ perceptions and stated preferences on
several hypothetical scenarios.
Telecommuting has been considered as one strategy
that can reduce demand for travel in most developed
countries like the United States.
It was found, from the models developed in the study,
that the willingness of individuals to telecommute is a
function of both socio-economic characteristics and the
attributes of the working arrangement proposed.
50. Furthermore, telecommuting is more acceptable to
professionals particularly to engineers, architects,
researchers, and those working in computers for longer
periods. Female, married employees, and car users are
more inclined to telecommute.
However, employees do not seem to value telecommuting
if they are to incur costs. Employees are more willing to
trade-off benefit privileges with the convenience offered
by the program. In summary, results of the study suggest
that telecommuting has potentials for adoption in the
Philippines.
