From pq import from search import class informed node(no

from pq import *
from search import *
class InformedNode(Node):
"""
Added the goal state as a parameter to the constructor. Also
added a new method to be used in conjunction with a priority
queue.
"""
def __init__(self, goal, state, parent, operator, depth):
Node.__init__(self, state, parent, operator, depth)
self.goal = goal
def priority(self):
"""
Needed to determine where the node should be placed in
the
priority queue. Depends on the current depth of the node
as

well as the estimate of the distance from the current state
to
the goal state.
"""
return self.depth + self.state.heuristic(self.goal)
class InformedSearch(Search):
"""
A general informed search class that uses a priority queue
and
traverses a search tree containing instances of the
InformedNode
class. The problem domain should be based on the
InformedProblemState class.
"""
def __init__(self, initialState, goalState):
self.expansions = 0
self.clearVisitedStates()
self.q = PriorityQueue()
self.goalState = goalState

self.q.enqueue(InformedNode(goalState, initialState,
None, None, 0))
solution = self.execute()
if solution == None:
print("Search failed")
else:
self.showPath(solution)
print("Expanded", self.expansions, "nodes during
search")
def execute(self):
while not self.q.empty():
current = self.q.dequeue()
self.expansions += 1
if self.goalState.equals(current.state):
return current
else:
successors = current.state.applyOperators()
operators = current.state.operatorNames()
for i in range(len(successors)):

if not successors[i].illegal():
n = InformedNode(self.goalState,
successors[i],
current,
operators[i],
current.depth+1)
if n.repeatedState():
del(n)
else:
self.q.enqueue(n)
return None
class InformedProblemState(ProblemState):
"""
An interface class for problem domains used with informed
search.
"""

def heuristic(self, goal):
"""
For use with informed search. Returns the estimated
cost of reaching the goal from this state.
"""
abstract()
Read and complete the activities in Module 4.04. You will look
at the advantages and disadvantages of using various types of
media to communicate your ideas:
1. What does the term "medium" mean when used in the text?
2. What are the two purposes the author has to consider when
communicating ideas?
3. What does the author mean by this statement: "Using
multiple mediums can help spread the message to the most
people possible. Yet that does not mean every medium is
suitable for a certain idea."
4. What are some ways the topic, purpose, and audience of a
message influence the way it is communicated?
5. Create a chart that compares the advantages and
disadvantages of types of media.
Comparing Types of Media
Type of Medium
Advantages
Disadvantages
Text

Audio
Video
Graphics
Static
Dynamic
04.04 Make It Memorable
Directions: View the grading rubric as you complete your work.
Write a reflection about the two DNA presentations.
1. Review the DNA article and interactive in the lesson.
2. Write a paragraph of at least five complete sentences that
answers the following questions:

· What are the advantages and disadvantages of each medium
used for the DNA information?
· Why can it be helpful to present ideas in more than one
medium?
· Which medium did you like better and why?
· Which medium do you feel taught you the information better
and why?
· How do your answers compare with those of your classmates
based on the poll results?
3. Save your work to your computer or drive.
4. Submit your work in 04.04 Make It Memorable.
MJ LANGUAGE ARTS III : LIVING
INNOVATION : 04.04MAKE IT MEMORABLE
How Do I Present?
Competition for public attention is high and increasing. This is
especially true in an age where anyone with access to the
Internet can publish his or her thoughts (whether worth reading
or not). There’s just an amazing amount of information
available. So when you have a message or idea to share with the
world, how do you know the best way to present it?
The answer depends on your topic, purpose, and audience. It
also takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of
various mediums. Using multiple mediums can help spread the
message to the most people possible. Yet that does not mean
every medium is suitable for a certain idea.
How Do I Present?
Kristopher Bronner is an American teen. He supports the idea
that candy doesn’t have to be made of unnatural foods to be
tasty and low priced. He promotes both the innovative candy
company he helped form and the idea that teens can change the
world. Kris uses several mediums to share his message.
Examine these formats to see the advantages and disadvantages
of each.

TextAudioVideoGraphicsStatic MultimediaDynamic
MultimediaSummary
Select each tab to learn about various means of presenting
information.
Text
( newspaper article, formal report)
Advantage
Writers share in-depth information in a text to fully explain
their ideas. People can reread to review details about the topic.
Disadvantage
People must use extended time to read lengthy explanations. A
lack of audio or visual clues can lead readers to misinterpret the
text’s statements.
Audio
( radio broadcast, podcast)
Advantage
Speakers can use vocal inflection to show passion for the topic
and build excitement.
Disadvantage
Sound recordings lack visuals that can support a listener’s
understanding. Listeners may find it dull if a speaker just reads
a report.
Video
( television commercial, TV news segment)
Advantage
Presenters use sights, sounds, and motion to build interest. It
can be very engaging and informative for viewers.
Disadvantage
It takes more time and money to create. Presenters cannot
guarantee people will watch.

Graphics
( graphs, charts, maps)
Advantage
Graphics can simplify complex ideas into easy-to-view chunks.
Colors and shapes can present information in a clear and
attractive manner.
Disadvantage
Poorly designed graphics can confuse the viewer rather than aid
understanding. Graphics provide the big picture but can lack
supportive detail.
Static Multimedia
( posters, billboards)
Advantage
Designers combine written words and images. They can create a
short, memorable message.
Disadvantage
People pass by quickly. Designers cannot include much detail.
Information must be condensed to grab attention.
Dynamic Multimedia
( PowerPoint presentation, website)
Advantage
Designers can combine text, images, and sounds. The format
can engage multiple types of learners. It can include virtually
unlimited information.
Disadvantage
Audience must seek out the information. The format can distract
from the message if it is too flashy or too outdated.
A Final Message About Mediums
You have seen that information may be shared in several

different mediums. Each has its pros and cons. It is wise to
share ideas through several different mediums rather than just
one. This ensures that your message reaches the widest possible
audience.
Evaluating Mediums
Using more than one medium to present information can help
deliver the ideas faster to more people. Yet not all formats are
equally effective for all people. You are familiar with the pros
and cons of each medium. Keep this knowledge in mind as you
view two different presentations about DNA fingerprinting—an
article and an interactive.
DNA Interactive Text Version
Slide 1
There is an image of DNA strands.
Text: DNA
DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid—we all have it in every cell of
our bodies. DNA is similar to a fingerprint—everybody's DNA
is different. (The only exception is identical twins. They have
the same exact DNA.) Scientists and investigators count on
DNA analysis for its accuracy. This unique genetic code can be
found in all body cells, including hair, skin, and blood.
What if you came home one day and discovered your iPod was
not in its usual place? Help us solve the mystery behind a
similar scenario.
Slide 2
There is an image of a small desk with a light and a book.
Text: Oh, no! My iPod is not where I left it last night. Where
could it be?
Slide 3
There is an image of a bedroom with a green chair, a bed, a

desk and an iPod on the floor.
Text: It seems to be on the floor ... I should probably pick it up.
Slide 4
There is an image of a cracked iPod.
Text: But. ... what is this? There's a scratch on the screen! And
there seems to be ... grrrrr ... peanut butter remains!!
Slide 5
There is an image of a young girl and a boy in yellow shirts.
They are playing in a house.
Text: Well, both of my siblings enjoy eating peanut butter
crackers after school. But which one of them did it? Since each
human being has a unique DNA code, and they are not identical
twins, I am going to do DNA testing to catch the culprit!
Slide 6
There is an image of a bathroom sink with 2 hairbrushes.
Text: Aha! Their hairbrushes are just what I need. I'd better take
a closer look ...
Slide 7
There is an image of hair in a pink hairbrush and a brown
hairbrush.
Text: I know that hair has DNA. I will grab a couple of hair
strands and take them into the lab.
Slide 8
There is an image of a laboratory.
Text: Okay, I'm here at the lab. I should open the DNA
analyzer...
Slide 9
There is an image of a DNA analyzer and a slide with 2 strands
of hair.
Text: I need to place the hair samples I collected earlier into the
glass.
Slide 10
There is an image of DNA computer samples and a picture of a
young boy and a young girl.
Text: The results are back. Help me select the person who did
this terrible damage to my iPod.

(If sister is selected) Hmmm ... based on the results, my sister
seems to be innocent. Please try again.
(If brother is selected) Guilty!
Slide 11
There is an image of the Daily News newspaper and an older
man.
Text: DNA evidence exonerates innocent man after 22 years!
Audio: 22 years ago I was convicted of a crime I did not
commit. At the trial, I pleaded innocent. Although my family
believed me, the jury did not. The circumstantial evidence was
too convincing. I have been in jail for 22 long years. I have
missed every family event. Even my lawyer had given up after
several appeals. I finally accepted the fact that jail would be my
only home when a group called “The Innocence Project”
contacted me. They set up a DNA analysis by using a strand of
my hair. When they compared my DNA to the DNA at the scene
of the crime, it was not a match! I was free.
Slide 12
There is an image of the Daily News newspaper and an Egyptian
mummy.
Text: DNA Extracted from 3000-year-old mummy!
Audio: 3400 years ago, I walked this earth. I lived in Egypt and
lived and breathed, just like you do- except that I was Pharaoh.
When I died, my family had my body mummified to preserve
my tissue, skin, and organs. A new pharaoh took over after my
death, and to preserve his power, he erased all information
about my family and me from history. For 3400 years, my
family was forgotten until one day a group of archeologist
found me in my sarcophagus. Using CT scans, they figured out
that I was Tutankhamen. You might know me as King Tut. By
analyzing the DNA of a group of mummies, they figured out
who my family members were. DNA analysis reunited my
family in historically, 3400 years after our deaths.
Slide 13
There is an image of the Daily News newspaper and a two teens.
Text: DNA testing improves health!

Audio: My daily diet? Well … there is nothing I like better than
doughnuts for breakfast, a big juicy hamburger for lunch and
pizza night with my friends … yum! All this changed when I
had my DNA analyzed. The biologist informed me that the
sequencing in my genetic code revealed a dangerous possibility-
I was at risk for developing diabetes in my later life! Armed
with this information, I started exercising every day and eating
my veggies- just like my mom always told me to do. I feel
terrific knowing that I am doing what is best for my future me.
Slide 14
There is an image of a computer and a hand pointing to the
computerized DNA image.
Text: Since the start of DNA analysis, investigators needed a
way to keep track of all the data they were collecting from
crime scenes. So the FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice
developed what’s called the Combined DNA Index System, or
“CODIS” for short. CODIS is a database of DNA records of
convicted offenders. It is used worldwide to share and compare
DNA data. Any forensics laboratory can use CODIS for free to
run a DNA sample against the database to see if there are any
matches. Once a criminal’s DNA code is in the system, it
remains there for identification in future crimes.
Is DNA forensic analysis reliable? Guilty as charged.
Kathryn Holmes, Department of Justice
What if you came home one day and discovered your iPod was
not in its usual place? Instead of resting on your nightstand, you
found it tossed on the floor with a big scratch on the screen.
First, you would examine the scene. Picking the iPod up, you
see it has a peanut butter smudge on it. That’s when you start
making a mental list of potential iPod-scratching suspects.
Since you have a little brother and sister whose favorite
afternoon snack is peanut butter crackers, you determine they
are the prime suspects. But which one committed this offense?
You storm down the stairs to begin your investigation.
When law enforcement is faced with a real crime and must

analyze a crime scene, they take a much more detailed
approach. Using science and technology, they can conduct what
is called a forensic analysis. For example, the police might find
written documents and have the handwriting analyzed by an
expert. They can even use ballistics testing to examine markings
on a bullet to see if it was fired from a suspect’s weapon.
But out of all the methods, the most reliable forensic technique
police use is called DNA fingerprinting. As opposed to
traditional fingerprinting in which the actual fingerprints are
lifted from the crime scene, this type of fingerprinting looks
inside the cell of a human being to determine who committed
the crime.
Scientists and investigators count on DNA fingerprinting for its
accuracy. That’s because DNA is similar to a fingerprint —
everybody’s DNA is different. (The only exception is identical
twins. They have the exact same DNA.) This unique genetic
code can be found in all body cells, including hair, skin, and
blood. That means investigators can examine these types of
evidence found at the scene of the crime, with the hopes of
matching it to a suspect’s DNA.
Although it is widely used today, DNA analysis technology has
not always been around. Scientists developed this method in the
1980s. Since then, police and investigators have used it to help
convict criminals and solve numerous crimes. This technology
has proven useful in solving cold cases, too. Those are cases
that were previously thought to be unsolvable.
1.
But DNA analysis isn’t just for convicting criminals. Over the
past few decades, it has been used to help free prisoners who
were wrongly convicted of a crime. Some of these prisoners
were even on death row. Archeology is another profession that
uses DNA analysis. Ancient peoples are studied using DNA
samples taken from 3,000-year-old mummies. The scientists
determine interesting characteristics, such as the health of the
Egyptian family lineage. A more recent use of DNA analysis
involves preventing health problems before they start. If a

person’s DNA indicates that he or she has a propensity for heart
problems, he or she could start exercising and eating well in
order to avoid getting sick.
Since the start of DNA analysis, investigators needed a way to
keep track of all the data they were collecting from crime
scenes. So the FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice
developed what’s called the “Combined DNA Index System,” or
“CODIS” for short. CODIS is a database of DNA records of
convicted offenders. It is used worldwide to share and compare
DNA data. Any forensics laboratory can use CODIS for free to
run a DNA sample against the database to see if there are any
matches. Once a criminal’s DNA code is in the system, it
remains there for identification in future crimes.
Although DNA fingerprinting would not really be used to solve
the mystery of the scratched iPod, for more serious matters,
investigators around the world agree — when it comes to
reliability, DNA analysis is guilty as charged.
class PriorityQueue:
"""
Implements a heap-style priority queue with O(lg n) enqueue
and
dequeue methods. The priority queue is stored as a list
where
position 0 always contains None. The first actual item is
stored
in position 1. This is necessary so that the list can be treated
as a binary tree and simple calculations can be done to find
the

parent, and left and right sub-trees. The items being stored
are
expected to be instances of a class which has a priority()
method.
"""
def __init__(self):
self.q = [None]
def __str__(self):
result = "Queue contains " + str(len(self.q)-1) + " items"
if not self.empty():
result += "-Minimum item has priority: " +
str(self.min().priority())
return result
def parent(self, i):
return i//2
def right(self, i):
return (i * 2) + 1
def left(self, i):
return i * 2

def hasLeft(self, i):
return self.left(i) <= len(self.q)-1
def hasRight(self, i):
return self.right(i) <= len(self.q)-1
def empty(self):
return len(self.q) == 1
def swap(self, p1, p2):
self.q[p1], self.q[p2], = self.q[p2], self.q[p1]
def bubbleUp(self,i):
p = self.parent(i)
if i==1 or self.q[i].priority() >= self.q[p].priority():
return
else:
self.swap(i, p)
self.bubbleUp(p)
def bubbleDown(self, i):
if (not self.hasLeft(i)) and (not self.hasRight(i)):
return

elif self.hasLeft(i) and (not self.hasRight(i)):
l = self.left(i)
if self.q[i].priority() > self.q[l].priority():
self.swap(i, l)
self.bubbleDown(l)
else:
l = self.left(i)
r = self.right(i)
key = self.q[i].priority()
if self.q[l].priority() >= key and self.q[r].priority() >=
key:
return
elif self.q[l].priority() <= self.q[r].priority():
self.swap(i, l)
self.bubbleDown(l)
else:
self.swap(i, r)
self.bubbleDown(r)
def min(self):

if self.empty():
raise RunTimeError
return self.q[1]
def dequeue(self):
if self.empty():
raise RunTimeError
result = self.q.pop(1)
self.q.insert(1, self.q.pop(len(self.q)-1))
self.bubbleDown(1)
return result
def enqueue(self, item):
self.q.append(item)
self.bubbleUp(len(self.q)-1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
class Test:
"""
A simple class created to test the priority queue.

The PriorityQueue class expects to store instances
of a class that has a method called priority().
"""
def __init__(self, v):
self.value = v
def __str__(self):
return str(self.value)
def priority(self):
return self.value
print("Creating a PriorityQueue")
pq = PriorityQueue()
print("Check that an empty queue is printable")
print(pq)
print("Inserting 10, 5, 2, 12, 25")
pq.enqueue(Test(10))
pq.enqueue(Test(5))
pq.enqueue(Test(2))

print(pq)
print("Removing the minimum until empty")
while (not pq.empty()):
print(pq.dequeue())

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