This document analyzes trends in corruption perceptions in Central Africa from 2012 to 2021 based on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index. It finds that Central Africa had the worst performance in Africa over this period, with its average CPI score consistently lower than the continental average. While Central Africa saw an improvement from 2020 to 2021, this was not enough to offset generally poor performance from 2012 to 2021. The analysis is presented by PFMConnect, a consultancy focusing on public finance and digital communication.

1. 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index
Central Africa performance 2012-2021
Prepared by John Leonardo, PFMConnect,
April 2022

2. Introduction
• The charts included in this presentation focus on key trends evident in
the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2021 results for Central Africa for
the periods 2012-2021, 2012-2017, 2017-2021 and 2020-2021
• Trends are presented on a global, regional and country basis

3. Regional CPI changes since 2012
• This chart shows the percentage change in country CPI scores between
2012 and 2021 on a regional basis for the 174 countries assessed in
both the 2012 CPI and 2021 CPI (Note: Nil values of unchanged scores
are not displayed in the chart)
• The Global data demonstrates how the proportion of increased country
scores at a global level only exceeds the proportion of reduced country
scores by a negligible amount

4. Regional CPI changes 2012-2021
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Africa Asia Pacific Caribbean Central, North and South
America
Eastern Europe and Central
Asia
Middle East and North
Africa
Western Europe and
European Union
Global
CPI 2021: Regional percentage changes in CPI country scores
2012-2021
Increased country scores 2012-2021 No change 2012-2021 Decreased country scores 2012-2021

5. African regional CPI changes since 2012
• This chart shows the percentage change in country CPI scores in African
regions between 2012 and 2021 for countries assessed in both the 2012
CPI and 2021 CPI (Note: Nil values of unchanged scores are not
displayed in the chart)

6. CPI 2021: Trends in % changes in country scores
across African regions 2012-2021
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
North Africa 2012-2021 West Africa 2012-2021 Central Africa 2012-2021 East Africa 2012-2021 Southern Africa 2012-2021 All Africa 2012-2021 Global 2012-2021
CPI 2021: Trends in % changes in country scores across African regions 2012-2021
Increases No change Decreases

7. Central Africa overall CPI trends 2012-2021
• This chart shows the average CPI scores recorded for Central Africa, the African
region and all countries each year during the period 2012-2021
• Little material overall improvement in the average global CPI scores has been
achieved since 2012 (0.37%) (Note: This average has been calculated for those
countries where scores were available in both CPI 2012 and CPI 2021)

8. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2012-2021 Overall trends
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CPI Score 2012 CPI Score 2013 CPI score 2014 CPI score 2015 CPI score 2016 CPI score 2017 CPI score 2018 CPI score 2019 CPI score 2020 CPI score 2021
CPI 2021: Central Africa versus regional and global averages CPI scores 2012-2021
Central Africa average Africa average Global average

9. CPI 2021: Central Africa rate of change in CPI scores
2012-2021
• This chart shows the percentage change in average CPI scores recorded for Central
Africa, the African region and all countries each year during the period 2012-2021
• While Central Africa’s average CPI score improved in 2020-2021, this was not
enough to arrest the poor overall performance during 2012-2021

10. CPI 2021: Central Africa versus Africa and global
averages % changes in CPI scores 2012-2021
-3.00%
-2.50%
-2.00%
-1.50%
-1.00%
-0.50%
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2020-2021 2017-2021 2012-2017 2012-2021
CPI 2021: Central Africa versus Africa and global averages % changes in CPI scores 2012-
2021
Central Africa average scores Africa Global average

11. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2012-2021
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2012 CPI scores and
2021 CPI scores for 9 Central African countries assessed in both the
2012 CPI and 2021 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2012: 3
– CPI scores unchanged since 2012: 1 (Note: Nil unchanged percentage
scores are not displayed in the chart)
– CPI score decreases since 2012: 5

12. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2012-2021
-25.00%
-20.00%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Central African Republic Burundi Cameroon Chad Sao Tome and Principe
CPI 2021: Central African countries % change in CPI scores 2012-2021

13. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2012-2017
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2012 CPI scores and
2017 CPI scores for 9 Central African countries assessed in both the
2012 CPI and 2017 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2012: 3
– CPI scores unchanged since 2012: 1 (Note: Nil unchanged percentage
scores are not displayed in the chart)
– CPI score decreases since 2012: 5

14. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2012-2017
-25.00%
-20.00%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
Congo Equatorial Guinea Central African Republic Gabon Cameroon Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Chad Sao Tome and Principe Burundi
CPI 2021: Central African countries % change in CPI scores 2012-2017

15. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2017-2021
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2017 CPI scores and
2021 CPI scores for 9 Central African countries assessed in both the
2017 CPI and 2021 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2017: 2
– CPI scores unchanged since 2017: 3 (Note: Nil unchanged percentage
scores are not displayed in the chart)
– CPI score decreases since 2017: 4

16. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2017-2021
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
Burundi Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Chad Congo Equatorial Guinea Central African Republic Cameroon
CPI 2021: Central African countries % change in CPI scores 2017-2021

17. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2020-2021
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2020 CPI scores and
2021 CPI scores for 9 Central African countries assessed in both the
2020 CPI and 2021 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2020: 5
– CPI scores unchanged since 2020: 1 (Note: Nil unchanged percentage
scores are not displayed in the chart)
– CPI score decreases since 2020: 3

18. CPI 2021: Central Africa 2020-2021
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
Central African Republic Chad Sao Tome and Principe Burundi Gabon Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Equatorial Guinea Cameroon Congo
CPI 2021: Central African countries % change in CPI scores 2020-2021

19. CPI 2021: Africa 2012-2021
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2012 CPI scores and
2021 CPI scores for 53 African countries assessed in both the 2012 CPI
and 2021 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2012: 23
– CPI scores unchanged since 2012: 3
– CPI score decreases since 2012: 27

20. CPI 2021: Africa 2012-2021
-40.00%
-20.00%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
Liberia
Comoros
Congo
Libya
Madagascar
Djibouti
Mozambique
Guinea
Bissau
Lesotho
Botswana
Equatorial
Guinea
Mali
Eswatini
Eritrea
Gabon
Nigeria
Zambia
Mauritania
Democratic
Republic
of
the
Congo
Central
African
Republic
Uganda
Niger
Malawi
Mauritius
Ghana
Cabo
Verde
Algeria
Rwanda
Togo
Burundi
Namibia
South
Africa
Egypt
Cameroon
Guinea
Chad
Morocco
Sao
Tome
and
Principe
Tunisia
Gambia
Sierra
Leone
Burkina
Faso
Kenya
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Benin
Ethiopia
Senegal
Cote
d'Ivoire
Angola
Seychelles
Sudan
Somalia
Regional
average
CPI 2021: African countries % change in CPI scores 2012-2021

21. CPI 2021: Africa 2012-2017
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2012 CPI scores and
2017 CPI scores for 53 African countries assessed in both the 2012 CPI
and 2017 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2012: 21
– CPI scores unchanged since 2012: 6
– CPI score decreases since 2012: 26

22. CPI 2021: Africa 2012-2017
-40.00%
-30.00%
-20.00%
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
Guinea
Bissau
Madagascar
Liberia
Eritrea
Mozambique
Congo
Libya
Malawi
Equatorial
Guinea
Djibouti
Angola
Mauritius
Gambia
Central
African
Republic
Ghana
Uganda
Mauritania
Mali
Gabon
Cabo
Verde
Lesotho
Botswana
Cameroon
Comoros
Sierra
Leone
Algeria
Democratic
Republic
of
the
Congo
Egypt
Niger
Nigeria
South
Africa
Zambia
Tunisia
Tanzania
Kenya
Rwanda
Chad
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Namibia
Togo
Morocco
Benin
Sao
Tome
and
Principe
Zimbabwe
Burkina
Faso
Guinea
Somalia
Seychelles
Burundi
Sudan
Cote
d'Ivoire
Senegal
CPI 2021: African countries % change in CPI scores 2012-2017

23. CPI 2021: Africa 2017-2021
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2017 CPI scores and
2021 CPI scores for 54 African countries assessed in both the 2017 CPI
and 2021 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2017: 25
– CPI scores unchanged since 2017: 8
– CPI score decreases since 2017: 21

24. CPI 2021: Africa 2017-2021
-30.00%
-20.00%
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Comoros
Eswatini
Burundi
Nigeria
Zambia
Botswana
Lesotho
Democratic
Republic
of
the
Congo
South
Sudan
Guinea
Mali
Liberia
Togo
Niger
Senegal
Namibia
Rwanda
Djibouti
Gabon
Morocco
Sao
Tome
and
Principe
Algeria
Libya
Burkina
Faso
Cote
d'Ivoire
Mauritania
Congo
Chad
Equatorial
Guinea
South
Africa
Egypt
Uganda
Mozambique
Central
African
Republic
Zimbabwe
Tunisia
Cabo
Verde
Kenya
Ghana
Benin
Mauritius
Cameroon
Tanzania
Madagascar
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Malawi
Sierra
Leone
Seychelles
Gambia
Guinea
Bissau
Sudan
Somalia
Angola
CPI 2021: African countries % change in CPI scores 2017-2021

25. CPI 2021: Africa 2020-2021
• This chart shows the percentage change between 2020 CPI scores and
2021 CPI scores for 54 African countries assessed in both the 2020 CPI
and 2021 CPI
• Results summary:
– CPI score increases since 2020: 23
– CPI scores unchanged since 2020: 11
– CPI score decreases since 2020: 20

26. CPI 2021: Africa 2020-2021
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
Guinea
Algeria
Botswana
South
Sudan
Central
African
Republic
Lesotho
Chad
Comoros
Senegal
Sao
Tome
and
Principe
Zimbabwe
Nigeria
Namibia
Mauritania
Mali
Kenya
Niger
Eswatini
Morocco
Rwanda
Tunisia
Egypt
Libya
Cabo
Verde
South
Africa
Ghana
Gambia
Cote
d'Ivoire
Zambia
Uganda
Burundi
Mauritius
Benin
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Sierra
Leone
Gabon
Togo
Liberia
Madagascar
Mozambique
Eritrea
Burkina
Faso
Democratic
Republic
of
the
Congo
Seychelles
Equatorial
Guinea
Angola
Cameroon
Somalia
Congo
Guinea
Bissau
Djibouti
Malawi
Sudan
CPI 2021: African countries % change in CPI scores 2020-2021

27. Conclusion
• Central Africa was the worst performing region in Africa during 2012-2021.
• Central Africa’s average CPI score was consistently less than the average Africa CPI
score during 2012-2021.
• While Central Africa’s average CPI score improved in 2020-2021, this was not
enough to arrest the poor overall performance during 2012-2021

28. About us
• PFMConnect is a consultancy providing online support in the fields of
public finance and digital communication
• Follow our coverage of corruption and public financial management
(PFM) issues on our Facebook page
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and on our blog http://blog-pfmconnect.com
• Contact us at team@pfmconnect.com for a pdf version of this video. Let
us know if you have any questions.