AGRICULTURAL MASTERPLAN FOR THE NORTHERN SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA

Transforming the Savannah
through Agriculture: Agribusiness
Resources, Clusters and Value Chains
of the SADA Zone of Ghana
A synthesis of the MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE
in cooperation with
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
2ND
EDITION

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REPUBLIC OF GHANA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF MAPS, TABLES, GRAPHS and FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 03
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 07
1. SADA’s mandate at a glance – facilitate, catalyse,
collaborate, coordinate and plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 08
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 09
3. WHAT IS THE MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION
OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE (MTAS)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 11
4. HOW WAS THE MTAS DEVELOPED AND HOW IS IT ORGANIZED? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 12
5. THE POTENTIAL OF GAME-CHANGING PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 15
6. THE INVENTORY OF RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 18
7. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT
(CROPS, LIVESTOCK, AGROFORESTRY AND AQUACULTURE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 24
8. POTENTIAL DAM SITES AND IRRIGATION SCHEME PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 34
9. PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 40
10. TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
(CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES) . . . . . PG. 43
11. THE PROPOSED VALUE CHAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 50
12. AGRIBUSINESS SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK –
PROPOSED CLUSTERS AND DEVELOPMENT ZONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 55
13. CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 84
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 84

LIST OF MAPS
MAP 01 - Soil Map - fao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 19
Map 02 - annual precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 21
map 03 - hydrographic network and major basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 23
map 04 - LAND SUITABILITY FOR PASTURE (LIVESTOCK) AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER rainfed CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . pg. 29
map 05 - land suitability for bunded rice at high inputs under RAINFED conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 30
map 06 - land suitability for bunded rice at high inputs under irrigatED conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 31
map 07 - LAND SUITABILITY FOR AGROFORESTRY AND PLANTED FORESTS
(EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA REFERENCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 32
map 08 - LAND SUITABILITY FOR COMMERCIAL POND AQUACULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 33
map 09 - PROPOSED DAMS AND IRRIGABLE LAND IN THE SADA ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 35
map 10 - CACTHMENTS AND DAM SITES FOR MEDIUM AND SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION (FAO/UNDP
LAND AND WATER SURVEY IN THE UPPER AND NORTHERN REGIONS OF GHANA, 1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 36
MAP 11 - Bui Irrigation Scheme Project 3 - pumping (Royal Haskoning DHV, 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 39
map 12 - LAND FOR RIPARIAN BUFFER PROTECTION WITH TREE PLANTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 49
MAP 13 - PROPOSED AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ZONES
AND LARGE AND SMALL SCALE DAMS AND IRRIGATION SCHEMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 56
map 14 - agribusiness development zone 1 and land suitability
for BUNDED RICE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 60
MAP 15 - agribusiness development zone 1 and land suitability
for MAIZE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 61
for BUNDED RICE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 64
for BUNDED RICE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 68
for BUNDED RICe at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 72
map 24 - (WORLD BANK-FUNDED) SUSTAINABLE LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT
PROJECT AREA MAP (SOURCE: THE WORLD BANK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 79

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LIST OF TABLES
table 01 - Balance of future production of key food items
(value chain end products) in the SADA Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 16
table 02 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR CROPS, LIVESTOCK (GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES),
AGROFORESTRY AND PLANTED FORESTS AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER RAIN-FED CONDITIONS (HECTARES) . . . pg. 26
table 03 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR CROPS AND LIVESTOCK
(GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES) AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER IRRIGATED CONDITIONS (HECTARES) . . . . . PG. 27
table 04 - OPTIONS FOR IRRIGATION SCHEME DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 38
table 05 - Proposed Strategic Pillars, Framework Programs and Policy Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 41
TABLE 06 - PORTFOLIO OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES)
OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 46
Table 07 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 59
table 08 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 63
LIST OF GRAPHS
graph 01 - COMPARISONS BETWEEN EXTENTS OF SUITABLE LAND (FROM VERY TO MODERATELY SUITABLE)
UNDER IRRIGATED AND RAIN-FED CONDITIONS (MILLION HECTARES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 28
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 01 - CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTERPLAN
FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 13
Figure 02 - CROPS, GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES (LIVESTOCK) AND TREE SPECIES UNDER ANALYSIS . . . . . . . pg. 25
Figure 03 - Conceptual agroforestry and livestock (crop-livestock-forestry integration) system . . . . pg. 48
Figure 04 - CONCEPTUAL FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 51
Figure 05 - FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS PROPOSED FOR THE SADA ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 52

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Preface
The Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) is in the midst of a process to
develop a long-term Regional Development Plan complemented by specific sectoral and
urban master plans for the rapid development of the SADA Zone.
The core purpose is to find answers to the question “What needs to be done, prioritised
or done differently, in order to harness the vast resources of the zone to accelerate
development, transform the zone and eliminate extreme poverty in an environmentally
sustainable way in the shortest possible time”?
The Northern Savannah Ecological Zone (NSEZ) is blessed with vast lands and valleys,
criss-crossed by rivers suitable for commercial agriculture, irrigation, hydropower
and water transport which combine to stimulate agro-processing, immense deposits
of unexploited minerals suitable for a wide array of industries, including support of
agriculture (e.g. lime).
We envision the SADA zone in 25 years as a highly diversified economy transformed by
highly productive agriculture and agro-industries that transform incomes and landscapes,
combined with high value-added services powering modern sustainable cities attractive
to live in whilst boosting the rural economy.
We see commercial, irrigated agricultural development as the most important key to
unlock the Zone’s potentials, and implementing the policy, technology and infrastructure
propositions set forth in the Resources and Agricultural Development Masterplan of the
SADA Zone, summarized in this publication, will be instrumental for paving the way for
agriculture-led transformation of the zone.
We hope you find the information herein contained useful. We make ourselves available
to provide additional information as may be required and to be an effective partner
for the accelerated development of agriculture in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone.
We welcome you to explore this publication.
CHARLES A. ABUGRE, CEO
Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA)
For further information contact SADA through:
www.sadagh.org
info@sadagh.org

1. SADA’s mandate at a glance –
facilitate, catalyse, collaborate,
coordinate and plan
SADA, the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority, was established in 2010 as a vehicle
to plan, coordinate and execute development strategies, programs and projects in Ghana’s
Northern Savannah Ecological Zone – NSEZ for the purpose of accelerating development and
transforming the economy of the Zone.
It is, therefore, the key Government Authority in coordinating, facilitating, catalysing and
implementing development projects, both with public and private players. SADA is consolidating
its mandate as a one-stop-shop centre for investors in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone
and, in that regard, can play a number of roles including bureaucracy facilitation, land
acquisition, engagement with key Government Authorities and others. SADA delivers its core
objectives by facilitating, catalysing, collaborating, coordinating and assisting any development
or private investment projects across its area of influence. It is a “problem solving institution”
and hand-holds its partners to ensure that their investments are successful and beneficial in
terms of jobs and social impacts on the people.
SADA is growing its capacity as the place to go for information that might benefit your
investment decisions. This Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone
is an important step in that direction.

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REPUBLIC OF GHANA
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
This document is a synthesis of the Resources and Masterplan for the Transformation of
Agriculture in the SADA Zone (final report), published in 06 volumes (including the Land
Suitability Atlas). It provides a snapshot of the resources, potentials, targets, proposed
policy and infrastructure interventions, findings, among others, contained in the final report.
Therefore, more information is available with SADA.
The Vision
The SADA Zone is poised for sustained growth and transformation in the following couple of
decades (towards 2035-2040), to be driven primarily by agriculture and agribusiness development.
The Zone has appropriate natural resources (land, water, climate), hardworking people, and with
the right policies and infrastructure development put in place, its contribution to economic growth
and food security in Ghana and Africa can expand tremendously over a short period of time.

THE MAIN FINDINGS OF THE MASTERPLAN FOR THE
TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE
The SADA Zone offers, among others:
• Over 8 million ha of highly suitable land which can be put under environmentally
and socially sustainable, commercial agricultural, livestock, forestry and aquaculture
production, under rain-fed or irrigated conditions;
• 23 large and medium sized dam sites which can be developed for hydropower, irrigation,
flood control, aquaculture or multipurpose uses;
• 5 proposed large-scale irrigation schemes (> 4,000 ha) with potential gross irrigable
land ranging from 209,000 ha to 647,395 ha;
• Over 104 small dam sites across 95 small catchments which can harness over
104,000 ha of irrigation in small and medium-sized schemes (400 ha > 4,000 ha);
• Over 40 billion m³ of renewable surface water resources of which a substantial
portion can be avaible for hydropower and irrigation development.
• Significant quantities of underground water that can be tapped for irrigation
and human/animal consumption;
• Availability of large quantities of lime deposits for soil enrichment.
Game-changing projects – Potential targets
Promote USD 2 billion of public investment into bulk water infrastructure for irrigation, power
and feeder roads over the next 20 years (towards 2035-2040) to leverage and achieve:
• 200,000 ha (in large, medium and small-sized irrigation schemes) under irrigation
(50% with public sector-owned bulk water infrastructure, 50% developed or expanded
by the private sector);
• Attract from USD 1.9 to USD 2.3 billion of private investment into farming, downstream
processing and additional irrigation infrastructure;
• Create from 400,000 to 450,000 permanent jobs along value chains;
• Generate additional annual value chain revenues of USD 1.2 billion in the rice, poultry,
vegetable oils, sugar, fruits and vegetables (including exotic crops such as chilli and black
pepper, etc.).

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3. WHAT IS THE MASTERPLAN FOR
THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE
IN THE SADA ZONE (MTAS)?
The Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone (MTAS) is a component
of the overall SADA Zone masterplanning process, which falls under the Long Term National
Development Plan (LTNDP), led by the National Development Planning Commission (NDPC).
While the MTAS carries the lessons of key pan-African (Comprehensive Africa Agricultural
Development Programme - CAADP), National (Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda
II 2014-2012 - GSGDA II) and Sectoral (Food and Agriculture Sector Policy – FASDEP and
the Medium Term Agricultural Investment Plan - METASIP) strategic policy documents currently
in force, its interventions will fall under the implementation of the Regional Component
of the afore mentioned Long-Term National Development Plan (LTNDP).
The MTAS has been led by SADA and supported by a number of National and International
bodies. Queiroz Galvão, a civil construction and public works company from Brazil, has been
supporting SADA in putting together the required information and data for the MTAS.
The SADA Zone Masterplanning Process intends to articulate a long term vision under
which the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone can be transformed to become Ghana’s green
economic hub and a gateway to the Sahel.
Deliverables of the SADA masterplanning process include, in addition to the
agricultural component:
• The SADA Zone Spatial Development Framework (SASDF);
• The Regional Concept Plan of the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone;
• Detailed masterplans of Tamale and Buipe.
REPUBLIC OF GHANA

Location Incentives
Companies operating in the manufacturing sector are entitled to tax rebates, depending on
their location.
The income tax rebate allowable to manufacturing business operating in regional capitals
other than Accra and Tema is 25% of the applicable income tax rate, while those in other
locations other than Accra and Tema enjoy 50% of the applicable tax rate.
Capital Allowances
Capital allowances are granted on depreciable assets owned by a person at the end of its basis
period. The asset pooling system is used in the computation of capital allowance. Based on
this system, the assets are grouped into six classes of depreciable assets. Each class of assets has
its own depreciation rate. Classes one, two and four assets are depreciated on a reducing balance
basis. Classes three, five and six are depreciated on straight line basis.
The applicable capital allowance rates are as follows:
4. HOW WAS THE MTAS DEVELOPED
AND HOW IS IT ORGANIZED?
The MTAS has benefited from decades of acquired knowledge on the natural resources,
project development possibilities, proposed infrastructure, social and environmental screening
contained in the various surveys, feasibility studies, policy concept notes and documents
developed over the last 50-60 years.
It’s organized under four (4) modules, which are:
1. Inventory of natural resources for agricultural development and modernization, including
research on soil conditions, water resources, climatic characterization, geology and other
characteristics of the SADA Zone. The inventory of natural resources also took into account
studies and scenarios on the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture and the
availability of resources;
2. Land suitability assessment under rain-fed and irrigated conditions of 25 crops/land
utilization types (LUTs), livestock (suitability for improved grasses and forage legumes),
forestry development and aquaculture. The key objective was to shed light on crops, animals
and value chains for which the Zone could provide competitive and comparative advantages;
3. Proposed irrigation and hydropower infrastructure development, including large, medium
and small scale dams for irrigation, power, flood control, aquaculture and multipurpose
uses. In addition, the proposed infrastructure plans propose the creation of a major
waterway on Volta Lake to connect the SADA Zone straight to the Tema Harbour through
a multi-modal logistics system (road-water-rail transport) and the development of an inland
port and port city at Buipe;
4. Environmentally sustainable technologies (climate-smart agriculture) and land use types
for commercial agriculture development, proposed policy framework and interventions,
agribusiness spatial development framework and value chains. Module 4 intends to provide
a roadmap to the future, by I) identifying those technologies and land use types which
would contribute to commercial agriculture development and expansion on an
environmentally and socially sustainable manner (climate-smart agriculture and good
agricultural practices); II) a proposed policy framework with 3 strategic pillars, 9 framework
programs and 49 policy projects and interventions to unlock agriculture potential in the
Zone; III) an Agribusiness Spatial Development Framework, which delineated 06
Agribusiness Development Zones (Growth Poles) based on their potentials and suitability
for specific crops and agribusiness value chains and IV) identification of the key value
chains and anchor projects to be promoted.

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REPUBLIC OF GHANA
figure 01. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTERPLAN
FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE
Transforming SADA
in a green economic hub
for Ghana and a
gateway to the Sahel
contributing to
Module 1
inventory
of natural
resources
Module 2
land suitability
assessment
for crops,
livestock, forestry
and aquaculture
Module 3
proposed
infrastructure
development
Module 4
proposed policy
framework,
climate-smart
agriculture,
proposed agribusiness
value chains and
spatial development
framework
(zoning, clusters
and growth poles)

The findings of the work have been structured in a main report with 6 volumes:
One of the key findings of the work is the set of tremendous possibilities which can be opened
for accelerated commercial agriculture modernization based on the intensive use of irrigation
infrastructure and climate-smart agriculture technologies to support broad-based economic
and social transformation, climate change resilience and adaptation. Sustainable commercial
agriculture development will be catalytic to open up possibilities for dynamic agribusiness value
chains across the zone, opening space for private investment up and downstream of farm level
production.
In addition to the 06 volumes of the final report, a comprehensive Commercial Agriculture
Investment Guide has also been launched as a product of the MTAS, as well as this brochure.
RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN
FOR THE TRANSFORMATION
OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE
VOLUME I . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VOLUME II . INVENTORY OF RESOURCES
JUNE 2016
SUPPORTED BY SUPPORTED BY
VOLUME IV . PROPOSED IRRIGATION AND HYDROPOWER
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
VOLUME V . PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK,
CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY,
SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND
AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS
JUNE 2016
VOLUME I . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VOLUME II . INVENTORY OF RESOURCES
JUNE 2016
SUPPORTED BY SUPPORTED BY
VOLUME IV . PROPOSED IRRIGATION AND HYDROPOWER
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
VOLUME V . PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK,
CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY,
SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND
AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS
JUNE 2016
SUPPORTED BY
VOLUME III . LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
JUNE 2016
Volume I:
Executive Summary
Volume IV:
PROPOSED IRRIGATION AND
HYDROPOWER INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
Volume II:
Inventory of Resources
Volume V:
Proposed policy framework,
climate-smart agriculture
and sustainability,
spatial development framework
and agribusiness value chains
Volume III:
Land Suitability
Analysis
Volume VI:
Atlas of
Land Suitability

5. THE POTENTIAL OF
GAME-CHANGING PROJECTS
Transformational policies, environmentally sustainable agricultural practices and public sector-
led irrigation, power and transport infrastructure development are key to:
• Creating an enabling environment to attract substantial private investment into the zone;
• Increasing the attractiveness, sustainability and profitability of agricultural production
to smallholder, medium and large farmers;
• Improving the livelihoods, creating jobs, economic and social development, increasing
food security and incrementing Ghana’s economic clout through import substitution and
export revenue creation.
Based on the assessments, some mid to long term goals (to be promoted over the next 20
years, towards 2035-2040) proposed to SADA Senior Management include:
• Develop public sector-led bulk water infrastructure (headworks, main canals) for at least
100,000 ha, including:
• 80,000 ha through 20,000 ha blocs in the Nasia-Nabogo (NIS), Bui (BIS), Pwalugu (PIS)
and Daka Valley (DIS) Irrigation Scheme Projects;
• 20,000 ha in small and medium-sized irrigation schemes across the Zone (Tamne,
Kamba and other basins);
Public investment in irrigation and feeder roads is estimated at USD 1.57 billion.
Expand power availability in at least 300 MW (for irrigation and agro-industry use),
with 50%/50% ratio for public and private investment. Public investment could support
implementation of hydropower schemes (Juale, Pwalugu, with approximately 157 MW),
while private investment could be channelled to renewables, including solar and renewable
thermal power production through sugar cane co-generation or other sources.
Based on benchmarking exercises, it was possible to identify a number of successful examples
in which public investment in irrigation infrastructure attracted substantial private investment
into further irrigation development and agro-processing. An interesting example can be found
in Irrigated Agriculture in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region: Social Impacts and Externalities,
published by the World Bank in 2004.
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REPUBLIC OF GHANA

Some of the potential beneficial outcomes of public investment into developing 100,000 ha
would include:
1. Attraction of USD 1.9 billion to USD 2.3 billion in private investment along the rice, poultry,
grains, cereals and oilseeds, sugar, fruits and vegetables (including exotic crops such as
chilli and black pepper, etc.) value chains. Evidence also indicates that when the public
sector takes the lead in developing irrigation services, the private sector may be incentivized
to use land equipped by the public sector and eventually expand irrigation services to
additional areas. It was conservatively estimated that the private sector could contribute to
develop additional 100,000 ha under irrigation, leading to a total of 200,000 ha under irrigation;
2. Additional annual production (revenues) of USD 1.2 billion along selected value chains;
3. Creation of 400,000 to 450,000 permanent jobs along value chains;
4. Additional annual production of 1.9 million tons of food including rice, sugar, vegetables
and fruits, vegetable oil and chicken meat.
table 01 - BALANCE OF INCREMENTAL annual PRODUCTION
OF KEY FOOD ITEMS (VALUE CHAIN END PRODUCTS) ORIGINATED
FROM THE PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Products
Projected incremental annual
commercial production* in the
SADA Zone (tons)
Imports in Ghana
in 2014 (tons)
Projected national demand
in 2035 (tons/annum)
Milled rice (tons) 420,000 413,587 1,512,000
Soybean (edible) oil (tons) 48,000 151,396 401,799
Chicken meat (tons) 210,811 106,785 378,000
Sugar (tons) 660,000 375,000 756,000
Fruits and Vegetables (tons) 600,000 - -
Total 1,938,811 1,046,768 3,047,798
Source: Elaborated with data from the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Ghana and Masterplan
for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone
Obs: projected demand figures consider the high population growth scenario (42 million people in 2035)
forecast in the Ghana National Spatial Development Framework and per capita consumption growth rates
of food items based on the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook (2015). Projected demand of food items
in 2035 implies there’s room to be more aggressive in production targets under the Masterplan for the
Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone. Incremental production of maize (480,000 tons), soybeans
(240,000 tons) and soybean meal (187,200 tons), totalling 907,000 tons, are not accounted for since they
are considered to feed into the poultry value chain.
* incremental commercial production originated from the proposed interventions.

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Even though the numbers may sound too ambitious, pursuing these goals within a 20-year
timespan looks feasible when one looks at empirical evidence of similar transformation
processes occurred elsewhere as well as previous planning frameworks for Ghana.
• Brazil increased its share of land under irrigation from 800,000 ha in 1970
to 5,800,000 ha in 2012, a 6-fold increase in 42 years. In a 5-year period (1970-1975)
alone, 400,000 ha were brought under irrigation. In Brazil’s semi-arid ecological zone,
Government developed 200,000 ha of public sector-financed bulk water infrastructure in
three decades (1970-2000), on a rate of roughly 6,700 ha per annum. For the SADA Zone,
the proposal is to add approximately 5,000 ha per annum;
• Production of key grains, cereals and oilseeds (cotton, groundnuts, soybeans, maize,
others) in the Brazilian Savannah skyrocketed from 46 million to 200 million tons
per annum (1976-2015). Yield gains played a crucial role here (8% growth per annum
against 1% of extension of cultivated land), with cotton, rice and maize yield gains
(453%, 252% and 219%, respectively) leading the race;
• The Land and Water Survey in the Upper and Northern Regions of Ghana, iconic
“masterplan” report developed by the FAO and UNDP and concluded in 1967, laid-out
the foundations for irrigation development and planning in Ghana for the decades that
followed, and remains a major reference for potential development to this day. Designs
for the Tono and Bongtanga irrigation schemes were first provided by this report,
and the Tamne Irrigation Scheme, for which works have commenced, are mostly based
on it also. The report “foresaw” that by the year 2000 (33 years ahead of 1967), some
202,000 ha (500,000 acres) under irrigation would be required to meet food demand.
If implemented, it would have corresponded to developing roughly 6,100 ha per annum,
once again more than the proposed 5,000 ha per annum for the next 20 years;
• Different National Planning Documents of Ghana have long captured the nation’s
desire for broad based irrigation development, particularly in the Northern Regions.
The Five-Year Development Plan (1975/76 – 1979/80), for example, acknowledges
the existence of “long-term” projects to irrigate 469,800 ha across the country,
including the “Lower White Volta Basin – Pwalugu” project, for 95,175 ha,
the “Bui Multi-purpose” project, for 32,400 ha and the “Medium-sized Irrigation
Schemes in the North and Upper Regions” project, for 101,250 ha.
• Bringing 200,000 ha under irrigation, compared to Ghana’s 2012 land area under
cultivation (7,847,300 ha according to MOFA), would mean increasing the share of irrigated
land from 0.4% to 2.5%, a giant leap for the country, but still a moderate target compared
to Africa’s 2005 average share of irrigated land (6%) and that of key West African peers,
including Senegal (4.8%), Mali (5%), Guinea (6.2%), and others (FAO, Irrigation in Africa in
Figures, 2005).

6. THE INVENTORY OF RESOURCES
The highlights regarding the natural resources within the SADA Zone conducive to improved
agriculture are:
Soils
The main dominant soil type throughout the zone is Lixisols, which is suitable for a wide range
of land utilization types, including arable farming, forestry and perennial crops. Luvisols and
vertisols are also present (suitable for various crops), followed by acrisols (perennials and ara-
ble farming), in addition to planosols and fluvisols (suitable for rice).
General constraints of main soil types (i.e. acrisols – low natural fertility, acidity, potentially
sandy topsoil texture, but clay starting at 20-40 cm depth) can be mostly overcome with land
use at high inputs (application of lime, full fertilization packages). Even soils with sandy topsoil
textures (usually claimed as less suitable for agriculture) can largely be put under irrigated
farming, since many of them (acrisols, for instance) present loamy texture at very low depth
(starting at 20-40 cm).
Distribution of non-suitable soils (i.e. Leptsols, mostly not suitable due to rocky layers very
close to surface) are very limited and even when they are present, suitable soils can be found
associated with these, opening space for agriculture even around leptosols.
Soil maps have been created and are available in the main report.

Climate
The zone is characterized by year-round warm temperatures and abundant sunshine,
conducive to growth of various crop species. Low relative air humidity during certain periods
of the year can be considered (for some crops) a disadvantage, but also an advantage once it
creates an inhospitable environment for some pests and diseases.
A considerable shortfall is the erratic (and sometimes unsufficient) rainfall pattern. Even though
rainfall is enough for most annual crops (grains, short-cycle vegetables), it makes perennial
crop farming very challenging (not to say marginally or even not suitable), in addition to
limiting the zone to single-cropping. Irrigation, however, can be largelly developed through the
harnessing of surface and ground water, as complimentary or full management technique.
Several maps with different parameters (mean temperature, precipitation) are avaible in the
main report.

Water resources
The water resources make up another set of strengths of the SADA Zone. Three major basins
(Black and White Voltas, Oti) and several minor (sub) basins (Daka, Nasia, Kulpawn, etc.)
produce over 40 billion m³ of water in annual, renewable run-off. However, in order to maximise
the water resources for all-year-round irrigation and power production, a certain number of
dams, water harvesting structures, ponds and dugouts will have to be built. Knowledge about
underground water resources must also be further developed so that a clear understanding
of its potential and limitations can be factored into policy and project development. Similarly,
a strategy for the protection of the river basins needs to be developed.
Irrigating the targeted surface of land in the SADA Zone (200,000 ha) would require
approximately 3 billion m³ of water per annum, corresponding to a small share of the
renewable water resources of the Volta Basin (7% of all runoff and 13% of runoff generated
in Ghana). These figures fall far below global water abstraction rates for agricultural purposes,
currently at 70%, and, therefore, appear to be viable from an environmental point of view.
Under the proposed policy framework, the Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Development Project is expected to deal with and enforce environmental sustainability in the
use of water for agriculture and other uses in the SADA Zone.

7. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT
(CROPS, LIVESTOCK, AGROFORESTRY
AND AQUACULTURE)
Under this masterplan, land suitability analysis in the SADA Zone was undertaken for crops (25)
under rain-fed and irrigated conditions, livestock (suitability for forage legumes, improved pasture
– grasses and rangeland), agroforestry and planted forests and commercial pond aquaculture.
Analysis on crops, livestock and forestry was based on the Agro-ecological Zones (AEZ)
methodology, developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
and the International Institute for Applied Science Systems Analysis (IIASA), while the aquaculture
assessment relied on a methodology compiled by Dr. Ruby Asmah, Senior Researcher at the
Water Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Ghana.
The crops component was mostly based on the Ghana Environmental Resource Management
Project (GERMP, based on the FAO-IIASA AEZ methodology), funded by the World Bank and
DANIDA and implemented by the Soil Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research of Ghana. The original scope (under rain-fed conditions only) was, however, expanded
to capture analysis under irrigated conditions.
The livestock and forestry components, even though based on inputs from the GERMP as well,
also benefited from inputs and considerations of the Agro-Ecological Land Resources Assessment
for Agricultural Development Planning – A case study of Kenya, implemented by FAO.
The aquaculture component, though, relied on the work of Dr. Ruby Asmah, based on A Strategic
reassessment of fish farming potential in Africa, authored by José Aguilar-Manjarrez and Shree
S. Nath, and published by the FAO in 1998.
The greatest contribution of this task was to demonstrate in numbers and within a spatial
perspective how irrigation can dramatically transform agricultural landscape in the Northern
Savannah Ecological Zone by substantially expanding extents of suitable land (see Graph
01 and maps 5 and 6). This can be more easily seen by comparing extents of suitable land
under rain-fed and irrigated conditions in selected crops (mainly rice and sugar cane).
LAND SUITABILITY FOR LIVESTOCK
Climatic and edaphic requirements of pasture were based on an ensemble of grass and forage
species which included Aristida spp., Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass), Cynodon dactylon (scutch
grass), Sorghum sudanense, among others within grasses, and Centrosema pubescens (butterfly
pea), Desmodium spp. (tick clover), among others within forages.

PG.25
LAND SUITABILITY FOR AGROFORESTRY AND PLANTED FORESTS
Likewise, suitability for forestry was based on an ensemble of climatic and edaphic requirements
of tree species, including, among many others, acacias (Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia
Senegal), eucalyptus (eucalyptus tereticornis, camaldulensis, citriodora, microtecha), Calliandra
calothyrsus, Bridelia micrantha, etc.
FIGURE 02 – CROPS, GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES (LIVESTOCK)
AND TREE SPECIES UNDER ANALYSIS
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
RICE
GROUNDNUTS
cassava
mango
BANANA/
PLANTAIN
OIL PALM PASTURE
(GRASSES)
RANGELAND TREE SPECIES
FORAGE
LEGUMES
sugar
cane
SORGHUM
sweet
potato
CASHEW
ROBUSTA
COFFEE
SHEA BUTTER
maize
PEARL
MILLET
White, yellow,
greater YAMS
PINEAPPLE
COCONUT
soybeans
COTTON
COCOYAM
CITRUS
COCOA

VERY
SUITABLE
SUITABLE
MODERATELY
SUITABLE
MARGINALLY
SUITABLE
NOT
SUITABLE
BUNDED RICE 0 22,825 229,050 615,640 9,449,261
SUGAR CANE 0 0 6,463 212,683 10,097,630
MAIZE 425,075 751,385 1,198,120 5,574,681 2,367,515
SOYBEAN 411,589 837,938 1,072,023 4,696,348 3,298,878
GROUNDNUT 610,120 571,941 1,259,146 4,686,442 3,189,128
SORGHUM 704,527 1,119,409 3,332,674 3,291,006 1,869,160
PEARL MILLET 267,529 1,582,984 3,632,013 2,902,971 1,931,279
COTTON 422,830 475,024 715,302 2,171,939 6,531,681
CASSAVA 182,730 614,389 1,271,103 3,485,956 4,762,598
SWEET POTATO 512,606 279,532 689,182 2,212,622 6,622,835
WHITE YAM 9,537 215,871 371,501 902,456 8,817,412
MANGO 256,911 460,269 424,843 1,917,857 7,256,897
CASHEW 625,678 753,741 855,973 4,338,458 3,742,926
PINEAPPLE 12,931 151,042 654,069 542,214 8,956,520
CITRUS 11,115 4,269 186,920 207,969 9,906,503
SHEA BUTTER 220,500 1,363,800 1,857,854 3,854,821 3,019,802
FORAGE LEGUMES 905,827 2,792,171 2,030,699 3,487,280 964,679
Pasture 485,012 1,965,570 4,201,708 3,251,099 277,266
Rangeland 488,084 2,961,910 4,661,581 1,971,638 97,444
Agroforestry and
planted forests 1,932,323 953,007 1,573,718 3,540,442 2,297,032
EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR COMMERCIAL POND AQUACULTURE (IN HECTARES)
VERY
SUITABLE
SUITABLE
Fairly
SUITABLE
NOT
SUITABLE
Commercial Aquaculture 0 6,744,229 3,839,534 0
Table 02 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR CROPS,
LIVESTOCK (GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES), AGROFORESTRY
AND PLANTED FORESTS AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER RAIN-FED
CONDITIONS (HECTARES)

PG.27
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
table 03 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED
FOR CROPS AND LIVESTOCK (GRASSES AND
FORAGE LEGUMES) AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER IRRIGATED
CONDITIONS (HECTARES)
VERY
SUITABLE
SUITABLE
MODERATELY
SUITABLE
MARGINALLY
SUITABLE
NOT SUITABLE
BUNDED RICE 3,621,147 373,519 1,851,432 1,526,040 2,944,638
SUGAR CANE 974,976 2,199,924 3,716,013 2,306,596 1,119,268
MAIZE 1,108,519 1,949,559 2,231,572 4,323,123 704,003
SOYBEAN 728,918 1,224,806 2,656,341 4,973,500 733,212
GROUNDNUT 1,337,874 1,395,392 2,361,395 4,245,524 976,591
SORGHUM 1,665,240 1,911,495 4,302,879 2,063,790 373,372
PEARL MILLET 1,406,757 2,261,742 4,214,919 1,928,599 504,760
COTTON 1,092,722 1,899,508 1,652,449 4,692,449 979,648
CASSAVA 900,723 573,616 3,597,568 3,786,738 1,458,130
SWEET POTATO 610,231 716,214 1,665,754 5,605,778 1,718,799
WHITE YAM
(GREATER, YELLOW) 609,259 715,553 1,096,574 5,897,468 1,997,923
COCOYAM 900,723 569,057 3,601,399 3,787,467 1,458,130
MANGO 1,274,702 1,680,044 1,280,238 4,645,942 1,435,850
CASHEW 1,278,925 1,694,430 1,774,968 4,334,995 1,233,458
PINEAPPLE 1,049,479 1,760,239 1,469,598 4,600,718 1,436,742
CITRUS 266,890 2,013,010 1,633,486 2,083,804 4,319,586
PLANTAIN/BANANA 431,140 1,210,198 2,240,014 5,358,883 1,076,541
ROBUSTA COFFEE 101,937 67,917 340,137 1,055,120 8,751,665
COCONUT 206,428 1,809,806 1,448,037 3,784,866 3,067,639
COCOA 223,743 920,714 2,241,822 2,536,740 4,393,757
OIL PALM 264,416 2,004,765 1,640,349 5,209,791 1,197,457
Forage legumes 2,548,324 5,539,906 1,463,948 477,078 267,269
Pasture 3,160,991 5,626,477 1,060,797 314,486 133,773

GRAPH 01 - COMPARISONS BETWEEN EXTENTS OF SUITABLE
LAND (FROM VERY TO MODERATELY SUITABLE) UNDER IRRIGATED
AND RAIN-FED CONDITIONS (MILLION HECTARES)
IRRIGATED RAIN-FED
BUNDED
RICESUGAR
CANE
M
AI
ZESOYBEAN
GROUNDNUT
SOR
GHU
M
PEARL
M
ILLET
COTTON
CA
SSAVA
SWEET
POTATO
WHITE
YA
M
(GREATER
,yellow
)
M
AN
GOCA
SHEW
PINEAPPLE
CITRU
Spasture
forage
legum
es
5.8
6.9
5.3 5.1
7.9 7.9
4.6
5.1
3.0
2.4
4.2
4.7
4.3
9.8 9.6
3.9
4.6
0.3 0.0
2.4 2.4
5.2 5.5
1.6
2.1
1.5
0.6
1.1
2.2
0.8
5.7
5.7
0.2
2.3

8. POTENTIAL DAM SITES
AND IRRIGATION SCHEME PROJECTS
Tens of documents, dated from at least 1925 to the present, have been analysed in order to
properly characterize the infrastructure development potentials of the SADA Zone for irrigation,
hydropower, flood control and aquaculture purposes. For example, maybe the first time the Bui
Gorge was identified as a suitable location for a multipurpose dam and hydropower plant was
in 1925, in the report “The Possibility of the Bui Gorge as the site of Hydro-electric Station,
by Sir Albert E. Kitson”. Some of the key findings (incorporated in the final report) of such an
extensive survey include:
• 23 potential large and medium-sized dam sites for hydropower, irrigation, flood control
and multipurpose use. Potential additional combined installed capacity would be at least
553 MW. If the Bui hydropower capacity (already installed) is added to the electrical
equation, the SADA Zone can yield as much as 953 MW, which “is practically another
Akosombo” (1,038 MW);
• From 209,000 ha to 647,395 ha in potential gross irrigable land in large irrigation schemes
(> 4,000 ha) to choose from for development;
• 104 small dam sites distributed across 95 sub-catchments of the main basins,
which could irrigate as much as 104,000 ha in small and medium-sized irrigation schemes
(400 ha > 4,000 ha);
The proposed medium-term target is to bring 200,000 ha under irrigation, 50% with public
and 50% with private investment.

Irrigation Schemes
Targeted Irrigable land
(Ha) – public sector-led
Additional irrigable land
(Ha) – private sector
Nasia-Nabogo Irrigation Scheme Project
(NIS)
10,000
100,000
Daka River Valley Irrigation Scheme Project
(DIS)
20,000
Bui Irrigation Scheme Project (BIS) 30,000
Pwalugu Irrigation Scheme Project (PIS) 20,000
Fumbisi Valley Irrigation Scheme Project
(FIS)
-
Small and Mid-sized 20,000
Total 100,000 100,000
table 04 - OPTIONS FOR IRRIGATION SCHEME DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Source: Diverse feasibility reports.

9. PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK
A conceptual strategy has been elaborated to turn the findings and recommendations for
commercial agriculture development of modules 1, 2 and 3 into a proposed course of action.
The need for such strategy was translated into the works of module 4, which provides a
framework to integrate infrastructure development, climate-smart agriculture technologies
for sustainable agriculture-led growth, the value chain approach and the proposed spatial
development framework (agribusiness development zones, clusters and growth poles) through
the implementation of policy projects targeted at dealing with and overcoming existing
constraints to broad-based commercial agriculture and agribusiness development.
The policy framework is structured upon strategic pillars (3), framework programs (9) and
policy projects (49). Policy projects are proposed to deal with specific constraints and targets,
such as land tenure, financing for large, medium and small farmers, financing for public
infrastructure, irrigation infrastructure, improvement of research and extension services,
transformation of subsistence to commercial agriculture among smallholders, sustainability,
seed and agro-chemicals policy and access improvements, attraction of private investment,
climate-risk and multi-hazard assessment capacity creation, among others.

PG.41
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
table 05 - Proposed Strategic Pillars,
Framework Programs and Policy Projects
Strategic Pillars Framework Programs Policy Projects
1. Establishment or
improvement of the key
hard (infrastructure),
soft (policies, institution)
structures and
information systems
1. Development of world-class
research and extension services
9 projects
2. Land management and farmers
services support framework
2 projects
3. Investment, Finance and rural
credit development framework
5 projects
4. Strategic Policies Framework 2 projects
5. Social and production-targeted
infrastructure development
framework
7 projects
2. Improving and upgrading
farm level production
on a sustainable manner
6. Subsistence-to-commercial
agriculture transformation
and access to improved
inputs frameworks
5 projects
7. Strategic and priority
crops clusters development
framework
8 projects
8. Sustainability and Environmental
Development Framework
5 projects
3. Launching successful
downstream processing
And agriculture-based
industrialization
(agribusiness value chains)
9. Agribusiness and private
investment development
framework
6 projects
Source: Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone

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REPUBLIC OF GHANA
10. TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL
AGRICULTURE (CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
AND GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES)
One of the key assumptions behind the strong cooperation between SADA and Brazil (through
Queiroz Galvão) is the strong, long-term collaboration potential that exists between Brazil
and Ghana in the field of agriculture. Particularly, Brazil has overseen, in the last 30 years,
a major agriculture-led transformation of its own Savannah ecological region, the Cerrado,
“transformed from a sleepy backwater into a highly productive, globally competitive
agricultural exporter” (WORLD BANK, Awakening Africa’s Sleeping Giant: Prospects for
Commercial Agriculture in the Guinea Savannah Zone and Beyond. Washington, 2009).
Therefore, Brazil has much to offer Ghana in terms of knowledge and technology on
how to transform a Savannah environment (with the typical natural challenges specific to it,
such as erratic rainfall, soil constraints, etc.) into a highly productive agricultural frontier.
What is also relevant is that various technologies and techniques have been developed, tested
and proven successful in the Brazilian Savannah, and can be adapted and implemented
in the Ghanaian Savannah.
SADA could also benefit from the experience of the relationships between small and
large-scale farmers, between research institutes and agribusinesses, between public
and private investments, among others.
Most of the techniques and technologies contained within the Good Agriculture Practices
extensively used in the Brazilian Savannah and proposed for the SADA Zone are also part
of the climate-smart agriculture approach. Climate smart agriculture is not a new agricultural
system, nor is it a set of practices. It is a new approach, a way to guide the needed changes
of agricultural systems, given the necessity to jointly address food security and climate change.
(FAO, Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook).
Typical good agricultural practices (and climate-smart agriculture options) include sustainable
land and water management techniques such as conservation agriculture (minimum soil
disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, crop rotation), contour farming, direct seeding,
integrated pest management, water harvesting, among many others. By generally improving
the use of resources (water, land) for agricultural purposes (improving soil water holding
capacity, controlling erosion, improving soil structure with organic matter, boosting soil
nutrient, etc.), these techniques not only boost farmers capacity for climate change resilience
and adaptation, but also strongly contribute to increasing financial sustainability and
profitability of agriculture.
Addressing the challenges posed by climate change while increasing the economic
attractiveness of agriculture are strategic imperatives for commercial agriculture development.
Along with other objectives (such as multi-hazard risk management), climate-smart agriculture
is a key component of SADA’s vision for sustainable agriculture and agribusiness development.

BRAZIL
180º 120º 60º
60º
30º
0º
30º
Equador
MAP 08 - WORLD MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF

4 CONTINENTS, 1 SAVANNAH
PG.45
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
GHANA
60º
30º
0 1.000 2.000 mi
0 1.610 3.220 km
Scale by latitude
0º 60º 120º 180º
SAVANNAH AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

TABLE 06 - PORTFOLIO OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (GOOD AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES) OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
Typical climate-smart agriculture techniques and systems envisaged for broad use and
dissemination across the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone include:
Techniques Benefits
Conservation agriculture:
• Minimum soil disturbance
(no till)
• Permanent organic soil cover
• Crop rotation
• Cover cropping
• Improves soil physical condition for water intake
• Reduces runoff, erosion, and soil compaction
• Restores soil fertility and adds organic matter to
the soil
• Improves soil structure and reduces runoff and
erosion
• Improves soil carbon
Contour farming
• Conserves soil moisture on the hillside
• Reduces erosion and nutrient losses
• Maintains the fertility of the soil
Agroforestry
• Reduced pressure in natural vegetation for wood
products and fodder
• Links erosion control practices with production
• Provides biodiversity corridors on farms
• Improved microclimate in farms
• Recovery of native vegetation and species
• Creates favourable microclimate sites for
on-farm biodiversity
• Protects the environment against extremes
of climatic elements (rainfall, temperature,
windstorms, and so on)
• Sequesters carbon above ground and in soil
• Climate mitigation potential (Smith and
Martino, 2007); 0.33 and 0.72 tCO2/ha/year
in warm-dry and warm-moist areas, respectively.

Crop-Livestock-Forestry
integration

PG.47
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
Techniques Benefits
Liming of acidic soils
• Corrects soil acidity
• Reduces saturation by aluminium
• Improves fertilizer solubility
• Favours biologic activity
• Provides an increase of phosphorous availability
• With a “corrected soil”, absorption of water and
nutrients by the crop becomes more efficient
Permanent riparian
buffer protection,
afforestation and
revegetation
• Controls erosion
• Adds organic matter to soil through litter fall
• Recycles nutrients and improves soil fertility
• Creates suitable environment for soil
microbial activity
• Enhances infiltration and conserves soil moisture
• Regulates soil and ambient temperature
• Sequesters carbon
• Promotes rapid growth of plants and rehabilitates
degraded and marginal lands
Biological
Nitrogen Fixation
• Reduction in the use of nitrogenous
chemicals (may reduce up to 50%), which
results in savings for the farmer
• Mitigation of environmental impacts since
the N from the chemical fertilizer may be
washed away by flood waters.
Source: World Bank, Embrapa, others
Obs: this is just a sample of many climate-smart agriculture and good agricultural practices. A more
comprehensive inventory and description can be found in the Volume V of the final report.

FIGURE 03 - Conceptual agroforestry and livestock
(crop-livestock-forestry integration) system

11. THE PROPOSED VALUE CHAINS
In general terms, a value chain is a sequence of operations which lead to the production
of goods (end products) and services. Its articulation is influenced by the possibilities
provided by resources (natural, financial, human), technology and defined by the strategies
of agents who perceive an opportunity for profit. The relationships among agents are of
interdependence or complementarity and are determined through hierarchical structures.
In other words, it implies seeing agents and processes under a single value chain ecosystem,
which overviews the whole, its relevant parts and its interrelationships. Overlooking an
industry through the lens of a value chain implies seeing all production stages (farm
production, up and downstream services and processing) as one single system.
Strong value chains can create significant returns for societies and market players alike.
The SADA Zone’s strong suitability for agriculture provides the foundation for the creation of
environmentally and economically sustainable value chains.
The proposed value chains for the SADA Zone have been conceived taking into consideration:
• The natural suitability of the zone to grow the specific crops required within specific value chains;
• Their potentials to socially and economically transform the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone;
• Their labour-intensiveness and job creation potential;
• Their potential contribution to the Country’s strategic development goals;
• Their contribution to food security;
• Their contribution to import substitution and export revenue creation.
The value chains which can bring long-lasting benefits to the SADA Zone and, therefore, are
proposed to be strongly promoted include:
• Grains, cereals and oilseeds (rice, maize, soybean, sorghum, millet, groundnuts, cowpea,
cotton, etc.) – for vegetable oils, animal feed, rice, fibers, etc.;
• Poultry;
• Meat and dairy livestock;
• Cassava and tubers (yams, sweet potato) – for flour, starch and other by-products;
• Sugar;
• Fruits (citrus, mango, cashew, pineapple, plantain/banana), for fresh-cut, frozen fruits,
juices and concentrates;
• Fresh and processed vegetables – for airborne transport to Europe and other markets;
• Aquaculture (pond and reservoir-based).

PG.51
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
PROCESSING
INDUSTRY
MARKET
SERVICE
PROVIDERS
SEED
SUPPLIERS
mechanization
services and
equipment
FERTILIZER
SUPPLIERS
RESIDUES
MEAL
PROCESSING
CENTER OF
AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION
(FARMS)
INPUT
SUPPLIERS
Figure 04 - CONCEPTUAL FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS
MAIN
PRODUCT

Figure 05 - FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS
VALUE CHAINS PROPOSED FOR THE SADA ZONE
UPSTREAM FARM LEVEL AGRO-INDUSTRY
FERTILIZERS
FEED MILL
TUBERS
SUGAR
FORESTS
(TEAK, EUCALYPTUS)
COTTON
FRESH AND
PROCESSED FRUIT
JUICES
FLOUR AND
STARCH
GINNERY WEAVING
PHITOSANITARY
PRODUCTS
AND SERVICES
SEEDS AND
SEEDLINGS
MECHANIZATION
SERVICES
and equipment
GENETICS
LIME STONE
MILL
SAW MILL
VEGETABLES
VEGETABLE
PROCESSING AND
PACKING HOUSE
FRUITS AND
TREE CROPS
WAREHOUSES
RICE MILL
GRAINS, CEREALS
AND OILSEEDS
OIL MILLS (SOYBEAN,
GROUNDNUTS,
SUNFLOWER)
RICE
SUGAR AND
ETHANOL MILL
THERMAL
POWER PLANT

PG.53
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
ANIMAL
PRODUCTION
processing
facility
FINISHED PRODUCTS
PROCESSED RICE
MILK AND
DAIRY PRODUCTS
REFINED
VEGETABLE OIL
CANNED
VEGETABLES
CHILLED AND
FROZEN MEAT
REFINED SUGAR
FRUITS
AND JUICES
FIBER AND
CLOTHING
WOOD AND
PELLETS
FURNITURE
MILK CATTLE
FARMING
BEEF CATTLE
FARMING
AQUACULTURE
CHICKEN
FATTENING
CHICKEN
HATCHERY
EGGS PLANT
CHICKEN
processing
facility
MILK AND
DAIRY PRODUCTS
BEEF
processing
facility
FISH
processing
facility

PG.55
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
12. AGRIBUSINESS SPATIAL
DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – PROPOSED
CLUSTERS AND DEVELOPMENT ZONES
The result of the detailed analysis of the agricultural resources of the zone (inventory
of resources, land suitability assessment and integration of proposed infrastructure),
indicates that different parts of the SADA Zone may have particular characteristics,
e.g. share of resources, dynamic of urban and rural populations, availability of agricultural
land versus environmentally-protected areas, land suitability, suitable for different
transformational paths.
Based on these, 06 Agribusiness Development Zones/clusters can be discerned, generating
specific agribusiness (value chain focused) clusters. Priority infrastructure projects are also
identified as potential catalysts of private investment and agribusiness value chains in each
of these clusters.
These clusters are shown in the map overleaf and their characteristics briefly explained
in the following pages.

AGRIBUSINESS development ZONE 1
Agribusiness Zone 1 is located in the Upper eastern side of the SADA Zone, stretching across
parts of the Upper East and Northern Region. It is composed of two geographical units,
being (1) the Upper East Region portion, and (2) the hilly stretches found in the Northern
Region, mostly across Gambaga and Nakpanduri. What brings these areas together is the
high population density (mostly in geographical unit 1) and the steeper-than-usual slopes
around Gambaga and Nakpanduri. These characteristics put together suggest that agricultural
development within this zone should target smallholder agriculture as a priority.
Soils are of tremendous quality, suitable for most of the crops which have been surveyed under
the masterplan (grains, oilseeds, fruits, etc.). Irrigation is key to sustainable agricultural projects
in the area, since rainfall is very low and evapotranspiration very high. Potential for irrigation
comes from the White (Red) Volta and from underground sources.
Potential value chains (clusters) to be promoted and developed include livestock (livestock
density is relatively high in the region), rice, vegetables (sweet potato as the key one), grains,
cereals and oilseeds – maize, soybeans, cotton, etc. There are very suitable conditions for
irrigation of groundnuts mostly within the Tamne basin and accross the Bawku-Gambaga road.
Some fruits could also be developed, such as cashew and pineapple.
TWO MAIN CLUSTERS ARE FORESEEN:
1. Grains, cereals and oilseeds;
2. Fruits, vegetables and tubers. Basically the two geographical units within the Zone present
suitability for any of the crops under both clusters.
Key infrastructure projects to be implemented include the Pwalugu Multi-purpose Dam,
a second dam on the Tono River and the Tamne Irrigation Scheme, while a special economic
zone around Bolgatanga should be encouraged, driven by processing industries and perhaps
warehousing services serving neighbouring countries.
The Gambaga area also has deposits of lime. The availability of commercial gold deposits
in this area reinforce the suitability of small scale agriculture.

PG.59
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
Gross area 10,059 Km²
Key urban center and proposed Special
Economic Zone
Bolgatanga
Other important settlements
Navrongo, Bawku, Zebila, Gambaga,
Bongo, Garu, Nakpanduri
Priority value chains (clusters)
Livestock, rice, fruits (cashew, pineapple,
mango), vegetables and tubers, grains,
oilseeds and cereals
Priority Public infrastructure projects
Pwalugu Multi-purpose Dam, Tamne Irrigation
Scheme, second dam on the Tono river
Priority Private Investment Projects
to be promoted
Rice mill, rice out-grower scheme, vegetable oil
mill, vegetables and fruits packing house, beef
slaughterhouse, cassava processing facility,
grains, cereals and oilseeds out-grower scheme
TABLE 07 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 1

Agribusiness Zone 2 is mostly located in the Northern Region of Ghana, though with small
stretches within the Upper East Region, extending to the border with Togo in the East, the Mole
National Park in the West, the Daboya-Tamale road and the Tamale-Yendi road in the South. In
this zone, it is proposed that large scale commercial agriculture can coexist with smallholder
agriculture, since larger stretches of suitable land are available, considerable water resources
for irrigation are found in the zone and population density is lower than in Agribusiness
Development Zone 1.
Soils are of tremendous quality and can be grouped under 2 categories, which can then
provide foundations for 2 clusters:
1. Eastern side of the zone, mostly suitable for rice along the valleys of the Nasia
and Nabogo rivers;
2. West of the zone, where even though suitability for rice is also present, appropriate
upland sites and also valleys with suitability for most grains, oil seeds, fruits, etc. abound.
Sugar cane under irrigation is also a promising value chain (cluster) for this zone.
Irrigation is key to sustainable agricultural projects, since rainfall is very low and
evapotranspiration very high.
Potential value chains (clusters) to be promoted and developed include rice (so much potential
that a rice belt or bow can be coined), grains, cereals and oil seeds, poultry, vegetable oils
and sugar.
Key infrastructure projects to be implemented include the Nasia-Nabogo, the Pwalugu and The
Fumbisi Valley Irrigation Schemes (the last one with water resources from the Kulpawn and
Sissili rivers). A special economic zone could be structured in and around Tamale.

PG.63
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
Key urban centers
Tamale, Nasia, Nabogo, Wulugu,
Wale Wale, Gushiago, Daboya, Savelugu
Special Economic Zone Tamale
Rice, grains, cereals and oil seeds,
poultry, sugar
Priority Public infrastructure projects
Nasia-Nabogo Irrigation Scheme,
Pwalugu Irrigation Scheme,
Fumbisi Valley Irrigation Scheme
Priority Private Investment Projects
to be promoted
Rice mill, rice anchor farms and out-grower
schemes, soybean-maize anchor farms
and out-grower schemes, poultry farms and
out-grower schemes, sugar mill,
vegetable oil and feed mill
table 08 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 2

Agribusiness Zone 3 is located in the South Eastern portion of the Northern Region and
includes the Volta Region districts which compose the SADA Zone. Its border in the North
is the Yendi-Tamale road, in the East it borders with Togo, the Volta Lake in the South
and the White Volta River in the West.
Water resources are plentiful in the Zone, which is dominated by the valleys of the Oti, Daka
and Mawli rivers. This is another zone where land suitability favours rice mostly, and large
scale commercial agriculture can also coexist with smallholder farming. Large tracts of acrisols
across Zabzugu and Bimbila, and luvisols around Kete Krachi and across the Bimbila-Salaga
road, however, provide favourable conditions for a wide range of crops, including perennial
crops, fruits, sugar, grains, cereals and oilseeds, cotton, vegetables and tubers. Irrigation is
essential, but sustainable rain-fed production is possible for some annual crops, since rainfall
is higher in the zone.
Potential value chains (clusters) to be promoted and developed include rice (a second rice
belt can be envisaged across the Daka and Mawli valleys), grains, cereals and oil seeds,
livestock, vegetable oils, sugar under irrigation, fruits, cassava and cotton. Aquaculture is also a
promising option, since cage (Volta Lake) and pond (high clay soils present) aquaculture can be
strongly encouraged across the zone.
Key infrastructure projects to be implemented include the Juale Multi-purpose dam, the Daka
River Valley Irrigation Scheme and a grains harbour terminal at Makango. A special economic
zone could be structured along the Bimbila-Salaga-Makango axis or Kete Krachi.

PG.67
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
Key urban centers
Yendi, Bimbila, Salaga, Makango, Kete Krachi,
Nkwanta, Dambai
Special Economic Zone Across Bimbila-Salaga-Makango or Kete Krachi
Rice, grains, cereals and oil seeds, sugar, perennial fruit
crops, aquaculture, cotton, cassava
Priority Public
infrastructure projects
Juale Multi-purpose dam, the Daka River Valley Irrigation
Scheme and a grains harbour terminal at Makango
Priority Private Investment
Projects to be promoted
Rice mill, rice anchor farms and out-grower schemes,
soybean-maize-cotton anchor farms and out-grower
schemes, fruit trees out-grower scheme, cotton processing
and ginnery, cassava processing facility, aquaculture
out-grower scheme, fruit packing house and juice factory

Agribusiness Zone 4 is located mostly in the Brong Ahafo Region (though it contains stretches
of the East Gonja District of the Northern Region), being bordered in the South by the Ashanti
and Brong Ahafo Regions, in the West by the Black Volta-Lower Volta drainage basins
boundary, in the North and East by the Volta Lake. The Zone has higher rainfall than the
average of the SADA Zone and plenty of high quality soils which can support the formation of
several value chains (clusters). Population density is also relatively lower than in Agribusiness
Development Zone 1, which implies that large scale commercial agriculture could also coexist
with smallholder farming.
Previous irrigation potential mapping of the zone is not as abundant as for the others, though
the dominance of the Volta Lake across the zone implies that pump irrigation can be, to a
certain degree, feasibly exploited, just as much as cage and pond aquaculture.
Soils can be subdivided under two categories. Category 1 would comprise soils South and
South East of Atebubu and Category 2 would include soils North, North East and West of
Atebubu.
Category 1 could support practically any of the surveyed value chains. Fruit crops (plantain,
banana, citrus, coconut, mango, cashew, pineapple) would be one set of value chains to be
developed. Cassava and yams (to a certain degree heavily cultivated by smallholders currently)
could also provide good economic results across the region.
Category 2 can also become some sort of rice bowl, given irrigation can be provided. Forestry
and crop-forestry-livestock integration could also be foreseen for the region.
The Digya National Park can also be a source of major tourism development, harnessing
both the forest as well as potential water transport and recreation along the Volta Lake.
Yeji could also be developed into a smaller inland port and landing site.

PG.71
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
Gross area (Km²) 17,038 Km²
Key urban centers Atebubu, Amantin, Sawaba, Yeji, Kwadwokrom
Special Economic Zone Atebubu
Fruits (mango, banana, pineapple,
citrus, etc.), cassava, yams, rice, grains,
cereals and oilseeds
Priority Public
Lake harbour at Yeji, improvement of road
connections, pumped irrigation across the lake
Fruit trees seedlings production, aquaculture
out-grower scheme, fruit trees out-grower scheme,
vegetables out-grower scheme, cassava processing,
vegetables packing house, Yeji port and barges.

Agribusiness Zone 5 provides some of the greatest natural potentials within the SADA Zone.
Water resources are abundant, suitable multi-purpose dam sites are plentiful, soils are of great
quality and the Buipe Port City can play a vital role in diversifying the region’s economy. The
Zone incorporates the South Western portion of the Northern Region and districts of the Brong
Ahafo region and its borders are the Ghana-Cote d’Ivoire international border in the West, the
Brong Ahafo region in the South, the Black Volta-Lower Volta drainage basins border and the
White Volta River in the East, the Tamale-Daboya road, the Mole National Park and stretches of
the Damongo-Sawla road in the North.
From an agricultural point of view, it is possible to conceive 2 major clusters:
1. A major cluster, with irrigated and rain-fed farming in the North across Yapei-Damongo-
Bole axis. This cluster, even though soils are also multi-suitable, could focus on grains,
cereals and oil seeds, laying foundations for poultry and vegetable oil value chains (cluster).
2. A major cluster in the South, with predominance of irrigation, around the Bui Irrigation
Scheme, where higher added value crops can be promoted, including fruits (citrus, coconut,
mango, cashew), cocoa, oil palm, pineapple, and even robusta coffee, preferably in the Tain
and Banda districts.
Key infrastructure projects to be promoted include the Bui Irrigation Scheme, Jambito and
Ntereso hydropower projects (potentially Lanka), a major lake port and industrial Estate in
Buipe, a number of small and medium-sized dams and irrigation schemes in the Sorri river
catchment (around Damongo).
A special economic zone can be strongly promoted across the Buipe-Damongo Axis.
Damongo could also benefit from a catalytic effect on and from the Mole National Park.
Bole’s smock weaving industry can be a tourist attraction.

PG.75
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
Key urban centers Buipe, Kintampo, Damongo, Bole, Nsawkaw
Special Economic Zone Damongo-Buipe axis
Grains, cereals and oil seeds, poultry, juices and
fresh-cut fruits from perennial fruit crops
(cashew, mango, citrus), pinepple, non-traditional
crops in the Zone (coffee, cocoa, oil palm)
Priority Public
Bui Irrigation Scheme, Jambito, Lanka
and Ntereso hydropower stations, major port
and industrial estate in Buipe
Maize-soybean anchor farms and out-grower schemes,
Fruit trees seedlings production, fruit out-grower schemes,
fruit packing house and juice production facility

AGRIBUSINESS DEVELoPMENT ZONE 6
Agribusiness Zone 6 is bordered in the North and West by the Ghana-Burkina Faso
international border, in the South by the Damongo-Sawla road, in the East by the
Mole National Park (the Park is entirely within this zone) and the Upper East Region.
It is one of the largest zones in terms of landmass and has some of the largest water
resources, including the Black Volta, Kulpawn and Sissili rivers.
Even though agricultural potential is also huge, the Zone has some points of attention, which
include large portions of leptosols (shallow, not suitable soils) and great extensions of national
parks and forest reserves, which are no-go zones for agriculture (but tremendous opportunities
for tourism). Even areas not under a permanent environmental protection regime should be
under detailed environmental scrutiny. As an example, one can make reference to the Western
Wildlife Corridor covering an elephant migration route from Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina
Faso through Gbele Resource Reserve to Mole National Park in Ghana. The World Bank funded
Sustainable Land and Water Management Project proposes the establishment of CREMA’S
(Community Resources Management Areas) across the Western Wildlife Corridor.
Other non-agricultural potentials are also strongly present within this Zone; gold and quarry
prospects present potentials all accross the Sawla, Wa and Lawra road.
This area also has suitable land for shea nut production and already has a large percentage
of shea trees growing in the wild as well as a fledging shea plantation.

MAP24-(WORLDBANK-FUNDED)SUSTAINABLELANDANDWATERMANAGEMENTPROJECTAREAMAP(SOURCE:THEWORLDBANK)
PG.79

AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ZONE 6
As far as agriculture is concerned, large tracts of suitable land are available across the Wa-
Sawla road axis, which appear to be in a good position to not endanger any environmental
issues. Across this axis, several types of crops (and value chains - clusters) can be developed,
including grains, cereals and oilseeds, sugar under irrigation, cashew and other fruits, cotton,
among others. The Black Volta is a major asset to provide water for pumped irrigation across
the Zone. The nature of the zone (higher elevations with streams and rivers that do not
generally flood plains like in zones 2 and 3), also presents many opportunities for small
and medium sized dams, either in the South of the Zone (Gbalon water shed, around Sawla,
with 5 potential small dam sites) or in the North (along the Hamale-Lawra-Wa axis, with over
13 small dam sites, including on the Kamba river).
Major infrastructure projects across the zone include the Koulbi (Noumbiel) hydropower
plant (a bi-national development with Burkina Faso), tens of small and medium sized dams,
the Kanyambia dam (around Tumu), which could provide for hydropower and irrigation
development, in addition to the Sissili and Kulpawn dams (which would mostly benefit irrigable
soils outside of the zone, but also some soils within the zone).
Since the eastern portion of the Zone will be most likely linked to Agribusiness Zone 2, Wa
appears to be the dominant site for a Special Economic Zone.

PG.81
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
Key urban centers Lawra, Wa, Sawla, Tumu, Nandom, Hamale
Special Economic Zone Wa
Grains, cereals and oil seeds, livestock,
cotton, cashew
Priority Public
Koulbi hydropower dam, Kanyambia, Sissili
and Kulpawn multi-purpose dams
Cotton processing and ginnery, cotton out-grower
scheme, cashew nuts out-grower scheme and
processing facility, maize-soybeans-cotton anchor
farms and out-grower scheme, shea butter
out-grower scheme and processing facility

13. CONCLUDING REMARKS
As indicated at the beginning, this synthesis document aims only to provide a flavour for
detailed information available in the 06 volumes of The Masterplan for the Transformation
of Agriculture in the SADA Zone.
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Aguilar-Manjarrez, Jose and S. Nath, Shree. (1998) A Strategic Reassessment of Fish
Farming Potential in Africa, Rome, FAO.
• A.H. Kassam, H.T. van Velthuizen, G.W. Fischer and M.M. Shah. (1993) Agro-Ecological
Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning, Technical Annex 4 –
Crop Productivity, Rome, FAO and IIASA.
Livestock Productivity, Rome, FAO and IIASA.
Fuelwood Productivity, Rome, FAO and IIASA
• Asmah, R. (2008) Development of potential and financial viability of fish farming in Ghana.
Institute of Aquaculture. University of Stirling. 289 pp. (PhD dissertation)
• Boateng, Enoch. Ayanga, Timothy. (1999) LAND SUITABILTY ANALYSIS. Soil Research
Institute, Accra.
• Bui Power Authority, Royal Haskoning DHV. (2013) Bui Irrigation Project. Feasibility Study,
Bui Power Authority, Accra.
• FAO. (2001) Lecture Notes on the Major Soils of the World, Rome, FAO.
• FAO. (2005) Irrigation in Africa in figures, AQUASTAT Survey – 2005, Rome, FAO.
• FAO and UNDP. (1967) Land and Water Survey in the Upper and Northern Regions of
Ghana, Volume I – General Report, Rome, FAO and UNDP.
• FAO and UNDP. (1967) Land and Water Survey in the Upper and Northern Regions
of Ghana, Volume V – Water Resources Development and Soil Conservation, Rome,
FAO and UNDP.
• Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project, AESA Consultants. (2016) Consultancy Services

PG.85
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
for: Technical Feasibility Studies on Investment in Land Development For Commercial
Agriculture in the SADA Zone Valleys. Prefeasibility Report. PPP Site number 1 – Zoggo,
Volumes I to III, Accra, Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
• Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project, AESA Consultants. (2016) Consultancy Services
for: Technical Feasibility Studies on Investment in Land Development For Commercial
Agriculture in the SADA Zone Valleys. Prefeasibility Report. PPP Site number 2 – Tamaligu,
Volumes I to III, Accra, Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
• Ghana Irrigation Development Authority. (2012) Report of Site Survey. Agricultural Irrigation
Project, Accra, Ghana Irrigation Development Authority.
• Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology
and Innovation, Town and Country Planning Department, National Development Planning
Commission. (2015) Ghana National Spatial Development Framework (2015-2035),
Volume I: Conditions and Main Issues, Accra.
• OECD/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015), OECD-FAO
Agricultural Outlook 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• SADA, Queiroz Galvão. (2016) Commercial Agriculture Investment Guide: The Northern
Zone of Ghana, Accra, SADA.
• SADA, Queiroz Galvão (2016) The Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the
SADA Zone, Volumes I to VI, Accra, SADA.
• UNEP-GEF Volta Project. (2010) Volta Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis: National
Report Ghana, Accra, United Nations Environment Programme.
• Volta River Authority, Coyne et Bellier. (1993) Bui Hydroelectric Development. Feasibility
Study Update. Final Report. Volta River Authority, Accra.
• Volta River Authority, Tractebel Engineering. (2015) Pwalugu Multipurpose Dam Project.
Feasibility Study Report, Accra, Volta River Authority.
• Water Resources Commission. (2008) White Volta River Basin Integrated Water Resources
Management Plan, Accra, Water Resources Commission.
• Water Resources Commission, Canadian International Development Agency, SNC Lavalin
International, INRS. (2011) Hydrogeological Assessment Project of the Northern Regions
of Ghana (HAP). Final Technical Report. Volume I, Accra, Water Resources Commission.
• THE WORLD BANK. (2014) Project Paper on a Proposed Additional Grant in the Amount
of $ 8.75 Million from the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund to the Republic of Ghana
for a Sustainable Land and Water Management Project, Washington, THE WORLD BANK.

AGRICULTURAL MASTERPLAN FOR THE NORTHERN SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA

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