The method FRET ALEX is a more precise way to determine the number o.pdf

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The method FRET ALEX is a more precise way to determine the number of interacting molecules and the orientation of the fluorophores. In this method, both donor and acceptor fluorescent molecules are excited and emission light is measured. The donor molecule is excited then the acceptor molecule is excited in an alternating pattern with lasers. The light is measured within a very small space - so small only one set of molecules can fit. They can tell if donor and acceptor are together or separate even though they may not be close enough for FRET alone or the fluorophores are facing away from each other. What result would lead to the conclusion that sigma subunit remained associated with the elongation complexes? The answer has to do with fluorescence. Solution While using this method the distance between the Sigma subunit and the protien complex molecule is measured using the Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) which utilises the distance-dependent interaction of two fluorophores to detect proximity or/and changes in the fluorophore interactions. It has been found that during the biochemical process of protien enlongation this distance does not change significantly thus providing evidence that the subunit remains associated with the elongation (Protien ) Complex..

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We have set up a tool to detect and monitor ferritin self assembly using FRET, which allows a better understanding on the pathway and kinetics of ferritin assembly and inter-subunit associations. We synthesized a batch of fluorescent ferritins, both H- and L-type, and studied ferritin self-assembly by different approaches. We found that when equimolecular amounts of donor and acceptor fluorophores were coassembled, FRET efficiency raised from values of ̴0.3 on the disassembled state to ̴0.7 after assembly, confirming an intersubunit fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) on the assembled state in accordance with inter-subunit distances. Studies carried out on the kinetics of assembly showed that both the H-chain homopolymers and H/L heteropolymers have similar patterns and complete the assembly process in about one hour. On the other hand, preliminary results suggest a different pattern for subunit distribution that is dependent on the homopolymeric or the heteropolymeric nature of reassembled ferritin.

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Explain the differences between PL and PLE measurements; Explain why the PLE experiment can provide information about the absorption features of a semiconductor! Explain why PL spectrum is typically much narrower than absorption spectrum; Explain why we say optical transitions are \"vertical\". Solution the PL measurements are based on fixed energy excitation.and detection energy is varied.PLE is just reverse process we have detection energy fixed and excitation energy varied. PLE spectroscopy is a useful method to investigate the electronic level structure of materials with low absorption due to the superior signal-to-noise ratio of the method compared to absorption measurements. PL spectroscopy is a contactless, nondestructive method of probing the electronic structure of materials. Light is directed onto a sample, where it is absorbed and imparts excess energy into the material in a process calledphoto-excitation. One way this excess energy can be dissipated by the sample is through the emission of light, orluminescence. In the case of photo-excitation, this luminescence is calledphotoluminescence or PL. As fluorophores play the central role in fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging we will start with an investigation of their manifold interactions with light. Afluorophore is a component that causes a molecule to absorb energy of a specific wavelength and then re-remit energy at a different but equally specific wavelength. The amount and wavelength of the emitted energy depend on both the fluorophore and the chemical environment of the fluorophore. Fluorophores are also denoted as chromophores, historically speaking the part or moiety of a molecule responsible for its color. In addition, the denotation chromophore implies that the molecule absorbs light while fluorophore means that the molecule, likewise,emits light. The umbrella term used in light emission is luminescence, whereas fluorescence denotes allowed transitions with a lifetime in the nanosecond range from higher to lower excited singlet states of molecule.thats why narrower..

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A)abductionB)deductive reasoningc) inductive reasoningd)a wild.pdf

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Lipid rafts are associated with which of the following activities? responding to extracellular signals transport of cholera toxin into cells transport of nutrients across cell membranes immune responses All of the above are correct Solution All of the above are correct Lipid rafts are involved in the initiation and propagation of the signal transduction cascade associated with lymphocyte activation.They are also membrane protein trafficking, and regulating neurotransmission and receptor trafficking..

Lipid rafts are associated with which of the following activities re.pdf

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JAVA Write a program that takes a command-line argument representing a text file name. The program should read the given text file and print two lists, each in ascending order. One list should be the words that exist only once in the text file. The other list should be the words that appear more than once. Ignore the case of the words when determining whether a word has appeared more than once. Your program may ignore punctuation. Solution //CountOccurrenceOfWords.java import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.FileReader; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Set; import java.util.TreeMap; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.*; public class CountOccurrenceOfWords { public static void main(String[] file) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException { if (file.length == 0) { System.out.println(\"Usage: java CountOccurrenceOfWords targetfile\"); System.exit(0); } BufferedReader br = null; br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file[0])); String text = null; TreeMap treemap = new TreeMap(); try { while ((text = br.readLine()) != null) { String[] line = text.split(\"[ \ \\t\ .,;:!?(){}]\"); for (int count = 0; count < line.length; count++) { String key = line[count].toLowerCase(); if (key.length() > 0) { if (treemap.get(key) == null) { treemap.put(key, 1); } else { int value = treemap.get(key).intValue(); value++; treemap.put(key, value); } } } } Set> entrySet = treemap.entrySet(); // create an empty array list with an initial capacity ArrayList list1 = new ArrayList(100); ArrayList list2 = new ArrayList(100); for (Map.Entry entry : entrySet) { if(entry.getValue() == 1 ) list1.add(entry.getKey()); else list2.add(entry.getKey()); } System.out.print(\"Words that appear \" + \"one \"+ \"time are: \"); for (String word : list1) { System.out.print(word + \", \"); } System.out.println(\"\ \"); System.out.print(\"Words that appear more than one time are: \"); for (String word : list2) { System.out.print(word + \", \"); } System.out.println(\"\ \"); } catch (IOException error) { System.out.println(\"Invalid File\"); } finally { br.close(); } } } /* words.txt Sophie Sally and Jack were dachshunds Dachshunds are the best dogs and all dogs are better than cats output: Words that appear one time are: all, best, better, cats, jack, sally, sophie, than, the, were, Words that appear more than one time are: and, are, dachshunds, dogs, */.

JAVAWrite a program that takes a command-line argument representin.pdf

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