The Contribution Of Galileo

The Contribution Of Galileo
Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist, made groundbreaking observations that contributed to modern
physics and astronomy. Galileo established mathematics as the language of scientific discovery. He
founded the scientific method and helped establish the modern practice of experimentation and
calculated laws of nature.
In July of 1609, Galileo developed his own telescope and with it, he made several astronomical
discoveries. For example, Galileo discovered that the surface of the moon is rough and uneven as
opposed to smooth as people had thought. Galileo also discovered with his telescope that many
more stars exist than are visible to the naked eye. According to author E.B., "Galileo also found
sunspots upon the surface of our star and discovered the phases of Venus, which confirmed that the
planet circles the sun inside Earth's own orbit" (45).
Galileo was also curious about how things move, and this curiosity led to important discoveries in
physics. For instance, he questioned the then current belief that heavy objects fall faster than light
ones. In order to refute this, Galileo did many experiments. For example, it is said that he dropped
two different weights from the Tower of Pisa to show that they hit the ground at the same time, a
demonstration that paved the way for Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion. Galileo also tested his theory
by rolling balls down an inclined plane at various angles. These experiments lead to Galileo's the
law of falling bodies. This law states that all objects will fall at an equal rate when accounting for
relatively minor differences in aerodynamics and weather conditions.
Another discovery Galileo made with regards to motion was about the pendulum. The author of An
Inquisitive Mind Kim Zarins wrote about the experiment:
Galileo made two pendulums with string of equal lengths and a lead ball at the end of each. Then he
pulled one ball back twice as far as the other, and let them both go at the same time. He expected to
see the ball with the longer swing take a longer time to move back and forth. In fact, both
pendulums moved in perfect synchronization! They swung at the same rate, even though one
pendulum was moving twice as far and one ball was heavier than the other (41).
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Support Of Foucault's Pendulum
Kassandra Whiteford
Dr. Ruzhitskaya
Foucault Pendulum Experiment
1–30–18
Support of Foucault's Pendulum
The Foucault's Pendulum was named after French Physicist Leon Foucault (Sommeria). He created
the experiment to prove that the Earth is in a constant state of rotation. The experiment was simple,
a Pendulum was created with a weight on the end of a wire which was attached to a fixed point on
the ceiling, once set in motion it continued to move and slowly rotated its position. The use of the
Foucault Pendulum was successful and ended several millennial of argument over whether or not
the Earth was actually in the rotation, with a simple repeatable experiment. Thus, the Foucault
Pendulum experiment that proved the Earth rotates on an axis in an understandable way. The
Foucault Pendulum successfully proved that the Earth is rotating and is still used and accepted as
proof even today. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once set in motion the Pendulum stays in motion because of the force of gravity acting upon it. The
experiment was set up with multiple wooden pegs attaching the two–hundred–pound Pendulum to
the ceiling by both ends. The wire holding it was then burned at one end to release it into motion
there were multiple pegs on the ground that were knocked over when the Pendulum rotated position
(Foucault Pendulum). The way the Pendulum was released would not cause an experimental error
by adding direction in the way it would if a person released it. Pendulums are known to swing in
straight planes so the rotation must be caused by the Earth beneath it. The experiment was also
repeated multiple times by various scientists to prove the credibly. With multiple testings' and
repeated experimental trials the Pendulum always behaved the same way. The Pendulum stayed in
motion and continues to swing rotating around the room. The Pendulum mimics the way our Earth
rotates proving that it is in constant

Kater’s Pendulum
Kater's Pendulum
Thomas Markovich and Kapil Chhabria
Departments of Physics University of Houston Houston, TX 77204–5006 (Dated: December 9,
2010)
We experimentally determined the local gravitational constant using Kater's Pendulum to provide
the authors with experience in data analysis. In this manuscript, we rigorously derive the relevant
equations from first principles with the appropriate expressions for the experimental uncertainty. We
found that by assuming the periods were equal we were able to determine that g was 9.7993 ±
0.0010 m/s2 which was 0.0653 % from the known value. If we took into account the period
difference, we found that g was 9.7982 ± 0.0083 m/s2 which is 0.0552 %. Both methods gave us
results well within our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we first begin by recognizing that Ic = mk 2 where k is the radius of gyration, we get that T1 = 2π
and T2 = 2π
2 k 2 + l2 . dg 2 k 2 + l1 dg
(II.15)
(II.16)
(II.17)
FIG. 1. Kater's pendulum. I1 is the moment of inertia about K1 with l1 is the distance from the knife
edge to the small weight and I2 is the moment of inertia about K2 where w1 > w2
If we simply square our periods and solve for our radius of gyration in both equations, we find
2 4π 2 T 2 l1 − T2 l2 = 1 2 . 2 g l1 − l2
(II.18)
If we invert the system, we find that T1 = 2π and T2 = 2π
2 I + M I2 . M dg 2 Ic + M l1 M dg
(II.8)

2 g l2 − l2 = 21 2 . 2 4π T1 l1 − T2 l2
(II.19)
This is a familiar algebraic form and we solve it by separating our equation into (II.9)
2 2 l1 − l2 A B 2l − T 2l = L + l − l . T1 1 1 2 2 2
(II.20)
If we adjust the weights until the periods are equal, we simply get that
2 2 Ic + M l1 I + M I2 = M dg M dg
2 And after some algebra, we get that A+B = T1 and B2 A=−T2 and yields the following equation
for g.
(II.10)
g=
8π 2
2 2 T1 +T2 L
+
2 2 T1 −T2 2l1 −L
(II.21)
3 This equation has an associated uncertainty of (∂T1 gδT1 ) + (∂T2 gδT2 ) + (∂L gδL ) + (∂l1
gδl1 ) (II.22) or δg = (
2 2 256π 4 −T2 + T1 2 2 δl
2 2 T2 +T1 L
2
2
2
2
(2l − L)4
2 2 −T2 +T1 2l−L
4

+ +
64π 4 +
2T1

Groom Observation Essay
The class was presented with the problem that a grandfather clock's pendulum was not keeping time,
and divided into three groups in an attempt to solve the issue. Each group was to test one
independent variable that would most affect the swing of the pendulum, and was comprised of three
smaller teams of two people. The three groups would change the mass of the bob, the length of the
rod (string), and the angle from which the bob was released. It was hypothesized that if the mass of
the bob were increased, then the pendulum would keep time differently because of air resistance.
This was concluded because adding weights to the bob would increase the surface area and therefore
cause a variation in the pendulum's swing. The dependent variable

Nt1310 Unit 2 Check Time
We live in an age that every second matters, an update happens every second and it could be a
revolutionary life changer. Every second a decision is made, a business deal is done or its meeting is
starting. We live in a world where keeping this second where it belongs, it is all about time–keeping!
As simple as checking time is today looking at the watch rounding your wrist or looking at the clock
put on the wall in front of you or simply take out your mobile from your pocket to check it, at any
time given you can update your timing to be accurate, but we are all sure this wasn't the case six
thousand years ago. It all started as water containers filled with water as the shape of an open cone.
When water is emptied it means that 12 hours has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first pendulum clocks had a width of range 100 degrees and analysts wanted to increase that
range but Huygens showed that increasing the range of pendulum swing will decrease its accuracy.
Then clockmakers realized that only pendulums with small range of swing of a few degrees are
isochronous. The Second Pendulum (The royal pendulum), its range of swing is one meter long
where each swing takes one second became widely used. The long narrow clocks built around these
pendulums were first made by William Clement in the 1680s. The increased accuracy resulted from
these type of developments caused minute hand to be added to the clock dials in the 1690s.
Observation that pendulum clocks were affected by summer that the thermal expansion and
contraction of the pendulum was changed by changing the temperature which was a large source of
error, this error was solved by George Graham when he invented the temperature–compensated
pendulum back in 1721 and the gridiron pendulum by John Harrison in 1726.Pendulum clocks
remained the world standard for timekeeping accuracy for over 200

The Pit And The Pendulum Analysis
Molly Durnas English 1 – B ½ Edgar Allan Poe Final Essay: The Pit and the Pendulum 14 October
2014 Unity of Effect. Tone: Dramatic, suspense. Denouncement: escapes inevitable death.
Narration: First person. Thesis: Poe explores the paradox of a narrator who is faced with the
inevitability of death and time, achieving the unity of effect that results from consciousness of
existence. The chilling and alarming setting of the story enhances the feeling of torture and the
inevitability of death in the tomb. Poe manipulates the setting by employing multiple types of
imagery. Visual imagery conveys what the narrator sees in the setting he is in, such as the "blackness
of eternal night encompassed me... the intensity of the darkness seemed to oppress and stifle me"
(45). Tactile imagery allows the reader to understand how the setting feels, "very smooth, slimy, and
cold" (46). Olfactory imagery illustrates "suffocating odor [of] the prison" (55). Auditory Imagery
allows the reader to understand what the setting sounds like, "There was a discordant hum of human
voices! There was a loud blast of many trumpets! ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The narrator is given two choices: the first, to jump into the pit, and the second, to be sliced in half
by a pendulum; but both options contain the same outcome: death. The narrator has no choice but to
die, leading to the ultimate effect of fear and the inevitability of death. The denouncement of the
story is deus ex machina, meaning that the resolution is by a force exterior to the action of the story.
The narrator escapes his death, and this denouncement is surprising because it is anomalous in Poe's

Examples Of Paradoxical Thinking By Kelle Olwyler
in the book paradoxical thinking we are shown ways to use our own thinking. The authors both had
very interesting backrounds in which they were writting about/ Jerry L.Fletcher madgered in both
mathamatics and physics and used his very keen mind to pull things apart and analzy them. the other
author kelle olwyler has spent her life traing and coaching individuals on ways to innovate
thinking.In this book we see examples of paradoxes and ways we can use them. one of the first
things they go over in the book is what exactly is paradoxical thinking. In the book they explain that
this is a way to compare and contrast your personality with both positive and negative
characteristics. The general idea is to have one of our positive characteristic guid ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are all things that take time and practice to learn to do. The next thing they had you do was
rate yourself on the Fletchers pendulum this is a really strange process for me to do I have never
done this before and it took me awhile to even understand that idea. The basic idea on the Fletchers
pendulum is to create A discreet a pendulum and Mark five points on it on the bottom you put
negative factors the middle you put bass factors and then on top of a positive result learning to use
this chart or pendulum was very strange. I can see this as being one of the points that would be very
useful in a business situation. Being able to wait yourself on a chart like this and see where you're at
and where you could be at and even where your business is that and where it should be at would be
very valuable in being self aware. The last thing to dude to increase your paradoxical thinking
capabilities was the last step that they teach step 5. This step was called choosing action steps. In
this section we learned wave but you can use to raise yourself in the ratings on the pendulum. There
were a lot of basic things that you can do to increase Your self on the

Pendulums Definition
By definition from wikipedia, a pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing
freely. On the more spiritual aspect of a pendulum, it is exactly that, only the weight is normally a
semi precious stone such as a clear crystal quartz, amethyst, citrine, smokey quartz or other various
stones. A pendulum is usually six to eight inches in length, having the weight on one end and a pivot
on the other that allows the item to freely swing.
Pendulums can be used for a variety of purposes,including measuring, tuning, and in spiritual
practices. The specific appearance of pendulums can be anything from a string to a chain. On the
norm, people prefer to buy fancier pendulums that are made with crystal, semi–precious stone, silver
or gold. However, just as there is no limitation on what a pendulum ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Historically, pendulums have been used for healing purposes, for spiritual protection against evil
forces, for guidance, self–cleansing and to determine if a Chakra or energy center is out of balance.
People use pendulums to answer personal questions to determine if something is good for them or
not and to get clarification. The belief is that when you ask a pendulum questions, you are
connecting with your subconscious mind or your higher self through your body's energy. However,
the pendulum may be influenced both consciously and subconsciously making the responses
inaccurate.
For instance if you "Ask your question" with a preconceived outcome or wishful thinking, however
slight, those "thoughts" from you can be magnified making the use of the pendulum in that instance
ineffective or pre–determined by your thoughts or in other words, you will get the answer you
WANTED, not the answer that is true. This proves just how powerful your thoughts are. One must
take steps to prevent this by focusing on pure intention and get the preconceived notions out of the
way. Insufficient questioning (not clear) can result in senseless

Finding True Love
The familiar hum of the hospitals fluorescent lights greeted Lacy as she walked towards the nurses
station. Her boss Dr. Riley was the first to greet her.
"Morning Lacy, I need you to head over to bay two to check on Mr. Adams."
"Yes sir" she replied.
She headed down the hall stopping just outside the room. Parker Adams was a young man who was
in a terrible skiing accident that caused him to slip into a coma. He had been in the hospital for
almost three weeks now, and as the days passed Lacy began to fall more and more in love with him.
Everyday his friends or family would visit they would sit by his bedside and talk to him. The more
Lacy learned about Parker the more she realized how similar they were. She stood in the doorway
thinking about how perfect they are for each other, and wishing he would wake up and feel the same
way about her.
"Ummm excuse me! Can I help you?" An all too familiar voice came from Parkers room.
A young woman with a tiny upturned nose and long bleach blonde hair sat in the corner of the room
staring at Lacy waiting for a reply.
"Oh, um, I'm sorry" Lacy stammered "I am here to check on Mr.Adams."
Suddenly she was snapped back to reality. She and Parker were similar in many ways, relationship
status not being one. He had a girlfriend, Jocelyn. Even though Lacy had never officially met Parker
she could not help but feel Jocelyn was all wrong for him. She was rude, arrogant, and high
maintenance. After Parker's accident Jocelyn spent a lot of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Unact Unmanned Ground...
A compact unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) should be capable to travel through rough terrain while
traversing within confined spaces. In many applications, it is practically expedient that the vehicles
used must be economical, so that multiple rovers may be deployed to accomplish a given mission.
The cost of the UGV can be reduced by minimizing its size and mechanical intricacy. As in a
traditional treaded/tracked vehicle, here the model has a pair of tread assemblies or tracks, driven by
an internal sprocket, mounted on either side of a central chassis [1], [2]. A single chassis holds the
actuators, sensors, electronics, and battery. It includes the concept of inverted pendulum for various
upright configurations, capable of surmounting obstacles, including stairs. The maximum ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The standard treaded platform consists of two fixed tread mechanisms mounted on opposite sides of
a central chassis. This type of UGV performs well over a variety of both smooth and complex
terrains (including dirt, gravel, sand, snow, etc.), but the limitation persist as before. This limitation
may be extended by adding additional sprocket–chain mechanism to increase the height of system
(such as the trapezoidal shape), or by adding secondary articulated treaded segments or "flippers".
Additional treaded segments may be added to increase a treaded vehicle's adroitness, but the cost
gets increased. Here a compact treaded UGV, which is capable of overcoming obstacles roundly as
high as its treads are long via a unique mechanical architecture and adept implementation of
feedback control algorithms is shown. The overall height or the rover can be adjusted and made as
per the requirement. Here LQR controller along with LQT is used. Finally, the transformation to
different modes of operation are shown in simulation part.
Fig.1 Different types of mobile

Determining The Gravity ( G ) On The Period ( T ) Of...
–Abstract:
The aim of the experiment was to determine the gravity (g) on the period (T) of oscillation
pendulum has a simple harmonic motion (SHM). A stopwatch was used to measure the time taken
for 10 complete cycles, which called oscillations. The length of the pendulum was varied for fixed
mass and recorded in table 1. The output result for this experiment was agreed with the theory. The
graph plotted and got R2=0.99, which was close to the linearity 1.
–Introduction:
The motion repeats itself at regular intervals is called periodic, oscillation, or simple harmonic
motion (SHM). The time taken of an object to moves from the starting position and back to the
original positions it's known as period (T). The frequency (f) related to the period (T) as F=1/T,
which is defined how many oscillation occurs in one second.
The acceleration is the distance and direction from the equilibrium position for any oscillation
object.
The acceleration in any simple harmonic motion is opposite to the direction of the displacement, and
it's proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium. Breithaupt, J. (2010).
In this experiment the pendulum was oscillate until it's comes to the equilibrium position, this
happened according to the gravity force, this force always acts in a direction towards the equilibrium
position, which is known as the restoring force.
The aim of this experiment is to determine a value for the gravitation (g) of a pendulum has an
oscillation motion. By

Ballistic Pendulum
While conducting the ballistic pendulum report you gain a bigger understanding of velocity and
momentum. Using the ballistic pendulum, and formulas learned in Physics, one can predict the
range of the ball when it is shot horizontally. There are several materials that are used to conduct this
experiment including: the ballistic pendulum, a balance, at least one sheet of paper, weights, and a
calculator. Firstly, before anything else is done, the mass of the ball needs to be calculated. Using
the balance, and additional weights if necessary, find the mass of the ball. This will be in grams, so
you need to convert that to kilograms. The conversion between grams and kilograms is: 1000g=1kg.
The mass of our ball was 69.9g, 0.0696kg. After this is calculated, the height of the bob from the
pointer to the table must be calculated and converted to meters. The conversion from centimeters to
meters is 100cm=1m. The height of our bob was 12.7cm, .127m. Now we calculate the force of the
bob by setting the ball in the bob, and spring back the gun to shoot it. Attempt this at least seven
times and record the tooth number on the rack when the pendulum stops. After this, find the average
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once it is moved, we need to calculate the new height from the pointer to the floor. Our height was
88.5cm which we converted to .885m. Then we need to calculate how long it would take for the ball
to hit the floor with the formula, x=vot+12at2. Solve for t, and set the initial velocity to 0 which
should be t=2xg. Which then calculated is .4244s. After this step, we need to calculate the range,s,to
predict where the ball would on the floor after it is shot horizontally from the table. The range,s,can
be calculated with the formula, s=vt. Using our time and initial velocity, s=6.46(.4244). This is equal
to

The Pit And The Pendulum
Author: Edgar Allan Poe Story: The Pit and the Pendulum
Members: Miranda Barkho, Celeste Coombes, Gayton Bre'Anna
Comments: Each section should have at least one paragraph of 7–10 sentences consisting of a quote
from the story
Be sure to fully answer the questions per section
1. Writer's Background:
Edgar Allan Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. He had a hard childhood because he
lost people in his family like his mom and dad. He also had a abusive childhood with his foster dad
and they would get into arguments. He married his first cousin virginia and when she got sick he
was in a deep sorrow. During his wife's sickness and sorrow it influenced him to his works The Tell–
Tale Heart and The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theme: In many of Poe's stories it seems like he creates the theme to have something to do with
terror or death. Like in The Pit and the Pendulum Poe talks about how this prisoner is afraid of what
is going to happen to him while he is in this cell. . The Pit and the Pendulum has a main theme. One
of the themes is the terror a human being experiences when confined and subjected to mental
physical torture, which may end in death. Which the prisoner has this physical torture when he is in
this cell. Another theme is the unjust of what the narrator feels while he is in the cell.

Pendulum Law In Criminal Justice
Elsy Ramirez
Professor Fulks
ADMJ C101
18 November 2017
The Pendulum Law in Criminal Justice The Pendulum law is a theory that "tends to swing back and
forth between opposite extremes" (Pendulum effect). The opposite extremes that tend to swing back
and forth in the case of the criminal justice system would be the due process and crime control.
Many court cases and incidents with the criminal justice system do show the swinging back and
forth between due process and crime control.
A landmark case that shifted the attention to due process was Miranda vs. Arizona. In this historical
landmark case the Miranda Rights got there famous name from this man Ernesto Miranda. The
attention shifted to due process because of the fact that Miranda pled his rights were not read to him,
therefore he did not know he could not self–incriminate himself. He claimed she was coerced to
giving his confession (Miranda v. Arizona). From then on the criminal justice system new they had
to do something about criminals trying to flee from the law by saying their rights were not read to
them. Police departments everywhere new something had to be done. Therefore the Miranda rights
were born all criminals were being arrested had to be read their Miranda Rights, therefore they
could not plead that their rights were not read to them that is why the Miranda Rights is an
important part of the due process. It is not fair to the suspect to arrest him and not to let them know
why they are being detained, or

The Effect Of String Length On The Period Of A Pendulum
Investigating the Effect of String Length on the Period of a Pendulum
Background information:
A pendulum is a bob suspended by a string from a fixed point and behaves in an oscillating manner.
When released from an angle away from its equilibrium, it swings side–to–side in a periodic motion.
The time it takes to complete one full swing is considered the period and the purpose of this
investigation is to discover the effect of the string length on the period of the pendulum. This will be
accomplished by recording and analyzing data with the use of data tables and graphs.
Research Question:
How does string length affect the period time of the pendulum?
Hypothesis:
I believe that an increased string length with result in a longer period. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, I will be using a piece of string which will be the same piece of string used throughout the
experiment.
Materials and Supplies List: o Ring Stand o Clamp o Protractor o Scissors o Meter stick o
Stopwatch o Stopper
Procedure:
1. Obtain a ring stand and attach a clamp, similar to figure 1.
2. Place the ring stand in an area that allows up to a 150cm length of string for the pendulum to
move without any obstructions.
3. Measure and cut 150cm of string and tie the string around the stopper. Secure the string on the
clamp, similar to figure 1.
4. Measure the length of the string from the ring stand to center of mass of the stopper. It should be
around 10cm. Record this length in the data table.
5. Use a protractor to measure 30° from the equilibrium. Release the pendulum at this angle.
6. Use a stopwatch to time 5 cycles and record the time in the data table.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 two more times so there is a total of 3 trials for the same length of string.
Record all data in the data table.
8. Increase the length of string by about 15cm and measure the total length of the string. Record this
length in the data table. Repeat this step along with steps 5–7 nine more times.
Table 1. Raw Data for the Effect of String Length on Pendulum Period:
Length of String (cm, ±0.01cm)
Time for 5 cycles (s, ±0.01s)

Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
10.01
3.50
3.53
3.19
25.70
5.21
5.25
5.19
40.58
6.43
6.40
6.53
55.27
7.50
7.50
7.47

How Did The Pendulum Clocks Make The World
The invention of the pendulum clock played a pivotal role in making the world a more global
society. Prior to its invention in 1656, mechanical clocks were extremely inaccurate, making many
scientific experiments impossible due to the lack of a consistent way to measure time. Travelers who
needed to determine their longitude and latitude, such as explorers of the new world, needed an
accurate way to determine time. Watchmaking was considered the pinnacle of technological
achievement with only master clockmakers able to produce accurate ones, fostering a global trade of
their craft. Specifically in American history The Waterbury Clock Company, today known as Timex,
became a major export for the country in the 19th century. Pendulum clocks remained the world
standard for accurate timekeeping for 270 years, until the invention of the quartz clock in 1927.
In 1656 the pendulum clock was invented ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which then drove the invention of the anchor escapement around 1670. In addition to increased
accuracy, The long narrow clocks built around these pendulums, later known as grandfather clocks,
were first made by William Clement around 1680, The increased accuracy from these developments
resulted in the implementation of the minute hand, previously rare, to be added to clock faces
beginning around 1690. The 18th and 19th century brought many other improvements. Observation
that pendulum clocks slowed down in summer brought the realization that thermal expansion and
contraction of the pendulum rod with changes in temperature was a source of error. This was solved
by the invention of temperature–compensated pendulums; the mercury pendulum by George
Graham in 1721 and the gridiron pendulum by John Harrison in 1726. With these improvements, by
the mid–18th century precision pendulum clocks achieved accuracies of a few seconds per week. (A
CHRONICLE OF

Pendulum Lab
Name: Kaili Smith Pendulum
1. Research to find equations that would help you find g using a pendulum. Design an experiment
and test your design using Moon and Jupiter. Write your procedure in a paragraph that another
student could use to verify your results. Show your data, graphs, and calculations that support your
strategy.
The time it takes a pendulum to complete one back–and–forth swing, called the pendulum's period,
depends only on the pendulum's length and the value of gravity. In an experiment, an experimenter
can easily manipulate a pendulum's length. The value of gravity cannot be manipulated.
The best way to find the gravity of a planet/moon using a pendulum would be to use the pendulum
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average of the trials is 14.1 m/sec2. Assuming there could be about a 3% error estimate above
the actual value, the actual value is probably between 13.7 m/sec2 and 14.5 m/sec2.
3. Give your conclusion and write an

Differential Equations Of A Nonlinear System
5.1 Linearization
It can be seen clearly by the system's equation that the model belongs to a nonlinear system. Normal
differential equations can be created by the conversion of the system into state space model format.
When a control law is designed, Lagrange equations of motion (9) are reformatted. To be able to
carry this out, a state vector is introduced which is as follows. x= (θ θ ̇ )^T
To be able to apply the LQR technique on the system, linearization is important. Therefore the
nonlinear model of the system turns into: θ ̈= –D^(–1) Cθ ̇–D^(–1) G+D^(–1) Hu (14)
After putting the variables of the system matrices in the above generalisation and their derivatives,
the system equation is as follows: x ̇=(■(0&I@0&–D^(–1) C))x+(■(0@〖–D〗^(–1) C))+
(■(0@D^(–1) H))u (15)
Where I and 0 are identity and zero matrices respectively.
The system equation can be rewritten as: x ̇=f(x)+g(x)u (16)
Where
f(x)=(■(0&I@0&–D^(–1) C))x+(■(0@〖–D〗^(–1) C)) (17) g(x)=(■(0@D^(–1) H)) (18)
5.2 Linear

Pendulum Lab
UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Point Lisas Campus, Esperanza Road, Brechin
Castle, Couva, Trinidad, W.I.
Program: National Engineering Technician Diploma Course code: ENSC 110D Class: Petroleum
Lab Title: Pendulum with a yielding support Instructor: Mrs. Sharon Mohammed Full time Name:
Kirn Johnson Student ID: 58605 Date: 28/10/2012 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could be prevented if the person who is counting the oscillations also times them themselves.
Objectives 1. To conduct a lab experiment for the oscillations of a pendulum with a yielding support
2. investigate the simple pendulum 3. To prove that the distance (m) is directly proportional to
period.
Theory
Theory states that T and d are related by the equation: T2 = kd3+ (4π2 l)/g where g is the
acceleration of free fall and k is a constant.
Apparatus and Material:
1. Stop clock
2. Hacksaw blade
3. String
4. Pendulum
5. Clamps holding blade
6. Table
Procedure/Method 1. The length of the string holding the bob was recorded
2. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 20 oscillations was found and recorded. 3. The
position of the plate was adjusted and the previous step was repeated 3 times for 6 different
distances. 4. An average was found based on these 3 values. 5. Values for T2 and d3 were calculated.
Results/data
Analysis/ Discussion
The average was taken to increase accuracy = (31.50+31.47+31.44)3 = 94.413 = 31.47s

The time for one oscillation was found by dividing the amount of oscillations (20) done by the time
taken for them= 31.4720 = 1.57s
The taking 2 points from the graph, (11.8 x 10–3, 2.45), (7 x 10–3, 2.36)
Gradient= y2– y1x2– x1

Pit And The Pendulum Irony
The Pit and The Pendulum, a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe, tells the dreary story of a man
who is being held in a torturous prison by the Spanish Inquisition for going against their beliefs.
This story explains the harsh realities and torments faced by prisoners of the Inquisition. Tension
rises throughout the story, but is resolved in the end when an officer from the French Army frees the
narrator from his "death chamber," while simultaneously ending the Peninsular War. Edgar Allan
Poe employs intense conflict, vivid imagery, and first person point of view to heighten the reader's
sense of dread in his suspenseful story, "The Pit and The Pendulum." Conflict in "The Pit and The
Pendulum" is utilized fiercely throughout the story by

Physics : The Back And Forth Motion
Introduction
In this series of experiments, we examined the back and forth motion. We analyzed the motion of
five objects which included a mass attached at the end of a spring, a swinging pendulum, a ball
thrown up in the air, a jumping student, and a cart rolling up and down an incline. Using the motion
detector and a computer we were able to come up with graphs of position VS time and Velocity VS
time from which it was possible to tell where the velocity or the acceleration were maximum, and
whether they were changing or not. Besides that, the graphs also helped to notice objects that
exhibited a similar type of motion.
Procedure
Description of the setup
An object was placed or hanged on the proper area, where it could sit at rest. That is to say an
inclined track for the cart, and a ring stand for both the pendulum and a mass attached at the end of a
spring. Hereafter, a motion detector was connected to a computer via a lab quest and was brought in
close proximity with the object. After that, the motion detector sensitivity switch was set to
ball/walk or track depending on the object's motion which is being studied. From here, the
appropriate file for plotting an object's graphs was opened on the desktop. Then, from here,
everything was in place for data collection. (Photos below).
Outline of technique
The pendulum was pulled to about 15 cm from the motion detector. In case of the mass on a spring,
the mass was pulled till just a few inches away from the motion detector.

Hooke 's Law And Simple Harmonic Oscillations
College physics II Laboratory
Experiment 2
"Hooke 's law and simple harmonic oscillations" by Mohamed Omer
Lab Partners
Youssef Farlos
Roman Martinaz
Jhon Fanque
Date performed January 18, 2015
Introduction/ Abstract:
Simple harmonic motion is the study of oscillation. An object undergoes oscillation when it
experiences a restoring force which restores this object to equilibrium positon. The Simple harmonic
oscillation occurs when the net force on an object along the direction of motion is proportional to
the object's displacement and in the opposite direction by this equation F = –kx. In addition, an
object whose position–time graph makes a sine or cosine function is in simple harmonic motion.
This type of relation is called Hooke's law. The purpose of this experiment is to prove Hooke's law
and study Simple harmonic motion and to show that this equation T = 2 is valid during Simple
harmonic motion.
Theory:
The relevant theoretical concepts and equations used in this experiment are:
T = 2
| E1 − E2 |
E1 + E2
2

K=
Percent difference =
Experimental Procedure:
The Computer and sensor calibration along with equipment such as DIN plug, force sensor, rod,
clamp, spring, sensor's hook, and hanger were all set up already in the laboratory before we started
doing the experiment.
Hooke's law
a) We used a meter stick to measure the position of the

Maranatha High School. . . . Final Draft: The Foucault
Maranatha High School
Final Draft: The Foucault Pendulum
Amanda Dundas (5)
Honors Algebra 2 (Group A)
Ms. Monica Chan
3 April 2017
Abstract
The Foucault Pendulum
I chose to do my project on the Foucault Pendulum because it seemed interesting and I had seen a
model at the Griffith Observatory when I visited there. I am also taking physics this year as well as
chemistry and have learned a little bit about the Foucault Pendulum but I wanted to do more
research beyond that. What I found was very interesting. Leon Foucault invented the pendulum in
1851 which was first actual proof of the rotation of the earth. In general, the direction of the plane of
oscillation of a pendulum rotates with an angular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ratio between the time and where the pendulum is confuses people the most. People found the
sine factor to be confusing so Foucault made the gyroscope in 1852 to try and help them understand
the concept of time with the pendulum. The gyroscope's spinning rotor tracks the stars directly. Its
axis of rotation turns once per day whatever the latitude, unaffected by the sine factor.
This great invention had to have a lot of thought put into it because precautions must be made to
assure that the pendulum is not acted upon by any outside forces besides gravity. Constructing a
mini pendulum for an experiment is very hard to do because of the precise measurements that must
be made to ensure the ratios are correct and that it will swing where it is supposed to swing. For
example, to start the pendulum moving, it is usually held at an angle by a string, and then burned to
release the pendulum. Letting go from one 's hands, or cutting the string, could give the pendulum
momentum that is not right in a particular direction creating a variable and inaccurate results. A
heavy pendulum on a long, rigid wire will continue going for long periods of time, but air resistance
will eventually cause the motion to lessen and stop. Museums usually use an electromagnetic drive
to keep the pendulum moving. This provides additional energy to the pendulum but doesn't affect its
direction of motion.
All pendulums consist of a cable and a symmetrical weight at

Pit And The Pendulum Narrators
Edgar Allan Poe integrates his work in "The Pit and the Pendulum" and "The Tell–Tale Heart" by
anonymously creating the narrators in first person point of view. Poe vividly uses imagery to help
the reader understand the character of the two narrators; Poe uses his gothic, writing techniques to
illustrate the narrators and differentiate them in the two short stories. In both short stories, the
narrators are given a role: to be killed or be the killer. Edgar Allan Poe distinguishes the role of the
two speakers in "The Pit and the Pendulum and "The Tell–Tale Heart". Edgar Allan Poe justifies the
role of the speaker in "The Pit and the Pendulum" to be the one facing death. First of all, Poe shows
that the role of the narrator is to retell the

Pit And The Pendulum
The Pit and the Pendulum is a short story narrative told by a condemned prisoner during the period
of the Spanish Inquisitions. The story takes place in Toledo, Spain and begins with the prisoner
describing a delirious state in which he sees robed judges presiding over his sentencing. Prior to the
pronounced judgment, he is overtaken by fear and faints. The story continues in vivid detail, as the
prisoner describes over a period of days, through lingering periods of consciousness, his torturous
entrapment.
As the narrative moves forward, the prisoner assumes he's been sentenced to death. He awakens
alone, in absolute blackness, for which he questions whether he is dead or alive. His thoughts
pirouette between abject terror and self–imagined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While examining the tight quarters of his cold and damp surroundings, he feels piercing eyes fixed
upon him. Horror fills his body as he gazes upon large rats entering and exiting the pit of death. He
realizes he is in the same dungeon, but it is much smaller than he had envisioned. As his eyes slowly
adjust to the brightness of the lights, he becomes aware of a noise above him. Almost immediately,
his eyes catch glimpse of the movement of a pendulum. Entranced and enthralled by its animated
rhythm, he watches in both terror and delight as it swings backwards and forwards. This fascination
soon turns to fear as the prisoner realizes a scimitar is attached to the bottom of the pendulum. A
maniacal terror slowly creeps into his thoughts as he imagines the sounds of the blade first slicing
into his robe and then tearing apart his flesh. Time drags by. He and the rats feast on pungently
seasoned meat. The scimitar swings closer and closer, his death certain, when an idea occurs to him.
With only seconds to spare before the sharp blade devours him, he quickly rubs the meat on the
bandages binding his hands and feet. The smell attracts the rats who rush in and chew the bandages
lose. He slides off the wood plank only seconds before his skin is perforated. Euphoria fills him at
his victory over the pendulum of

Historical Methods of Torture and Execution Essay
Historical Methods of Torture and Execution
Europe is the place to visit if this is what you're into. Many cities and towns have medieval torture
museums. We liked one that we visited at Mont St. Michel in France. For those of you who can't
afford to travel, check out the movie version of Edgar Allen Poe's The Pit and the Pendulum starring
Lance Henrickson. Don't know how historically accurate it is, but it's great atmospherically.
Beheading by Axe or Sword
An executioner, usually hooded, chops off the person's head. Quite trendy in England in the 1500–
1600's. The axe used for the last beheading in 1747 can be viewed at the Tower of London.
Beating to Death
An example of this is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Iron Maiden
Female effigies constructed of wood or iron with the inside hollowed out and filled with sharp iron
spikes. The iron maiden would be opened up and the offender placed inside. The person would then
be embraced by the iron maiden, being impaled by all the stakes.
The Wheel
Wheels were used in a variety of ways. For example, a person could be somehow attached to the
outer rim of a wheel and then either rolled over sharp spikes or off a hill.
Crucifixion
Most people immediately think of Jesus. Early crucifixions were carried out on trees.
Drowning
Used in a variety of ways. Popular at sea. Probably the most well–known variation is the witch's
test. If the water rejects the woman and she floats, then she is guilty and executed by anth method. If
the water accepts her and she drowns, then she was innocent.
Blown from a Cannon
The person is positioned across the mouth of a can, then a shot is fired, blasting through the person's
body.
Pendulum
Just like in the Edgar Allen Poe story. A person lies on his or her back and a razor edged pendulum
swings above them, slowly descending.
Poison
Interestingly, this has not been a common method of execution. Socrates, who was forced to drink
hemlock, is probably the most well–known victim of poison.
Pressing
The person lies under some sort of slab–like surface and then heavy objects such as stones are
placed on top until the person is crushed to

Alice Walker Beauty Of Beauty Essay
"If I could write the beauty of your eyes and in fresh numbers number all your graces, the age to
come would say, 'This poet lies; Such heavenly touches ne'er touched earthly faces" (William
Shakespeare). Yet even these words hearken images of physical beauty as they defy the convention
of glorifying ideal beauty. However, in ''Beauty: When the Other Dance is the Self" Walker couldn't
accept her own physical disability and this clouded her ability to live life to its fullest. Walker saw
things, but she did not perceive them. Until the day her husband said to her, "I thought you made
peace with that," and suddenly she started remembering the important things in life, like the gift of
sight and the possibility of never seeing and perceiving the beauty of the desert. Walker's definition
of beauty as a wonderful world is revealed as she shares her self–image of three steps of her life: 2½
to eight–year–old, eight to fourteen–year–old, and fourteen–year–old to adulthood. ... Show more
One day she was blown in her right eye by the little toy her brothers used to play. Walker was told
not to tell anything about the gun to her parents. Only in a week, her parents and Alice went to see a
doctor. By that time, she already had a glob of whitish scar tissue. She also remembered the words
of her doctor, "If one is blind, the other will likely become blind too"(3). It is amazing how
childhood may influence the future. Since that time Alice Walker lost her self–confidence, she did
not feel that she is that cute little girl anymore who was able to amaze the audience with her long
Easter speeches. Furthermore, she started doing poorly at school, her contact with others ended, she
did not stare at anyone anymore because she stopped raising her head up, students in her new school
made fun of

The Ratio Of The Lengths Changes
Question 1: What happens to the motion as the ratio of the lengths changes? (Thinking)
If you decrease the length of the top one (L1) =0 then L2 becomes a simple pendulum and
undergoes simple harmonic motion.
If you increase L1 more, then l2 undergoes faster chaotic motion and if you decrease the length, it
will become less chaotic.
Question 2: At first glance, why does there appear to be much more energy in the pendulum than
was put into it when it was released? (Communication)
There are a few reasons why it seems like that.
First, the pendulum was started with a push rather than dropped, so that will put more energy into
the system than it perhaps seems like there should be.
Second, the lower the pendulum is, the less potential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is, when the long leg slows down just a little, there is enough energy for the short leg to speed
up quite a bit.
Question 3: After testing out the double pendulum, do you think the angle needed to undergo simple
harmonic motion would be a big or small? Why do you think it occurs at a big or small angle?
(Application)
For the double pendulum to undergo simple harmonic motion the angle needs to be very small.
Since the double pendulum's purpose is to undergo chaotic motion we would need to let of the legs
at an angle of 5–8 degrees. This is because the shorter leg is very easy to spin and lose control of its
motion. Letting go at a small angle will not give it enough momentum or speed to undergo chaotic
motion but it will however, give it enough speed and momentum for both legs to undergo simple
harmonic motion.
Question 4: Ali lets go of the legs of a 543g double pendulum with a radius of 0.1 m from a height
of 0.3m and the velocity is 8 m/s. Calculate the centripetal acceleration and gravitational potential
energy. (Knowledge)
Gravitational Potential Energy & Forces
This concept relates back to unit 2 where in class we discussed about gravitational energy and

power. The standard definition of a pendulum according to Webster is a body suspended from a
fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity or another type of
force.

Pit And The Pendulum Thesis
One of the most renowned authors of horror and gothic tales, Edgar Allan Poe, creates characters
that are exceptional and inimitable in their own rights. Of his most popular tales is "The Pit and the
Pendulum", a story so loved that there have been movies based on it. One of the reasons that this
tale is still favored to this day is because of the narrator who is telling his story of his trial,
punishment, and near–death experience. In Poe's story, the narrator is recounting a personal tale in
which he was captured by the Spanish Inquisition and sentenced to torture and ultimately death. The
narrator takes the reader through every detail of the pit in which they threw him and the
circumstances that unfolded within the pit. The narrator of "The Pit and the Pendulum" emulates a
person suffering through anxiety and uncertainty because of his fascination with death, his precise
recollection of his surroundings, and the anonymity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poe writes, "The agony of suspense grew at length intolerable, and I cautiously moved forward, with
my arms extended, and my eyes straining from their sockets" (444) which contains the word 'me'.
He uses the first–person perspective to draw the reader in and allow a sense of anonymity in which
the reader puts themselves into the narrator shoes. This anonymity creates a universality in which
anyone reading the story automatically relates to the character. This induces a sense of panic in the
reader because not only are they reading what is happening, they seem to experience the
circumstances as if they were actually the ones living through them (Bryant). Furthermore, the
namelessness of the narrator not only puts the reader in the shoes of the narrator, it puts the reader's
loved ones in his shoes. The sense of universality within the narrator allows for anyone to take his
place, permitting the reader to feel empathy, sympathy, anxiety, and

Pendulum Lab
UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Point Lisas Campus, Esperanza Road, Brechin
Castle, Couva, Trinidad, W.I. Program: National Engineering Technician Diploma Course code:
ENSC 110D Class: Petroleum Lab Title: Pendulum with a yielding support Instructor: Mrs. Sharon
Mohammed Full time Name: Kirn Johnson Student ID: 58605 Date: 28/10/2012 ... Show more
0.29 d = 0.29m 7.2 With the length d increasing the time and angle for a period will also increase
which will result in the need of more space for making its

Steven Johnson
Everyone is using those innovations that created and changed into this 21st century more artificial
and modern world. Steven Johnson wrote How we Got to Now Six Innovations That Made the
Modern World. He is famous for writing non–function books, and those books are very interesting.
Steven Johnson likes to write books about technology, science, historical, and the amazing part is he
applies his own personal experiences in the books. However, he is known as a bestselling author in
the literature industry. I found it that he is well–known as a bestselling author. Past few books
Johnson wrote was about innovation also, I am thinking that he like to write history fact book, but in
modem style, view, and understandable. The book he wrote was in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the reasons clean innovations grabs my attention because it's about civil engineering, which
is my major. I was happy to understand my major more from Chesbrough and the Stevens the
author. According to the book, Chesbrough was a water–supply engineer. "Other structures had to be
moved as well as lifted to make way for the sewer", this quote means, In Chicago, working lifted it
the build to makes sewer system under the build and Chesbrough was observing this view. This
quote shows so many different moments at a one time. My idea was how workers can lift the whole
building with people in it and instand sewer in the building. On another side, I think it a good idea to
do that so people do not waste time to come out and go in, but it could be dangers also. I like
Chesbrough because he was a great person and he likes to think out of the box, comes up with
advantageous ideas and distribute that great idea in the USA. As an engineering student, I also
believe it a good idea to think out of the box. In this case, I am a person who also likes to think
outside of the box and I also like to look forth in future, basically, this topic connects with

Pit And The Pendulum
In Edgar Allan Poe's story, "The Pit and the Pendulum," Poe, uses the horror elements of
____Isolation_________, ______Madness______, and__Disorentiation_____ to add suspense to the
story. In the beginning of the reading of The Pit and the Pendulum, the setting is at the Spanish
Inquisition and Edgar Poe sees figures that look like angels, or judges. One of the important horror
elements is Madness. The author Edgar Poe states "In other conditions of mind I might have had
courage to end my misery at once by a plunge into one of these abysses; but now I was the veriest of
cowards" (Poe 5). The quote is an example of the horror element because he wants to end his misery
at once, he has been through so much that he just wants to end his life but

Pit And Pendulum
Summary of the Pit and the Pendulum As the story begins, our narrator is being sentenced to death
by a panel of black–robed, pale–faced judges. Things aren't looking good: especially because he
mentions that these guys are inquisitors. That means our story takes places during the Spanish
Inquisition. And let's just say that during the Inquisition, sentenced to death means sentenced to
horrible, painful, and super–torturous death. (Quick side note: the story is narrated in the past tense,
which means he's telling us all this after it's already happened.) So, he's fading in and out of
consciousness and can vaguely tell that he's being carried down some stairs. When he wakes up, he's
lying on the floor of a pitch–black cell. Slowly, he manages ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gross. And...gross. Then our guy looks up: above, he notices that a picture of Father Time has been
drawn on the ceiling, except that, in this case, his scythe has been replaced by a pendulum. Oh, and
anti–bonus, the pendulum is slowly descending toward him. As the pendulum comes closer, it
somehow manages to get worse: he realizes that the bottom edge of the pendulum is razor sharp.
This means it's meant to cut him in half. (Gulp.) After much worrying and more than one bout of
fainting, he comes up with an escape plan. He rubs the spiced meat all over the bands that are tying
him down and allows the rats to chew him out of captivity. He escapes just in the nick of time.
Whew. Actually, not whew. Though he may be freed from his bonds, he knows he is not free. The
point is really driven home when the walls begin to glow and the shape of the room changes; he
realizes, then, that he's slowly being pushed into the pit by walls that are caving in. Just when it
seems like all is lost, when it appears that his only choice is to fall in the pit or throw himself against
the burning hot walls, he gets rescued: he's pulled from the brink by the hand of General Lasalle,
leader of the victorious French Army. The Inquisition and our narrator's torture are both finished.
Okay, now

Unit 7 Hooke's Law Lab
Unit 7 Hooke's Law
Introduction
This lab will test the relationship between the spring constant, k, from Hooke's Law and the change
in applied force resulting in displacement. Using two different methods, part one and two of the lab
will determine the spring constant, k. In part one we will hang different masses from the spring so
that we can alter the amount of force acting on it. After applying these weights, one can measure the
displacement caused by this action. Hooke's equation will yield a straight line graph of F (weight)
versus x (displacement). The slope of the graph will yield the spring constant, k. In part two we will
be using the oscillation of the mass on the spring as an example of SMH. By graphing the
oscillation, we can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the File Menu, select Open Activity and open the file simple harmonic motion. [The files are
located inside "My documents", "Mechanics"].
Calibrate the Sensor
In this part, only the motion sensor is acquiring data. The force sensor functions solely to provide a
means to suspend the spring and mass. With the spring–mass system stationary, select Start. Data
will be taken for 5 seconds, then stop automatically. The graph is displayed in the Simple Harmonic
Motion graph window should not have large spikes. If it does, repeat until a spike free graph is
obtained. The Table window will display the mean value for the distance from the bottom of the
weight hanger to the motion sensor. In the Data Panel, double click on the pos=x–equilibrium icon.
Enter the mean value into the box for the equilibrium value. Click the lower Accept button and
verify that the value for equilibrium is equal to what was entered. Close the window.

Fear in The Pit and the Pendulum, by Edgar Allan Poe Essay
What is fear? Is it being in a prison so dark a person can not see in front of them? In this complete
darkness the narrator finds himself eating and drinking, then passing out on a cold floor. When he
wakes he is somewhere else in the dark cell. Or is it a cell? Could it be a tomb? Just when he thinks
the cell is so big he finds himself almost falling into a pit. He eats and sleeps again. Where or how
will he wake? Does he wake from his drugged food? In this story "The Pit and the Pendulum," by
Edgar Allan Poe, he tells the terrifying struggle of a man dealing with fear, torture, and confinement.
In this complete darkness the main character has no idea where he is. Could it be a tomb, or is he in
prison waiting to be hanged? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spain had several beliefs including Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism and Judaism. Spain wanted to
make their country a strong nation, so they chose Catholicism. They drove the Jews, Protestants and
other non–believers out of the country. There is no explanation to why he is in prison. He is
subjected to thirst and starvation. The narrator states "death with its direst physical agonies, or death
with its most hideous horrors." (Poe 6.) When the narrator says this, he is saying that death can be
torture depending on how you die. He is still very thirsty and very hungry. He has not eaten since he
was first thrown into the cell. When he drinks more water, he begins to feel tired again and falls
asleep. When he wakes he is bound to a wooden board by a long strap wrapped around his body. His
captors offer him food but no water. He is starving and takes the food. Lying on the board he looks
on the ceiling and sees FATHER TIME in the form of a machine, specifically a pendulum, which he
thinks is swinging back and forth. He then hears a noise. The noises are rats coming from the middle
of the pit. "They were wild, bold, ravenous, their red eyes glaring upon me as if they waited but for
motionlessness on my part to make me their prey. To what food, I thought have they been
accustomed in the well?" (Poe 11.) They are starving too, they are swarming his food. When he
looks to the ceiling he notices the pendulum

Pit And The Pendulum Suspense
In Edgar Allen Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," Poe uses the horror elements of suspense, madness,
and facing your phobias. In the "Pit and the Pendulum" a man is tortured, loses his mind, and
eventually is forced to jump down into the pit to his assumed death. Firstly, the suspense in the story
really had us waiting for what would come next for example in the story when it said "The vibration
of the pendulum was at right angles to my length, I saw that the region that the crescent was
designed to cross my heart" (Poe #8). Next we see that Poe uses the element of horror such as,
madness when the main character was basically awaiting his own death for instance when he said,
"My eyes followed it's outward or upward whirls with the eagerness of

Physics Lab Report On Using A Simple Pendulum Model
Laboratory report – First Draft
Determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum
Objective
The objective of this practical is to determine acceleration due to gravity 'g' using the simple
pendulum model. This is shown when a period of oscillation is seen to be independent of the mass
of the mass 'm'.
Theory
A simple pendulum consists of a mass that is attached to a string of length 'L' that is fixed to a point,
in this case, a cork suspended by a clamp stand. This allows the mass to be suspended vertically
downwards and allows it to be displayed at an angle that it swings. A period 'T' of oscillation is the
time required for one complete swing. For this to happen ideally its mass must swing from an angle
that is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Eg. 13.26/10 = 1.326)
Step 7: Now square each 'T' value to make 'T^2' (Eg. 1.3262 = 1.758)
Step 8: We can now plot our values into the rearranged equation to figure out acceleration due to
gravity 'g'. (Eg. (4π2 x 43.70)/ 1.758 = 981.4 cm/s2)
Step 9: Because we measured the lengths in centimeters rather than meters, we need to calculate are
'g' value into m/s2 so we can compare it to the SI unit for acceleration due to gravity. (Eg. 981.4/100
= 9.81 m/s2)
Step 10: Draw a scatter plot of T2 on the Y–axis against L on the X–axis.
Results
Length (cm)
1
(s)
2
(s)
3
(s)
Mean
Time (s)

T
(Time/10)
T2
g (cm/s2) g (m/s2)
43.70
13.16
13.35
13.28 13.26 1.326 1.758 981.4 9.81
37.50
12.07
11.90
12.06 12.01 1.201 1.442 1026 10.27
33.10
11.41
11.28
11.31 11.33 1.133 1.284 1018 10.18
27.30
10.53 10.63 10.44 10.53 1.053 1.109 972 9.72
22.20
9.350 9.250 9.440 9.350 0.935 0.874 1003 10.03
17.00
8.440
8.280
8.220 8.310 0.831 0.691 971 9.71
11.80
6.880 7.000 6.910
6.930
0.693 0.480 971 9.71
Discussion and Conclusion
The line of best–fit is used to find the gradient, the T2/L value, if straight or linear it shows that the
relationship between the two is directly proportional. Using the original equation, you can square
both sides and rearrange it to make . Then you can input the gradient value (T2/L) and work out g. ,
where g equals 10.13 m/s2. This value is close to the

Conflicts Of Fashion Theory: The Conspicuous Consumption...
2.44 b The Scarcity Model:
Objects that are rare, scarce, or in short supply can have special value and thus command the highest
prices. They offer their owners prestige and social recognition, for by possessing them we possess
something novel and something others do not have. In the economist's terms, we show control over
factors of production. In this manner scarcity or limited supply is equated with desirability and high
price.
2.44c The "Conspicuous Consumption Model:
This is the economist's view of the sociologist's trickle down theory. It suggest that the rising
wealthy classes' desire to display their growing prosperity through conspicuous consumption,
conspicuous leisure, and conspicuous waste. The better way to consume conspicuously ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fashion process is viewed as competition between these two types of symbols. Conflicts of
fashion versus anti–fashion are most likely to occur in societies experiencing major social changes,
mobility and competition for status among cultural groups. In this manner the cultural view
integrates with a more social view of fashion, and proposes a political (power–seeking, social status)
aspect of fashion as well.
2.45c The "Cultural Production Systems" Model:
This model focuses on social and economic forces that produce new cultural symbols. Essentially it
proposes that new cultural systems are produced by teams of subsystems including:
1) a creator of the new symbol,
2) a manager of distribution, and
3) a communicator who spreads the symbolic meaning of the new object to consumers.
For example, a rock group, a record company, and advertising agency constitute a team. Though not
yet applied to fashion, this model seems appropriate since fashion is a symbolic product increasingly
produced and marketed around symbolic themes (e.g.; fashion symbolizes life–styles).
2.46 Geographic

Analysis Of My Renaissance Tool: A 16th Century German...
The item I selected for my Renaissance tool was a 16th century German odometer. An odometer is a
tool used for measuring distances. It mainly operated by measuring a rotation of the wheel, and
setting up a gear to perform a noticeable action when it is fully rotated and then resets to continue
movement. This odometer is a wheel attached to a handle that was created by Christopher Schissler.
It is made out of wood and is about 4 feet tall. While from the picture it is unclear how the device
records distance from the article, we do know what it was used for. In a passage from "Ancient
Inventions" a Roman odometer is described as being attached to a vehicle and had a 400 toothed
gear attached to the wheel to record the distance of long trips ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The two present forms are either manual or electric. The electric version while having little contrast
in key functions, is highly more efficient. On some automobiles micro gears are still in use, which is
identical to the functionality of most odometers. However as we progress further into the digital age,
gear operated odometers are becoming scarce as digital tracking becomes more efficient. Using
technology to calculate tire rotations most modern odometers have a digital display. There is also the
idea that in many modern cars we can find systems for tracking individual trips as well as the total
miles on the car. Most odometers at the time were designed for small distances as we needed
physical objects to represent distance, and they needed storage. In modern cars, odometers are
designed to count 999,999, and even reset after that. The rarity of mechanical vehicle odometers is
expected as we progress to the point where cars might eventually use GPS data for vehicle distance.
They also vary from Renaissance era odometers as then, you needed to count the rocks. While this
difference is basic it does give a main idea of why this system was improved. While they are
becoming hard to find handheld odometers still exist for some purposes. I can connect to this
because at LIS I was able to use one to measure the distance the cones should be located at to ensure
the mile run was a mile. The one I was able to use measured in

The Contribution Of Galileo

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