Hot Desert Research Paper

Hot Desert Research Paper
Deserts have an average rainfall of 10 inches
Deserts can both be cold and hot, some deserts have snow
The four types of deserts are Hot and Dry deserts, Semiarid Desert, Coastal Desert, and Cold desert.
Deserts lack water, because there is little vegetation
Most animals that live in the desert need little water to survive. Most animals are lizards and snakes.
Hot and dry deserts are hot and the day and get very cold at night
Deserts cover в…• of earth's surface
The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world at a length of 4,800 km.
Some Deserts can reach –18 degrees at night.
Deserts have little humidity.
Jesse Pace
The Dusty Desert Dunes
Savor the Season Sizzling in the Sun and Sand!
The average temperature of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bee relies on the cactus to get the nutrients that it needs and the cactus gets pollinated because they bee takes the pollen from plant to plant.
The Chuckwalla:
When this lizard senses danger it will go inbetween a rock and inflate itself. Chuckwallas are commonly found in a rocky area. This is an adaptation
because Chuckwallas live where there is lots of rocks and do this for survival..
Chuckwallas live in the southwestern desert.
Different types of chuckwallas have different adaptations. For example, the Spiny Chuckwalla has a spiny tail. Usually Chuckwallas tails are flat.
Bearded Dragon:

When bearded dragons feel threatened or is being territorial, they will puff– up their beard and scare the predator away. They have adapted to this
because they have lots of predators.
Bearded dragons can also flatten out their body to make themselves look bigger, they will also bob their head to look intimidating.
Prickly Pear Cactus:
The prickly pear cactus stores water in its leaves because of the lack of water they need to store water and drink as little as possible.
They have spikes on the leaves, this protects them from animals eating their
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Precipitation Of Precipitation
Precipitation Analysis
With an average annual total rainfall of 53.1 inches, the six stations examined and their mean rates of precipitation are consistent with the claim that the
entire state of Florida receives, on average, 54 inches of precipitation annually. Stations like Deland, Inverness, High Springs and Canal Point differed
little from the expected mean, while Marathon Shores and Niceville deviated noticeably. This deviation, however, is chiefly explained by the stations'
locations and the patterns of rainfall associated with those positions. For example, Marathon Shore's aberration is likely due to the fact that the area
received comparatively less rainfall during the summer months of June through September with a rather low mean ... Show more content on
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Deland, Inverness and Canal Point, for example, are situated much closer to the coast when compared to High Springs, and they exhibit a greater total
annual precipitation rate of 53.72 inches as opposed to High Spring's 52.27 inches and a greater annual monthly mean of 4.48 inches compared to the
4.36 inches of High Springs. While relatively small, this variance among precipitation rates is still great enough to confirm the claim that most of the
time, at least, stations located closer to the coast experience overall higher mean monthly and mean annual precipitation rates.
Using the data collected solely from the selected six stations, a possible correlation is unclear between the amount of precipitation received and the
number of hurricane strikes within a given area despite the claim made in the conceptual model. Niceville, for instance, experiences the highest overall
mean monthly and mean annual precipitation of the six stations in addition to experiencing the highest mean precipitation rate during the specified
months of July through October with a mean of 6.68 inches, but according to the first map provided in the guidance document, it did not experience the
highest number of hurricane strikes. Between the years of 1900 to 2010, Niceville was hit but 10 to 12 hurricanes, but the station that received the least
amount of rain both in terms of mean monthly and mean annual precipitation and the

Precipitation Reaction Lab Report
Investigating the Effect of Concentration of Reactants in a Precipitation Reaction When solutions of two soluble salts are mixed, a solid may form.
This solid is called a precipitate, and the reaction is called a precipitation reaction. Precipitation reactions are used to make insoluble salts. In this
experiment you will be exploring how concentration of reactant effect the amount of product (precipitate) being produced (RSC, 2015). Magnesium
sulphate is known as Epsom salts. This is because the water found at the spa at Epsom in Surrey contains this salt in quite high concentration. Epsom
salts are rarely used nowadays, but were used in medicine as a purgative (RSC, 2015). Sodium carbonate is found naturally in high concentrations in the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was effectively completed by obtaining a number of data sets, calculating the average, then producing a graph to visually illustrate the results. In
regards to the hypothesis, it can be said that the results are indeed supportive since a distinct positive relation between the variables can be observed. As
shown in the graph above, the (average) weight of the precipitate shares a directly proportionate link with the volume of the Magnesium sulphate and
Sodium carbonate solution. As expected in almost any scientific investigation, errors of both systematic and random nature may have occurred. These
errors include, but are by no means limited to, inaccurate readings of measurement devices, significant alterations in environment temperature, and
incorrect ratios used to produce the solution. First of all, the measuring cylinders used to measure the amount of liquid needed were read using human
judgement as a sign of when to stop. If these readings were not taken from a perpendicular angle to the cylinder, the measurements may have been
slightly inaccurate due to the observational error that could have potentially occurred. Another possible error was temperature alterations. As mentioned
earlier, the temperature of the environment should've been monitored and kept at standard room temperature (approx. 22В°C). If the temperature
experienced any significant changes due to weather et cetera, then the chemical composition of the compounds may have

Drought Is A Lack Of Precipitation Essay
Drought is a lack of precipitation over an extended period of time that results in a water shortage for a particular area. Drought occurs in nearly every
climate on earth but depending on the particular areas annual rainfall can mean different amount of precipitation shortages. It effects both rural and
urban areas of the world as well. Drought is difficult to predict and the effects are underestimated but with risk management the negative effects of
drought can be prevented or reduced. Why plan for a drought if we do not know if it will happen or not? Droughts are expensive and it costs more
to fix the repercussions than to prevent them. Droughts cost the United States an average of eight billion dollars a year. Farmers suffer the most
from drought; wells run dry, crops fail, and food for livestock decreases. This keeps small farms from expanding and the costs spread to taxpayers
and consumers who are part of that food system. Urban water supplies decrease because of drought; big cities built in the western United States such
as Los Angeles and Phoenix were developed in rather rainy seasons for that area so dry seasons were not taken into consideration. Growing
populations in dry areas create a problem because they depend on regular rainfall therefore drought planning is a must. Understanding risk
management is key when preparing for future droughts. How likely is it? What can happen? What are the impacts? These are all questions that need to
be answered in risk

Acid Precipitation In Canada
Arguably the most prevalent environmental issue of its time, pollution was effectively dealt with in that Canada reduced the levels of acid
precipitation, water pollutants, and land wastes. Acid precipitation and its impacts are detrimental to both humans and wildlife alike but is a difficult
issue to handle due to the large number of factors contributing to it. Despite this, Canada has effectively been able to lower levels of this weather
phenomenon. Acid precipitation is the deposition of acidic substances on the earth's surface and is caused by many chemicals including sulfuric acid
synthesized from sulfur dioxide and nitric acid from nitrogen oxides. Sulfur dioxide is mainly emitted into the atmosphere by smelters in Sudbury that
process copper and nickel. In 1983, "Canada adopted a target... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1985, Canada signed the "United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Helsinki Protocol" which demanded it reduce its sulphur
compound emissions and thus the amount of acid precipitation by 1993. In addition, Canada also signed the Oslo Protocol which aimed to cap acidic
emissions to 1.75 million tonnes in areas ravaged by acid precipitation. Canada evidently responds effectively to pollution in terms of acid precipitation
in that it found the root cause, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and uses various technologies and agreements to lower the levels at which they are emitted.
Canada effectively sets goals such as the Oslo protocol that are realistic or achievable, specific, measurable, and reflect Canada's fore thoughtfulness in
that it recognizes the importance of non acidic water bodies for future generations. Canada responded effectively to pollution in terms of harmful
substances being released in water bodies. These pollutants are classified as pathogens, nutrients, and toxic materials and many measures were taken to
eliminate or lower the levels of these factors. For

Precipitation Of Crystallisation
What precipitated the crystallisation of the Sunni and Shi'a sects?
Although the Sunni and Shi'a sects are both Islamic and share a basic understanding of the Prophet, theological differences developed and precipitated
the crystallisation of them as separate sects. Undeniably the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 636 triggered the crystallisation, as from this tragic
event contrasting ideologies about Islamic empire rule developed. In understanding this question to mean, what caused two very distinct entities to
form out of a larger group through increasing political polarisation, religion plays a central role. However, as daily life proved there was great overlap
between religion and politics in society. The sects crystallised by legitimising ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Buyids did not claim to be Imams or descendants of the 'Alids, nonetheless they promoted the importance of memory and 'Ali as successor. To
ensure they didn't alienate the population, rather than acting against the government, the Buyids allied with the caliph and cleverly manipulated him
into a figurehead. Around this time Shi'ites believed that the twelfth Imam disappeared, according to Shi'ites authority resided with the Imam alone as
a source of guidance for matters regarding religion so this was an issue. Regarding the twelfth Imam as 'absent' or 'hidden' they lived with a messianic
belief that the Imam would appear as the Mahdi, the messiah, and redeem the ummah. The Imam unified the people and empowered them to defend
religious beliefs, thus whilst awaiting the Mahdi's arrival a serious void existed. As a solution in the meantime, the Shi'ites accounted for this
disappearance and gulf of authority by formulating a unique role titled 'aim al–umara'. This was how the Buyids acted in alliance with the caliph rather
than instead of the caliph, continuing to impose Shi'a authority and crystallise, without alienating the

Criminology: The Victim Precipitation Theory
Victim Precipitation Theory
Criminologists have been studying the actions of the offenders and the victims for the past few years, which are now seen as different theories that
attempt to explain the causes of victimization. According to several articles and data from other sources, most of the time there is always something
about the relationship between the offender and the victim that may spark some negative outcomes. One theory that focuses on this belief is the victim
precipitation theory, which is a criminology theory that sees that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their
victimization. Just like all other criminology theories, victim precipitation relates to how and why crime happens. ... Show more content on
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Although most of the people that are often victimized according to the victim precipitation theory don't see it coming to them at all. There are some
people that may act negatively towards other people in purpose. Some of these people had a purpose of provoking their offenders to do such thing.
There have been cases where people wanted to commit suicide, but they couldn't so they provoked someone to offend them. Some people get killed
by police officers due to their own actions and willingness to die. "One aspect of Wolgang's work that researchers have almost wholly ignored,
however, is his idea that at least some victim–precipitated homicides are actually suicides" (Klinger, 2001, pg. 207). There is a variation on
homicide–suicide cases where research indicates that some individuals kill other people in order to receive capital punishment. "Although there are no
firm data on how often victims of violence at the hands of other citizens are suicidal, there does exist one empirical hint about the relative frequency of
victim–precipitated suicide in citizen–on–citizen violence of different sorts" (Klinger, 2001, pg. 220). Homicides that are victim precipitated can either
be intentional or

Essay On Surface Hydrological Cycle
Lesson: Surface hydrological cycle Product featureFeature information Subject*Geography Grade*10 Section (post–subject category)*Water in the
world Topic (product name)*Surface Hydrological Cycle Number of wordsNumber of visuals constructed by teacherDate submitted by teacher*Date
checkedDate recordedDate activatedResponsible animator**Content providerCAPS page numbersTextbook name ; reference page numbersTime taken
to createLesson breakdown Order of clipName of clipMedium of clip 12345678910Quiz QuizNumber of questions Yes10 Product summary/description
After this lesson, you should be able to: ... Details of animation needed пѓ Details of pictured needed to be drawn пѓ 01 objectives 02 Hydrological
Cycle 97% of surface water is found in the oceans and 2% found in surface ice. Only about1 % of water is found on land in rivers and natural hollows.
A very small percentage of less than 1% of water is found as water vapour in the atmosphere. From now on we will refer to the different forms of water
as: liquid water as "water" solid water as "ice" gaseous water as "water vapour" Figure 1 shows clearly how little water exists on land. Since there is
a land based ecosystem on the planet, it is essential that there is a mechanism to introduce water to the land areas. Note that land areas have only 1%
of the earth's available water

How Does Precipitation Affect Precipitation Patterns
2.2.Effect of alteration of precipitation pattern
Precipitation rates are predicted to increase by about 25 percent by 2050 in response to global warming. However, at regional scales, this increase will
be unevenly distributed with either increases or decreases projected in different areas (Knutson and Tuleya, 1999; Walsh and Ryan, 2000; Houghton et
al., 2001). Changes in precipitation patterns caused by climate change may have a profound effect on both the growth of mangroves and their aerial
extent (Field, 1995; Snedaker, 1995). Regional climate models predict that precipitation will decrease in certain areas (e.g., Central America during the
months of winter, Australia in winter) (Houghton et al., 2001). Decreased precipitation may not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Australia, mangroves grow taller, more productive, and more diverse in areas of higher rainfall (Ellison, 2000). Harty (2004) suggests that increases
in rainfall reduce salinity levels within salt–marshes which allows mangroves to migrate and outcompete salt–marsh vegetation. This trend of
mangrove transgression into salt–marsh habitat has been observed in southeast Australia due to increases in precipitation.
In Indian Sundarbans region, mangrove species like Heritiera fomes and Nypa fruticans are gradually vanishing from the central region owing to
complete cut–off of the freshwater supply due to Bidyadhari siltation. These species are, however, coming up luxuriantly in low saline pockets of
Sundarbans particularly in the western part, which is gradually freshening due to more flow of freshwater through Ganga–Bhagirathi–Hugli channel
(Mitra et al., 2009). Decrease in salinity in this important World Heritage site, by ways of Bidyadhari dredging and interlinking the
Ganga–Hugli–Bhagirathi channel (in the western Indian Sundarbans) with the Rivers of the hypersaline central sectors (like Matla) may increase the
mangrove species diversity in and around the Matla River in the central Indian Sundarbans.
2.3.Effect of rise in CO2 concentration
Atmospheric CO2 has increased from 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in the year 1880 to nearly 370 ppmv in the year 2000

Victim Precipitation Theory
Carla had a routine of jogging to her boyfriend's Casey's apartment that was two miles away. She would spend the night and jog back in the
morning. Carla's neighborhood was kind of safe but where her boyfriend Casey resided was not. This day she set off to his apartment and never
made it. He was planning to smoke pot with Carla and her friends around midnight that day. Carla's body was found covered by trees ten minutes
from where her boyfriend lived. Victim precipitation theory is when an individual provokes a situation to happen. Now Carla didn't have to jog to
Casey's apartment. She could have had him jog with her or ask him to meet her at her apartment since it was only two miles away. It only took he
fifteen minutes to get to his apartment, just like she jogged to his apartment he could... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The boyfriend is in a harmful environment, so Carla should have never jogged to his apartment. He chose to live in a complex that was hidden off
the road. He didn't have to do that but that's what he wanted to do. Her living conditions caused his girlfriend to be in harms way. Deviant place
theory is when something happens because it is a crime area. This was bound to happen to Carla cause she was in harm's way by going to his
apartment. By her knowing where his apartment was she shouldn't have jogged to his apartment at all. She should have had him come and get her or
asked a friend to walk her to his apartment. The most relevant victimization theory to me that fits his case is the routine activity theory. The reason I
picked that one is cause it states that she always leaves her apartment around the same time and goes to her

Remote Sensing Of Aerosols, Clouds And Precipitation
Book Title
Remote Sensing of Aerosols, Clouds, and Precipitation
EDITORS
Tanvir Islam, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA
Yongxiang Hu, NASA Langley Research Center, USA
Alexander Kokhanovsky, EUMETSAT, Germany
Jun Wang, University of Nebraska, USA
BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND READERSHIP
The atmospheric parameters, including, aerosols, clouds, and precipitation, play very important role in our Earth's climate system. The climate
feedbacks influencing the global climate variability are directly or indirectly affected by aerosols, clouds, and precipitation, and thus, modulate the
Earth's radiation and surface energy balance. Therefore, global observations of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation are crucial not only to better
understand the processes involved in the climate system but also to predict the future climate change.
Satellite remote sensing as a tool can be very valuable to acquire such global observations of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation for monitoring Earth's
climate system. In particular, some of the regions in the Earth are not easily accessible to obtain in situ data while on those regions; space borne
instruments can act as complimentary data sources. Besides, large scale data mapping and monitoring are only feasible with space–based observations.
A good progress has been made in the recent years in dealing with remote sensing of the aerosols, clouds, and precipitation using satellite measurements
for global observations. Notably, the remote sensing

Downfall : Precipitation Or Extinction?
Downfall: Precipitation or Extinction? Water stress, an insufficient water supply on a worldwide scale, is "considered by many scientists as one of
the biggest challenges facing humanity and struggling ecosystems in a world increasingly affected by climate change." Even though water conveys
the impression of being an interminable provision, only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh. The preponderance of areas currently suffer from inutile
freshwater. For instance, 68% of fresh water is frozen in the form of of icecaps and glaciers. Roughly 30% is groundwater, and the remainder of
freshwater is .3%, located on surfaces of lakes, rivers, and swamps. Moreover, avaricious humans are not the only organisms that depend upon
freshwater for survival. This leaves less than 1% of water to share with over millions of species. On the Principle of Population, by Thomas Malthus,
mentions that the sustainable resource correlation to exponential population growth implies "a strong and constantly operating check on population
from the difficulty of subsistence." The Renewable Groundwater Stress ratio can be measured by the water consumption amount to the volume of
available water. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), partnering with NASA, estimates the remaining freshwater, duration of
depletion, and efficiency of preventive means to impede further water drainage. There are four categories used to determine the water levels:
Overstressed, Variable Stressed, Human–Dominated Stress,

Heating Of The Earth Exterior And Atmosphere And...
Heating of the earth exterior and atmosphere and influences patterns of precipitation the sun heats the air at the equator causing it to expand and rise.
Since cool air holds less water vapor than warm air, the water carried by the rising air mass condenses and forms clouds which produce the heavy
rainfall associated with the tropical environment. Eventually this equatorial air mass began to rise and spreads north and south. The high altitude air
is dry since the moisture it once held fell as a tropical rainfall. When the air mass flows north and south it cools, which increases more density. It goes
back to the earth's surface at about 30 latitudes and spreads north and south. The air draws moisture from the lands over which it flows and creates
deserts during the process. Temperature is plotted on the left vertical axis and precipitation on the right vertical axis. Temperature and precipitation are
potted on different scales so 10 C is equivalent to 20 mm of precipitation. Climate diagrams for areas like the tropical rain forest compress the
precipitation scale for precipitation above 100mm, so that 10C is equivalent to 200mm of precipitation. This will change the scale rainfall data from
very wet climates can be fit on a graph of convenient size. The temperature and precipitation scales are constructed so that 10C equals 20 mm of
precipitation. Precipitation is mainly to do with the temperature of the air. Slice the tropics are warmer the air holds more moisture

Drought Is A Natural Hazard
Abstract:
Drought is a natural hazard due to adverse climatic changes which affects various sectors like environment, society and economy. It occurs not only
because of the scarcity of rainfall but also due to the inefficient water resource management. Studies indicate that over 30% of the entire land surface of
earth is affected by drought. As a developing country, majority of Indian population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture. So the abnormal
monsoon precipitation, causing loss of agricultural production, can highly influence the human life. In this paper, Karur district in Tamil Nadu which
often has a very low annual rainfall is taken as the study area for drought monitoring. The technological evolution in remote sensing over the past few
decades has opened a new era in the field of drought monitoring. Thus, use of remote sensing and GIS helps in developing early warnings about
drought conditions which will be useful for planning the strategies for relief work. Drought analysis can be performed by calculating different drought
indices like Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) and Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI).Rainfall
data from 2000–2009 is used to compute the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in different time scales which is used in meteorological drought
monitoring. Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) obtained from ground water level data is used for the hydrological drought analysis.

Defining Meteorology
Hannah Flanery
ATM SCI 100
Final Project
Spring 2016
1) Defining Climate, Weather, and Meteorology.
The field of meteorology is a science that incorporates distinctive terminology. Unfortunately, some of these terms' meanings have a tendency to be
portrayed inaccurately. It could be argued that the most familiar concepts falsely defined would be the meteorology terms weather and climate. It is
important to provide a distinction between weather, climate, and the field of meteorology.
When discussing atmospheric conditions over a long period of time (e.g. for several years) at a particular surface area, the climate is being analysed.
It is distinct from weather in that climate focuses on a longer period of time over a specific area while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Updrafts in a single cell thunderstorm produce precipitation. Surrounding conditions cause this precipitation to become too heavy for a cloud to carry.
The precipitation falls from the cloud which drops the air temperature and forms a downdraft. The evaporation by this precipitation produces a cooling
effect that infiltrates the updraft when the downdraft and updraft finally interact. With help from the coolness produced by evaporation, the updraft is
eradicated by the downdraft. Ordinary single cell thunderstorms live a short cycle because of the short time it takes for the updraft and downdraft to
interact. This short cycle also functions to prohibit the growth of severe

The Effect Of Temperature Increases Due On Anthropogenic...
Abstract The purpose of this article by Diffenbaugh et.al. is to determine how temperature increases due to anthropogenic warming change the
probability of precipitation deficits that cause severe drought conditions, and determine what the conditions will look like in the future. They used
historical precipitation and temperature data with Palmer Drought Metrics and global climate models to attempt to answer this question. It was found
that in the past twenty years, the frequency of drought years has doubled, without any significant change in the trends of precipitation variability. This
was attributed to significant increases in positive temperature anomalies causing an increased frequency of precipitation deficits leading to more
occurrences of drought years. Global climate modeling suggested that by 2030, the region will transition to a regime where there is a 100% risk that
all future dry years will coincide with warmer conditions, increasing the risk of extended drought conditions. This is not the first time this region has
experienced prolonged drought conditions. However, it is the first time the drought has been this severe. Since 1977, the per capita water usage has
decreased such that in 2013 the water demand is similar to that of 1977, meaning that it will be very difficult to come up with new short–term water
conservation ideas.
Introduction This is a review of the article "Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in California" by Diffenbaugh

Methods Of Observation A Surface Measurements
II. Methods of observation
A. Surface Measurements
Rain gauge observations dating back to 1986 have been used to estimate precipitation rates. Figure 1 shows the distribution of rain gauges around the
globe. Precipitation is measured in terms of the total depth of a flat surface area, assuming no water vapor is lost by melting or evaporation. Precipitation
depth is measured in inches in the United States and in millimeters for research purposes and most other countries. Frozen precipitation is melted and
added to the total amount of rainfall (i.e. liquid water equivalent). Precipitation measurements may utilize either touched (mechanical gauges)
instruments, such as standard rain gauges and tipping buckets, or untouched instruments (remote sensing gauges). Untouched measurements may use
disdrometer or remote sensing by radar.
A standard rain gauge consists of four components: a large outer container, a measuring tube, a collector funnel, and a measuring stick. Disdrometers
measure the drop size distribution and the resulting velocity of falling hydrometeors, which in combination can be used to estimate the precipitation
rate. The size distribution can be used to measure radar reflectivity.
Surface measurements may contain several errors due to potential losses of evaporation/runoff and the melting of frozen precipitation. Surface
contamination may occur as wind, soil, and vegetation must be accounted for. Other factors may include the diameter or height of the gauge

Precipitation Reaction Essay
Precipitation Reactions
2–4: Precipitation Reactions
1. Start Virtual ChemLab and select Precipitation Reactions from the list of assignments. The lab will open in the Inorganic laboratory.
2. React each of the cations (across the top) with each of the anions (down the left) according to the data table using the following procedures:
Data Table | AgNO3 (Ag+)| Pb(NO3)2 (Pb2+)| Ca(NO3)2 (Ca2+)| Na2CO3 (CO32–)| A. Pink| F. White| K. White| Na2S (S2–)| B. Black| G. Black| L.
NR| NaOH (OH–)| C. Brown| H. NR| M. White| Na2S04 (SO42–) | D. NR| I. White| N. NR| NaCl (Cl–)| E. White| J. White| O. NR|
a.Enter the stockroom by clicking inside the Stockroom window. Once inside the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If no precipitate forms write NR for no reaction.
3. What happens in grid space d? What other reactions give similar results? Is it necessary to write an equation when no reaction occurs? Explain.
There is no reaction in grid space E. Grid spaces H, L, N, & O all give similar results to grid space E. all the ions are soluable there is no
precipitate..
4. Write balanced equations for all precipitation reactions you observed.
45
Virtual ChemLab: General Chemistry Laboratories, Student Lab Manual/Workbook, v.2.5, Third Edition, by Brian F. Woodfield, Matthew C. Asplund,
and Steven Haderlie.
Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Reactions and Stoichiometry

AgNO3 + Na2CO3 = NaNO3 + AgCO3
AgNO3 + Na2S = NaNO3 + Ag2S
AgNO3 + NaOH = NaNO3 =AgOH
AgNO3 + NaCl = NaNO3 + AgCl
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 = NaNO3 + PbCO3
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2S + NaNO3 + PbS
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 = NaNO3 + PbSO4
Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl = NaNO3 + PbCl2
Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 = NaNO3 + CaCO3
Ca(NO3)2 + NaOH = NaNO3 + Ca(OH)2
5. Write balanced net ionic equations for all precipitation reactions you observed.
Ag+ (aq) + CO32– (aq) = AgCO3 (s) Ag+ (aq) + S2 (aq) = Ag2S (s)
Ag+ (aq) + OH (aq) = AgOH (s)
Ag+ (aq) + Cl– (aq) = AgCl (s)
Pb2+ (aq) + CO32– (aq) = PbCO3 (s) Pb2+ (aq) + S2– (aq) = PbS (s) Pb2+ (aq) + SO42– (aq) = PbSO4 (s)

WhatВґs Supercell Thunderstorm? Essay
Supercell Thunderstorm:
A Supercell Thunderstorm is an extraordinary and uncommon type of storm that can carry on for hours. These storms are responsible for most all of
the momentous windstorms and hailstones, greater the size of a golf ball. Other referred names are called Rotating Thunderstorms. Supercells are
regularly secluded from other rainstorms, and can change the weather conditions up to 35 kilometres away. With the severe climate, these Supercells
are also well–known to produce dangerous winds and flash flooding.
Rotating Thunderstorms have three groups, which include: Classic, Low–precipitation and High–precipitation. Low–precipitation thunderstorms are
found in environments that are waterless, such as the Outback in Australia, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mini Supercell (low–topped Supercell) has different structures (Davies, 1999.) These smaller thunderstorms are weak and harmless to land, however it
can still produce small hail storms and cause some flooding to local areas.
There are 3 stages of a thunderstorm life cycle: The towering cumulus stage: If the temperature rises; the Supercell will arise along with it. After the
storm rises, it will slowly lose its temperature and heat is reflected, which helps the oxygen remain warmer than usual and the storm will continue to
build up its speed. The air will create an updraft (thermal.) A towering cumulus will form with tough and strong edges.
The second stage: Mature thunderstorm: The hot oxygen proceeds to intensify until eventually the surrounding air loses its hot temperature. This
usually takes a long period of time, thus meaning that the storm has reached a tall height of 10–16 kilometres above land. Once the storm slowly
reduces, the top wind levels begin to push the bottom part, creating an anvil. Anvils can spread out approximately to 160 kilometres. A storm's can
support up to 8000 tonnes of water per minute. The weight of the droplet overpowers air and cascades after a short period of time (10 minutes.)
The third stage: Dissipating: As the rain/hail meets land, the cold air starts to

Victim Precipitation Theory In Criminology
Overview
The victim precipitation theory, also referred to as the victim precipitation approach, hypothesizes that victims of violent crimes and sexual assault put
themselves in harm's way through their own actions. Criminal assailants and their victims are often referred to as penal couples. This concept views the
victim as a participant in the crime because her presence provides the offender with the opportunity to commit the offense. (https://www.reference.com)
The Components
Like all theories in criminology, victim precipitation ties in to how and why crime happens. While a majority of theories seem to concentrate mainly on
the mannerisms and objectives of the offender, victim precipitation works toward understanding the interaction and/or relationship between the victim
and the offender. According to this theory, the victim is looked at as a participant in the crime. This happens in one of two ways: first, the victim is the
contributor in the crime who makes the first move; and second, the victim encourages or aggravates the offender into committing the crime. These are
the main workings of the theory.
The Situations
While a lot of violent crimes occur every day, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One thing that I believe is faulty is victim blaming in cases of sexual assault. Now, I understand that everyone looks at things a different way but to
me sexual assault is never the victims fault in any way. I say this because yes, a person may be wearing "provocative" clothes or talking in a way
that may be perceived as flirtatious, but when it comes down to it, if the victim tells the assailant to stop and they don't, the assailant is at fault. This
can also be applied to assault victims that are in a situation they cannot control. An example of such situation could be, if the victim is driving at night
and their car breaks down in a bad part of town and they get robbed, it's not really their fault that they ended up where they

The Effect Of Precipitation On The Water Cycle
Precipitation Precipitation is water that is either is solid or liquid form that falls from the Earth's atmosphere. The major types of precipitation are
rain, snow, and hail. When air is lifted from the atmosphere, it expands and cools (Wilson, 2015 ). Cool air can't hold as much water in vapor form as
warm air, and the condensation of vapor into droplets or ice crystals may occur. The droplets will keep growing, they will eventually be heavy enough
to fall to the Earth's surface (Wilson, 2015 ). Precipitation in liquid from will include drizzle and raindrops. Snowflakes are formed by aggregation of
solid ice crystals within a cloud, while hailstones are cooled water droplets and ice pellets. Warm clouds are explained as that do not extend to levels
where temperatures are 32В°F, whereas cold clouds exist at part in temperatures that are below 32В°F (Wilson, 2015 ). Precipitation is the third step
in the water cycle. The water cycle is a process in which water circulates between the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land. The water cycle involves
precipitation such as rain, snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and then returns to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration. Evaporation is
when the sun heats up the water in rivers, lakes, or oceans and turns it into vapor or steam (Guenther, 1998–2015). The water vapor or steam will leave
the river, lake, or ocean and will go into the air. Condensation occurs when water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into

Lake Effect Letter
Dear Mr. Byrnes, Our names are Robin Johnson and Maddy Gaddis. We are writing this letter to explain to you why Buffalo, New York gets so much
snow. We did some research to find out why Buffalo gets so much snow, and one of the reasons is lake effect snow. Lake effect snow is snow falling
on the lee side of a lake, and it is produced by cold, dry air passing over warmer water. Lake effect snow is very similar to the rainshadow effect. The
rainshadow effect is when an area has little precipitation due to topographic barrier. The rainshadow effect causes prevailing winds to lose their
moisture, making one side of the mountain have less or no precipitation and no or very little vegetation. The rainshadow effect and lake effect snow
are similar because the rain shadow effect and lake effect snow both give areas a large amount of precipitation, which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the size and temperature of the lake, the area will receive large amounts of snow, and other types of precipitation, such as rain, sleet,
and hail. Lake effect snow occurs when cold air moves over a nearby large lake. As this cold air passes the lake, it picks up moisture through
evaporation, and forms enormous amounts of snow in a very short amount of time. Lake effect snow affects mostly coastal areas, due to them being
very close to nearby bodies of water, mostly including oceans. Mountains can affect something called the rain shadow effect. The rain shadow effect
starts on the westward side of a mountain, and the air on the mountain is forced to rise which makes the air cooler. As the air cools it loses the ability
to hold water, the precipitation occurs on the westward side. As the air travels to the other side, the leeward side it no longer contains moisture. Lake
effect and rainshadow are similar to each other because of the fact that they both have a huge impact on precipitation and

California Water Infrastructure
Infrastructure of California's Water supply System:
. "California is home to one of the most extensive water supply systems in the nation." The state's water supply system consist of over 1,000
reservoirs, hundreds of groundwater basins and many local and regional water conveyance systems. It is a system that is quite remarkably engineered
to say the least (California's Water: California Water Systems)
Economically speaking, California depends on an extremely intricate network of water storage and delivery systems to supply the state's cities, farms,
businesses, and environment with sufficient water throughout the year. California's water supply infrastructure has made it possible for the state to
grow and prosper. Its highly seasonable precipitation and the fact that annual runoff can vary from year to year allows the state to move water when
and where it is needed (California's Water: California Water Systems).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The state loses 65% of this precipitation by way of evaporation and transpiration by trees and plant. The 35% remaining stays in the state's system as
runoff. 30% of that which is runoff flows into the Pacific Ocean or other salty bodies of water. The rest of the runoff is utilized for agricultural
purposes, for urban and environmental purposes (California's Water: California Water Systems).
Around 3/4ths or 75% of California's annual precipitation falls north of the city Sacramento, while more than 75% of the demand for this water lies
south of the capital city. The majority of the rainfall and snowfall occurs between October and April. These months, when precipitation is at its highest,
are considered Fall and Winter but demand for water is highest during the hottest driest months of the year which are in the summertime, when
precipitation is at its lowest (California's Water: California Water

Precipitation Surveillance In California
There are already mechanisms in place that are used to predict high and low years for weather temperatures and rainfall. In 1997, prior to the El Nino
in 1997–1998 (called El Nino 97/98), the scientific community was able to surveil and predict its occurrence, thus giving weather researchers and
their science, credibility by the public and those who make decisions. (Below is a historical table of all recorded El Nino events). (Kovats, Bouma,
Hajat, Worrall, & Haines, 2003) Unlike a moving storm or hurricane, predicting an El Nino season or phenomenon is more complicated that once
thought. Like other public health approaches, using an evidence–based one is best. Even though there is a confirmed relationship between precipitation
For example, because the California springs and summers are warm the rate of snow pack melt and runoff can be calculated to predict the mosquito
breeding, population growth, the frequency of blood feeding, the rate of virus development and lastly and most importantly, the frequency of virus
transmission. Since WNV is of the top priority in California, mosquito control agencies rely on rapid detection so that human infections can be reported
and documented, then control implementations set forth to prevent further infection. One method that is used is called RAMP (rapid analyte
measurement platform) that is an immunoassay test for WNV and was evaluated to be found the gold standard in rapid detection (Kesavaraju et al.,
2012). Once a case is documented, the information and specimen is sent to the local county health department and eventually ArboNET at the CDC
facility in Atlanta, GA. Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations, requires physicians and laboratories to report all cases of WNV to the health
department. Other documentation is done on daily weather, mosquito samples, and abundances that have been determined by trapping, and the same
information for sentinel chickens, birds, and horses. Assessment reports are sent to each applicable agency by Monday of

Air Masses In North America
Air masses are an important part of the common weather phenomenons that we experience every day. They can dictate almost every aspect of
Meteorology and Climatology. They are responsible for such occurrences as: amount of precipitation and type of precipitation, temperature in a
given area, and what types of storms are most likely to take place in a given area. Air masses are also formed all across the globe and, depending on
where and when it is formed, can be one of several different types. I believe the most important determining factor when forming an air mass is the
amount of atmospheric pressure that certain region of the Earth has at the time of the formation of the air mass.
One of largest variables that determine how an air mass forms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These air masses also have massive differences depending on their region in North America. For reference, the northernmost part of North America is
known as the arctic region because it has year–round low temperature and pressure, and has fairly low precipitation other than snow, and this is
referred to as an Arctic air mass. When you decrease in latitude towards the equator the next type of air mass you would encounter is not quite as
cold as an Arctic air mass but it does have higher precipitation, and it is known as a Polar air mass. These air masses typically form over Canada
and the Northern United States. The warmest of the main three air masses is the Tropical air mass which form in the southernmost parts of North
America and typically over the ocean, these types of air masses that form over water are known as maritime air masses are typically the most wet
and contain much more precipitation than air masses that form over the land. Air masses that form over a body of land are known as continental air
masses and are usually dry with little moisture but, can be transformed into a maritime air mass if it happens to travel over an ocean or large body of
water long enough because it will collect moisture from said water source. Maritime air masses are also affected by the temperature of the water that
they formed over, because of the rate of evaporation that occurs at 14 degrees centigrade is much different than the amount of evaporation that takes
place at 25 degrees centigrade. Therefore during the warmer months like June, July, and August, moist maritime air masses form more frequently
because the water is obviously warmer. For comparison the average sea surface temperature during the winter months of December, January, and
February is about 10 degrees centigrade whereas the average sea surface temperature during the summer month that were previously

The Importance Of Weather Patterns And Extremes
Weather Patterns and Extremes
The Central Valley has many weather hazards that can be linked to cyclones and various frontal formations, with the most common hazards being
droughts and heat waves. Chang et al. (2015) evaluated the change in precipitation due to extratropical cyclone activity and found that most of the
precipitation that the region receives during the winter is due to extratropical cyclones and their fronts. When evaluating three consecutive winters,
results showed that precipitation was below average. This lack of precipitation, paired with higher than average temperatures, caused extreme dryness,
and as a result, much of California, including the Central Valley, experienced a drought (Chang et al. 2015).
Severe droughts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The geography of the valley seems to play a large role in its climate type. El Bosque, Chile has geography that is very similar to Sacramento,
California. Just like Sacramento, El Bosque is a city that is centrally located in a bowl–shaped valley and has mountain chains located to the east and
west of it. Additionally, both cities are separated from the Pacific Ocean by a western mountain chain (The Geography of Chile). Also noteworthy is the
fact that both cities are classified as hot Mediterranean climates (Csa). El Bosque and Sacramento both receive moderate amounts of precipitation in the
winter and hot temperatures in the summer with dryness. This shows that geographical features, specifically proximity to the ocean and mountain
ranges, can greatly affect an area's climate.
However, latitude also appears to play a role. Bakersfield and San Pedro de Atacama, in California and Chile respectively, retain the same
aforementioned geographical features, yet they have a different climate type (BWh) than Sacramento and El Bosque do. This can be attributed to their
latitudes, as they lie closer to the equator than their counterparts.
Climate Change
The climate of the Central Valley has seen various ups and downs in its past, especially in regards to temperature. Many of these changes can be seen
by looking at sediment cores and fossilized vegetation. About 150 million years ago, the Central Valley was an inland sea that slowly filled over time

Great Plains Precipitation
The northwest region is located along the Pacific coastline and is known for its rainy weather. It is also home to the Cascade Mountain Range. Idaho,
Oregon, and Washington are the only states in this region. There are a large amount of climatic differences between the western and eastern mountain
sides that runs north to south through Washington and Oregon. The east side of the mountains are sunnier and drier with colder winters and hotter
summers. The west side of the mountains wet winters and dry summers. The average annually temperature has risen by nearly 1.3В°F and is expected
to increase to 3В°F to 10В°F by the end of the century. The precipitation has declined in snowfall amount totals. Precipitation in the summer time is
anticipated... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It covers Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Since it covers such an expansive area there is
a wide range of average temperatures. The northern have such as Wyoming and Montana have an average temperature of less than 40В°F while
Texas is around 70В°F. Precipitation in areas such as eastern Texas and Oklahoma have an average of 50 inches per year, while Wyoming, some of
Montana, and western Texas only get an average of 15 inches per year. In the northern portions of theGreat Plains will experience a greater amount of
winter and spring precipitation and amount of heavy downpours and snowfalls. In the center of the Plains the summers will most likely be drier due to
less summer rainfall. The Great Plains livestock production is a major component of the Great Plains economy. Texas has the largest cattle produce in
the United States. The temperatures increase cause the animals extreme heat stress and will decline meat, milk, and egg production. It also makes it
easier for the spreading of diseases. Livestock could become contaminated and affect the other livestock in that area. (EPA: Climate Change, Great

Lab Report: Predicting Precipitation
Predicting Precipitations Lab Report: explanation data of lab along hypothesis, and identifying possible errors of lab for further investigations.
The reactions from 1A through 1D all have a precipitation formed because physical changes appeared. AgNo3 is a clear solution; when it is mixed
with a yellow FeCl3, a precipitate is formed in a different color than the original colors. After a while, the precipitate became slightlysolid. For 1B and
1C, the solid was formed in similar ways, it might be because both reactants contains a similar element. Similar data have also found in 2B and 2C.
These two groups of reaction both contain a similar element in the solution, so it might be the reason to cause the solid form in similar colors. The
reaction of 1D also become a precipitate, but appeared in a different color. For 3C, the result was not clear enough to make sure if a precipitate was
formed or not, but after a while, the solution turned slightly foggy. Solution 2D, 3D, and 4D had no color change, therefore no precipitation was formed.
According to the predictions, solutions 1A through 1D all have a precipitation formed; referring back to the data table, solutions 1A through 1D
did have a solid formed during the lab. Another example of why parts of the hypothesis is correct is because the 2B and 2C were predicted as the
same solid would form. This matched the data results because in the lab, 2B and 2C were identical after the reactants were mixed together. However,
one part of the hypothesis was wrong because the prediction for 3C did not match the data for 3C. Solution 3C was predicted no precipitate will
form, but according to the data, a white foggy colored solid was

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Co-Precipitation
Co–precipitation Co–precipitation is an important technique widely used for separation and pre–concentration of analytes from various samples
[examples]. It is adopted when direct precipitation cannot separate the desired metal ions due to their low concentrations in the sample (Bulut VN et al.
2008). Various mechanisms including surface adsorption, ion exchange, surface precipitation and occlusion are involved in co–precipitation technique
[ ]. Metals, at trace levels, react with an organic or inorganic compound forming a solid phase. The major precipitate then reacts with other metals to
form chelates. Finally, solid particles are separated from the aqueous media and re–dissolved in acid or in an organic solvent (Komjarova I 2 et al. 2006;
By use of partitioning between an organic and an aqueous phase, an analyte can be separated from an interfering matrix. Liquid–liquid extraction
involves two steps; complex formation with the dissolved extractant in the aqueous phase and the transfer o f the complex from the aqueous into the
organic phase. LLE has some advantages such as simplicity and ease of operation. However, this approach presents several drawbacks and limitations
like consumption of large amounts of hazardous organic solvents and sample volumes, limited enrichment factors, time consumption and the formation
of stable emulsion at the interface of the two phases. In addition, the generation of large amounts of pollutants makes this procedure tedious, expensive
and environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, alternative unconventional LLE methodologies such as: dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
(DLLME), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME–SFO), homogeneous liquid–liquid
extraction (HLLE) single drop microextraction (SDME) and cloud point extraction (CPE) have been introduced and developed to address the
limitations in the LLE .( Recent development and applications of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, Recent developments in homogeneous and
dispersive liquid–liquid extraction for inorganic elements determination. A

Factors That Influence Rainfall in the United States
Factors that Influence Rainfall in the United States
A type of precipitation is rainfall and it develops when water vapor condenses into droplets in the atmosphere thus becoming too heavy to stay
suspended in the air so gravity causes them to fall. The pattern or occurrence of rainfall in the United States or basically anywhere in the world depends
on several factors such as ground elevation, wind directions, location within a continental mass, areas of low pressure, cool fronts, jet streams and even
mountain ranges. For instance mountains have an influence on wind and wind is an important feature in rainfall, "The windward sides of mountainous
islands in the trade wind regime are among the rainiest places on earth, where rains exceed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the pressure is 'high' it means that the air's pressure is higher than the pressure of the surrounding air in the area. A 'low' is where it is lower.
This means that where the air is slowly descending the pressure is high and vice versa. So, as air descends, it warms, which inhibits the formation
of clouds. This means that the air that descends in high pressure area has to get to high altitudes in some way which is why air actually rises in low
pressure areas. Winds tend to blow into low pressure areas because are moves from higher pressure areas into lower pressure areas. When the wind
moves into a low area the air moves up and eventually cools and rainfall comes about. Also the low pressure that causes the air to rise has to do with
the Criolis Effect, which is the force caused by the Earth's spin that redirects moving air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the
Southern Hemisphere. According to meteorologist Tony Pann, who works with Coriolis Effect stated, "With the Coriolis effect, air circulates in
patterns that depend on latitude. At the mid–latitudes of the USA, most weather systems move from west to east. However, systems tend to move
from east to west near the poles and in the tropic" (Pann). The upslope flow is also related low pressure areas which is basically the result of air rising
and cooling while being forced to ascend to higher terrain.

Precipitation And Precipitation
Our mission for this report is to analyze if there is any correlation between temperature and precipitation between two locations for KOA
(Kampgrounds of America). The purpose is to give KOA the analysis of this data to help them decide what location will be a better opportunity for
the company, but also one that will be profitable. The two locations include Hot Springs, AR and Big Sky, MT. In this report we will discuss the
methods used to analyze this data and present a solid discussion about both locations and their potential to become an investment for KOA. The
difference in precipitation between both locations has a p–value of (p = 7.4467E–20) which is significant to the 99th percentile. There is a significant
difference between... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A significant difference between the two locations is the incomplete data from Big Sky, MT from 2001 to 2005. This data may not impact the
overall decision significantly, but it does hurt the case of Big Sky being a location that KOA decides to invest money into. The temperature graph
between both locations shows a significant difference of 10 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer months, and 12 degrees in the winter months. This
information provides a strong case for the Hot Springs, AR location because of the consistency of data. Analyzing the precipitation graph we see
that there are very minimal similarities on the temperature graph. There is an obvious difference in the volume of precipitation, the trend seen in
this graph is specific to the Hot Springs, AR location, over a 15 year period there is a large amount of precipitation in the area. Big Sky, MT has a
trend of very little precipitation except in 2005 where there was an unforeseen amount of precipitation. Big Sky shows a very consistent and even
graph, while Hot Springs is much more unstable. This graph provides a strong case for Big Sky, MT as there is very little precipitation compared to
Hot Springs, AR. Based on the information in this report both locations have pros and

Deforestation Effects On Amazon Forest Resilience
Trees and any plantation for that matter are often taken for granted as they provide many of the essentials such as photosynthesis regulation, habitat,
food, and even save ground to build construction. However, as more people demand more, more space will be needed and cutting away the trees for
humans to use. Deforestation is the act of cutting and clearing a large area of trees. It is the cause of extreme damage to the ecosystem and sustainability
of life. Deforestation is negatively affecting the interaction between the water cycle, soil sustainability, and trees stability.
There is a chain reaction due to deforestation. Deforestation leads to decrease in biotic pump disrupting the water cycle leading to a decrease in
transpiration and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2017). Deforestation also indirectly affects the water cycle by disturbing the atmospheric circulation patterns. As evapotranspiration occurs in the
water cycle from the forests, the water rises up to the atmosphere and the wind moves the rain. So when trees are cleared, the cycle of losing natural
resources continues as fewer trees lead to less water to evaporation in the water cycle which decreases the precipitation the Amazonian forest need.
This finally leads to more death of trees and the ecosystem within the forest. Zemp et al.'s result on forest resilience in their simulation supports that
the Amazon's forest survival also decrease as there is an overlap in Zemp et al.'s statement when they state that in their simulations, forest resilience
decreases overlap with deforested areas. Despite the evidence showing the detrimental effects of deforestation, Zemp et al.'s research focus on the
quantity of the forest and deforestation, therefore, the research has a gap such that other geographical influences such as fertilization, greenhouse
gases, and water use are not accounted for. However, Zemp et al.'s had gained more understanding as they have used other research papers, like
[Spracklen and Garcia–Carreras, 2015; Lejeune et al., 2015], to close the gap of unanswered gaps in the deforestation issue. Although the paper has

The Effect Of Climate Change On The Earth 's System
Scientific Paper Report Climate change is when there is an identifiable change in weather over time. Unlike weather, scientists can predict the climate
for the next fifty years; they can predict the changes in the atmospheric composition and the long–term weather in a certain area. Climate change is the
predicted average weather and the change in an average weather, also known as the different temperatures, seasons, and precipitation. Climate can be
viewed within the entire Earth itself, rather than just one place. This means that the Earth can have changes in the atmosphere, land, oceans,
precipitation, and land. The Earth's climate is always changing. An example of climate change within the entire Earth, between summer and winer.
The seasons change because of geographical patterns of energy absorbed and radiated away by the Earth. Climate changes are formed by the changes
in heat energy in the Earth's system. Human activities are also a major factor to climate changes. Humans have made various changes in the amounts
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, as well as changes made in the land. The sun is another source of what makes up Earth's climate. The Earth is
much colder than the sun, therefore it radiates at longer wavelengths. Climate is affected by the Earth and how much solar energy is has. The
atmosphere, also known as the clouds, absorb the thermal radiation emitted by the land and ocean. This process is also called the Greenhouse Effect.
The green house has

Descriptive Essay: Cloudy Day In Florida
Fort Lauderdale, FL, U.S.
Saturday February 18th to Sunday February 19th
This weekend will kick off to a considerably cloudy start with a high of 81В°F, low of 69В°F. There is a 20% chance of precipitation and 68% relative
humidity. The following day is very much similar with an expectation of PM showers, a high of 85В°F, low of 68В°F, and 40% chance ofprecipitation.
There are not any severe weather for this week, compared to California's warning of flash flooding. In general, even though Florida is the "Sunshine
State", it has the tendency to be partly cloudy, especially between . This is the result of warm waters surrounding Florida which evaporates, becomes
water vapor, and creates clouds.
Monday February 20th to Saturday February 25th ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The windspeed is highest of the week on Monday coming for North–West at 16 mph. Tuesday is expected to be mostly sunny with a high of 41В°F,
low of 29В°F and the windspeed is greatly decreased to 3 mph coming for the South. Although mostly sunny and party cloud similar enough to be
the same, it is not. In a forecast "Partly cloudy" is used to describe when less than half of a day will be cloudy versus "partly sunny" which signifies
that more than half of the day will be cloudy. ("partly cloudy" can also be used to describe the sky at night since "partly moony" does not sound
correct). Cloud coverage is determine by using okta or usually 1/8 of the sky. Conditions such as "mostly cloudy" are equal to 6/8–7/8 opaque clouds
while "party sunny" is equal to 3/8–5/8 opaque clouds. Expect a wintry mix on Wednesday which essentially means in this case there will be arain and
snow mix in the afternoon and evening. The likelihood of precipitation is 80% which is a big leap compared to Tuesday's 0%. Thursday is expected to
be partly cloudy with a high of 40В°F, low of 21В°F, and a 10% chance of precipitation. Friday and Saturday are both expected to be sunny with a high
of 36В°F, low of 22В°F, and high of 41В°F, low of 24В°F respectively. both days have a 0% chance of precipitation and Friday's windspeed in 12 mph
from North–West compared to Saturday's 11mph wind speed coming from West,

Prac Report-Precipitation
Will it Precipitate?
Precipitation occurs when two aqueous (soluble solids) solutions are combined and the reaction forms an insoluble solid. When insoluble solids are
formed the process is known as a precipitation. An insoluble solid is a solid that cannot dissolve unlike a soluble solid. Therefore only insoluble solids
can form precipitates.
In the following experiment six solutions were mixed with each other (groups of twos) in test tubes to test which reaction will result in an insoluble
solid. See method for more detail.
It is expected that the following compounds will form precipitates Silver Sulphate, Copper Hydroxide, Copper Iodide, Silver Hydroxide, Silver Iodide,
Cobalt Hydroxide and two Silver Chlorides. This was worked out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Light blue solid (P)| Mustard solid. (P)| Sodium Chloride| | | White solid (P)| Pink water| No reaction| Water slightly yellow| Silver Nitrate| | | | Pink
water, brown solid (P)| White solid (P)| Yellow solid (P)| Cobalt Chloride| | | | | Purple solid (P)| No reaction |Sodium Hydroxide| | | | | | Slightly yellow
water| Potassium Iodide | | | | | |

Average Precipitation Lab Report
The total precipitation in millimeters for the month of June 2011 is 70.618 mm. For the month of December 2011, the total precipitation in millimeters
is 89.408 mm. The precipitation data values collected by the UTM campus metrological station demonstrate that the month of December 2011 had
received more precipitation, about 18.79 mm more that the month of June 2011. The precipitation data show that December 2011 was wetter in
comparison to June 2011. The city of Mississauga average expected precipitation is for the month of December is normally at 61 mm. December 2011
received more than the average precipitation this made that month a particularly a wet one, with more rain and snowfall received that month then on
average. On the other hand, in Mississauga the month of June's normal average precipitation is 70mm. This amount was close to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The areas in the forest which contained fewer trees had higher light levels as well as drier soil moisture levels. The areas that were shaded by the trees
had lower light levels and wetter soils. This concept demonstrated by the lab can be similarly be applied to the summer months (June) which has higher
light levels and winter months (December) which has lower light intensity.
Another second possible potential explanation for differences in the average values observed between June and December 2011 can linked back to
the average precipitation values for June and December 2011. As mentioned earlier December 2011 had higher average precipitation and higher soil
moisture levels than June. The amount of soil moisture that is present in the ground is a strong indicator of precipitation. Therefore, the month of June
2011 has lower levels of precipitation in comparison to December 2011, because of the lower levels of soil moisture present during June 2011.
пѓ Low soil moisture = Low

Impacts of Global Climate Change on Temperature and...
Impacts of Global Climate Change on Temperature and Precipitation Patterns in the Midwest and the Consequences for Soils
Introduction
During the last century, human activities in agriculture, industry and technology have brought about a change in the chemical composition of the
atmosphere. This change so far has not had a noticeable or discernible effect on world climate, but if these same activities continue, global climate
change will become irreversible. The major contributing factor is the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and other gasses in the atmosphere.
These gasses are being cited as the cause for a "greenhouse effect" where they trap the heat of the sun and cause global climate change, specifically a
warming trend ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of particular concern is the possible changes in soils. With a changing climate and atmosphere, the soils, as well as the vegetation, of the Midwest
would have to adapt to the new conditions.
Continuous Warming
The most direct effect of the atmospheric changes will most likely be a worldwide increase in average annual temperature. The magnitude of the
changes will vary within regions. For the Midwestern area of North America, the consensus for temperature increase is one degree Celsius within
the next twenty years and then approximately one degree every twenty five years after that, or an average of 0.3 degrees warmer per decade
(Anderson, 1992). This is a considerable increase from the average temperature increase in the last 1000 years, which has been 0.005 degrees Celsius
per decade (Ritchie, 1986). The implications for the soils, therefore, are considerable. Soils are constantly changing and developing and in the past,
slow climate change has been taken into account in this development. However, the rapid temperature increases that are predicted will be much more
extreme than the soils are accustomed to. Therefore, soil development will not be able to keep pace with the changes , and the soils will be forced into
disequilibrium with the surrounding climate (Rozanov and Samoilova 1990).
Shifting Precipitation Patterns
The predictions for changes in precipitation vary more widely than those

An Evaluation Of The Uncertainty Of Precipitation Type...
Herein, an evaluation of the uncertainty of precipitation–type observations and its eect on the validation of forecast precipitation type is
undertaken.The forms of uncertainty considered are instrument/observer bias and horizontal/temporal representivity of the observations.Instrument
/observer biases are assessed by comparing observations from the Automated Surface Observing Station (ASOS) and meteorological Phenomena
Identiп¬Ѓcation Near the Ground (mPING) networks.Relative to the augmented ASOS, mPING observations are biased toward ice pellets (PL) and
away from rain (RA).Consequently, when mPING is used to validate precipitation–type forecasts, the Probabilities of Detection (PODs) for RA (PL)
are decreased (increased) relative to those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forecasts of precipitation type are created by post–processing algorithms that are applied to numerical–model output.Hence, errant diagnoses may be a
product of poor algorithm assumptions.There is a wide range of approaches and degrees of complexity to precipitation–type algorithms.Some use bulk
properties from the temperature and humidity proп¬Ѓles (eg.Baldwin et al.1994; Bourgouin 2000; Schuur et al.2012; Elmore et al.2015b; Chenard et
al.2015), others attempt to calculate or infer the liquid–water content of falling hydrometeors (Ramer 1993; Czys et al.1996; Reeves et al.2016), while
still others use mixing ratios from microphysical parameterization schemes as the primary discriminant (ThВґeriault et al.2010; Ikeda et al.2013).As a
result, dierent algorithms may produce very dierent results, particularly when the environmental temperature is near 0C (Manikin et al.2004; Manikin
2005; Reeves et al.2014).In some cases, strong biases exist.For example, the Baldwin algorithm has a well–known bias toward PL.The Ramer
algorithm is known to be biased toward FZRA and the algorithm described in Schuur et al.(2012) is strongly

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