Trends Of Property Prices Are Negatively Tracked By...

Trends Of Property Prices Are Negatively Tracked By...
Trends in property prices are passionately tracked by economists because it is often a person's
biggest purchase and can also affect the rest of the economy. Property price trends are affected by
many factors, however they are like all other normal goods, price and demand are inversely related,
if the house prices are high fewer people will be willing and able to buy a house. Property prices
tend to increase as time goes by, this is positive equity as the owners are better off. However, as seen
in the 2008 recession many people were in negative equity because the outstanding debt is more
than the house's retail value. If consumer confidence is absent it discourages expenditure, because if
they cannot pay, the house could be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since there are more people in the UK, and they are living longer, the number of second–hand
properties being sold is less, causing the prices of ones on the market to increase.
Dwellings have a high income elasticity of demand, so if the level of income increases demand for
property will also increase. Also, when people's income increases they are more likely to buy
properties than rent, also increasing average prices. There has been an overall increase in house
prices because 20 years ago average income was £19,774, peaking to 24,683 in 2008, then
decreasing to £22,524 in 2014 (source: rate inflation).
Social trends can also affect house prices, recently a trend has emerged for later marriages, the mean
age for marriage has increased by 8 years for men and women since 1972 (source: ONS). This has
led to an increase in demand for smaller dwellings such as apartments, causing the prices of these
forms of residence to rise.
The Bank of England can change the base rate of interest; this will be passed on by banks to the
general public, increasing the amount paid on variable rate mortgages. A higher rate will rule some
people out from being able to afford the house they want, decreasing demand for houses and
lowering the value of ones on the market. Recently, due to the economic crash the interest rate has
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Aims Of Literature Search
The aims of literature search are multiple. For starters, it is a necessary preparation for literature
review that is to say, after searching for existing knowledge, we may have a deeper insight into
research we are going to conduct. Additionally, it is an appropriate approach to update knowledge
and identify a quite narrow gap for further investigation.
"Literature searching process can be divided into 6 steps separately: choosing keywords, planning
strategy, selecting database, running search, evaluating results and saving references."(source:
lecture slides)
In order to have a deeper understanding of lender of last resort and find the gap for further
investigation, I made full use of the Catalogue Plus and found the six articles.
For starters, I entered "lender of last resort" the key word into the search bar and got 5986 articles.
To narrow down the scope, I used the advanced searching and chose to search for the title entered
"lender of last resort, central bank" into two different search bar, as a consequence, the system gave
me 1820 articles. In order to get the latest article, I selected the "data–newest" and chose the
material type "article" and I got only 68 this time. Another approach I used is using database search.
After clicking the "select database" and choosing "economics" in category, then I got 26 database
and clicked the EBSCO, so I went the main search page. I entered more specific words "lender of
last resort, central banking, financial crisis" and

Northern Rock Term Paper
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The Case of Northern Rock
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Table of Contents 1 Scope of Study 3 2 Introduction to the Northern Rock Debacle 3 2.1
Introduction to Northern Rock's Business Model 4 3 Internal Analysis 7 3.1 Analysis of Northern
Rock's Balance Sheet 2006 7 3.1.1 Northern Rock's Sources of Funding 7 3.1.2 Asset and Liability
Maturity Mismatch 2006 8 3.1.3 Peer Group Ratio Comparison to Assess Northern Rock Liquidity
Risk 2006 9 3.2 Exposure to Low Probability High Impact (LPHI) Risk 10 4 Analysis of Market
Condition 10 4.1 U.S Sub–prime Mortgage Market Crisis 10 4.2 Consequences of U.S. Sub–prime
Mortgage Market Crisis 11 4.3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alas, due to the worsening financial markets and inadequate regulatory oversight, Northern Rock
was finally nationalized as the financial crisis claimed one of its largest victims in the ensuing
aftermath.
2.1 Introduction to Northern Rock's Business Model
Figure [ 1 ] Total Assets of Northern Rock (Northern Rock Annual Report and Accounts)
Figure 2: Northern Rock Annual Report and Accounts
Figure 1: Northern Rock Annual Report and Accounts
Northern Rock embarked on an intensive growth strategy when it demutualised from a building
society to a stock–form bank in 1997. Instead of relying on traditional customer deposits to fund its
growth, Northern Rock relied more on wholesale funds to sustain Northern Rock's operations.
Figure [ 2 ] Profits of Northern Rock (Northern Rock Annual Report and Accounts)
This strategy of "originate and distribute" model of funding was the brainchild of Northern Rock's
Chairman, Adam Applegarth, and it thrived as shown by the tremendous increased in asset size and
profits of the banks over the years. After demutualising in 1997, Northern Rock's assets grew each
year, and in a span of a decade, it expanded its assets by 6–folds, from $15.8bn to $109.3bn pounds
(NR, 2007).
Also as seen in Figure 2, Northern Rock has increased its profit by more than 9–folds in the same
time period to $395m pounds. Lastly, it also became the third–largest lender in, with 18.9%(British
Broadcasting Corporation, 2008)

Introduction Of The Bank Of England
Introduction
The Bank of England has been playing the role of issuing banknotes since 1694. Until middle of the
19th century, a number of private banks in the Great Britain and Ireland gained freedom of issuing
their own banknotes, while the notes issued by the provincial banking companies commonly under
circulation. Over the years, a number of Acts of Parliament were subject to introduce by the UK
Parliament in order to increase confidence in the banknotes that were in circulation through limiting
on the rights of banks in issuing notes. This concept leads to general idea of this paper, which will
look at the evolution of output, inflation, the official bank rate set by the Bank of England and
government spending in the UK (Greer, 2009).
It is fascinating for one to track on how the global financial integration has been evolving for the
past century. Understanding the evolution of output is possible by looking at the measured stocks of
the external assets and liabilities; together with the cumulative consequences of the past cross–
border capital flows. Global integration of trade and finance started prior to the World War I, at the
time when the capital liberalization was last at their peak. Both global integration of trade and
finance fell during the interwar years, with the national protectionism leading to the creation of trade
and financial barriers. From 1960s and onwards, both trade and finance started rising once more due
to the lofting on a number of restrictions

The Global Banking Financial Crisis's and Its Impact on...
The Global Banking Financial Crisis 's and Its Impact on Developing Nations: Case Study Africa
(1888 PressRelease) The Global Banking Financial Crisis 's and Its Impact on Developing Nations:
Case Study Africa.
For several decades the public has witnessed the shift of world global economic policies from
countries ' production and stable economic indicators, to wild crazy speculations and market
derivatives created to hide the real cause of economic instability which is the printing of the fiasco
money and fiscal policy! Plainly stated we cannot continue to run and hide, the problem will not
eradicate itself. We have no other alternative than to face what rulers of globalization have created
and the consequences.
The FED and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusively, the stimulus money received by banks and insurance companies alternatively belong
to the taxpayer, so far banks receive these funds and still traction persists creating a downward spiral
for the worse.
Today, central bankers are more powerful than the heads of state as such central bankers play a very
important role in the shape and complexion of the world 's economy. Central banks are like other
institutions which are in the business to make profits, but the fallout and consequences are grossly
different. Since last December the US Federal Reserve posted capital as $54 billion and $3.57
trillion in assets. This is less than 1.513% cash to asset or liquidity ratio and it becomes worse every
month; the European Central Bank 3.68%, Bank of Japan 1.93%, Bank of England 0.8426% and
Bank of Canada 0.531%. In 2008 when Lehman Brothers filed for Bankruptcy, they had almost
$691 billion of assets and $22 billion of equity; this represents an average of 3% equity to asset
ratio.
Each of these Central Banks: The European Central Bank, Bank of Japan, Bank of England, and
Bank of Canada are in average, below the level of Lehman Brothers when it filed for bankruptcy;
this should conclude that these central banks days are numbered and bankruptcy is imminent.
Evidence supporting this conclusion is based on the presumption that the aforementioned central
bank 's corresponding

The Performance Of Bank Of England
The Performance of Bank of England and How the Outcomes Influenced by Policies and Objectives
during the Financial Crisis in 2008 Introduction In September 2008, thousands of financial sectors
all over the world went bankrupt like dominoes after the failure of Lehman Brothers Bank, which is
also known as the Financial Crisis of 2008, caused the severe recession of the economies around the
world. In order to help the country out of crisis, the central banks in different countries had to take
measures to stimulate the growth of economy. The goal of this essay is to introduce the measures
that Bank of England have taken in 2008 of financial crisis and will discuss the macroeconomics
consequences and effects. Three measures taken by Bank of England will be presented in first
section and how macroeconomics outcomes influenced by policies and objectives will be discussed
in the second section. The Performance of Bank of England in Financial Crisis in 2008 Following
the crisis of Fannie Mae and Freddie Macin Summer 2007, which is the beginning of the financial
crisis of 2008, John et al (2012) find that Bank of England kept on providing liquidity to banks and
making an exchange between high–quality assets and Treasury Bills through liquidity support
operations and financial innovations which were also used by many other central banks. Adopting
this approach means that Bank of England can make the financial sectors more easily to receive
financing on such circumstance (Joyce

Objectives Of The Operation Andreas
German Nazis developed the Operation Bernhard during the Second World War, as a continuation of
the so–called Operation Andreas. The goal of both operations was to flood the UK with counterfeit
notes to provoke a shock effect in UK economy in both national and international scale. The
experience of Germany in the inter–war period served as an example of the devastating effects of
hyperinflation in an economy. The plan focused on the printing of counterfeit notes with the largest
number in circulation, £5, £10, £20, and £50. It also contemplated the production of US dollars but
in a lesser extent because of technical difficulties.
Operation Bernhard started in 1942 when Himmler revived the operation and assigned the mission
to Bernhard Krüger, an SS Major. Krüger purpose was to improve Operation Andreas to make it
more efficient. He moved the production centre to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, near
Berlin, and employed Jewish prisoners to produce counterfeit British notes. Around 142 Jewish
were part of the operation, being isolated from the rest of the camp to avoid the spread of any detail
about the mission. This group of prisoners managed to reproduce almost perfectly the British
pounds, producing between £132 million and £300 million. Among the different ways of
distribution, Germany opted for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The German Nazis in charge of the operation proposed different options for the distribution. The
first one, also mentioned in the prior operation (Op. Andreas) was to drop the money from aircrafts
directly over UK soil. The idea was that most of the people would remain the money from
themselves instead of giving it back to the Bank of England. However, German aircraft force was
not big enough to cover the necessities of the operation besides the war. As well, Germany had not
control over British airspace, so it supposed a high–risk

Samsung Scandal : Japan's Government
Toshiba
The Toshiba scandal has Japan's government concerned that the investors will begin to lose
confidence in the country. Toshiba's billion–dollar accounting scandal brought to light a corporate
culture in Japan plagued by collusion of its senior members. The corporation was hit with
embarrassing revelations that the top executives were pressuring underlings to inflate their profits by
about $1.2 billion dating back to 2008 (Nishimura–Poupee, 2015). Senior managers instilled a rigid
system that has powered Japan's post–war boom with lifetime employment in exchange for total
loyalty to the corporation. Most of upper management spent their career at the company, climbing
the ranks to the top.
The firm hired outside directors and implemented a 16 person board in order to enhance
management efficiency and improve their transparency. However, there were several problems
found in the books, including a pair of former diplomats on their audit committee who were not
qualified for the task (Nishimura–Poupee, 2015). Most Japanese firms include former bureaucrats
that were given plum jobs in the industries that oversaw at one point in their careers. Corporations
would hire these individuals despite many of them not having the relevant skills to perform their
new positions because they had less incentive to question management.
About half of the board resigned after the padding of their profits came to light. The investigating
panel described the company's culture where the lower

Eco201Pricniples of Macroeconomics Final Exam
ECO201Pricniples of Macroeconomics FINAL EXAM
Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/eco201–pricniples–of–macroeconomics–
final–exam/ 1. Suppose the CFO of an American corporation with surplus cash flow had $100
million to invest last July 15 and the corporation did not believe it would need to utilize these funds
to retool or expand production capacity for 1 year. Suppose further that the interest rate on 1 year
CD deposits in US banks was .5%, while the rate on 1 year CD deposits in England (denominated in
British Pounds) was 2% at the time. Suppose further that the exchange rate at that time was $1.68
per British pound .
A) Suppose that now a year later the exchange rate is $1.55 per US pound. What rate of return ...
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Clearly label axes and the current position of AS, & AD relative to full employment RGDP....also
indicate any shifts that would occur if the exchange rate of the $ rose sharply against other major
currencies 5. Current annualized yields on 1 year US treasury securities are only .28%....while
current annualized yields on 2 year US treasury securities are .69% (note you may assume that both
1 and 2 year securities in this example are "0" coupon securities with no payment other than the
maturity value on the maturity date.
What does this data suggest about financial market expectations of 1 year yields, 1 year from now?
Explain.... (Assume investors are risk neutral in these short time horizons with default free
treasuries.)
6. Here's a quote from Fed head Janet Yellen on at a meeting in Cleveland on July 10 this year. (see
www.federalreserve.gov then click news and events...
Regarding inflation, as I mentioned earlier, the recent effects of lower prices for crude oil and for
imports on overall inflation are expected to wane during this year. Combined with further tightening
in labor and product markets, I expect inflation will move toward the FOMC's 2 percent objective
over the next few years. Importantly, a number of different surveys indicate that longer–term
inflation expectations have remained stable even as recent readings on inflation have fallen. If
inflation expectations had not remained stable, I would be more concerned

The Financial Crisis Of 2008-2009
The financial crisis of 2008–2009 was an extremely significant event in recent history and has been
described as "perhaps the most important economic event since the Great Depression" (Gorton &
Metrick, 2012, p.g. 150). We are still experiencing the effects of the crisis today and there is a
considerable amount of literature on the subject. There has been much research into the crisis and
what caused it (Gorton and Metrick, 2012). Using some of this research both the causes and effects
of the financial crisis can be explored. This essay will discuss what happened in the months leading
up to the crisis, the causes and effects of the financial crisis and tackles some of the questions that
researchers have asked regarding the events of 2008–2009.
Mishkin (2011) discussed the idea that when analysing the causes of the financial crisis the events
should be split into two separate periods. The period occurring towards the end of 2007 and
beginning of 2008, which involved lending within subprime markets and the end of the housing
bubble, and the second occurring in September 2008, beginning with the bankruptcy of Lehman
Brothers (Mishkin, 2011, Gorton & Metrick, 2012).
Although the start of the financial crisis is thought of by most to be in September 2008, when
investment bank Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy, some of the main contributing factors
actually occurred prior to 2008. During the early 2000's interest rates were low and as a result more
people were able to afford

What Went Wrong with Libor Rate
s
[pic]
GROUP #: 5
MEMBERS #: 47713, 00000, 00000, 00000, 00000
PROGRAM: MBA29
COURSE: FINANCE IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
INSTRUCTOR: PROF. LUC KEULENEER
GROUP PAPER: WHAT WENT WRONG WITH LIBOR RATES?
"Honesty is a very expensive gift. Do not expect it from cheap people" Warren Buffet
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
History 2
Origen of the crisis 3
Probable Reasons for the LIBOR manipulation 5
Main players involved in the LIBOR scheme 6
Recommendations on what to do to avoid this problem 6
Reference List 8
What when wrong with LIBOR rates? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barkley replied that its situation was strong and that it believes that were the other banks the ones

that were quoting lower than effective interbank borrowing cost rates (Kregel 2012. p. 2–4).
The main victim of this manipulation would have been the competitiveness in the financial markets;
as this scheme would unfavorably influence the efficient distribution of capitals and cause distortion
of prices, i.e. the mortgage prices would decreased and therefore the amount of houses sold would
increase dramatically as well as related assets; such as: furniture, construction materials, etc. while
depressing others. The (Abrantes–Merz, Kraten, D. Metz, and Seow, 2012. p. 138). The free market
principles were breached and the impact was staggering as the Libor is the main benchmark for
short–term Interest rates, a negligible distortion on LIBOR would lead to huge capital transference
from lenders to borrowers in an immoral way (Abrantes–Merz, Kraten, D. Metz, and Seow, 2012. p.
1).
Maybe the very same process to estimate the LIBOR rate propitiated the manipulation scheme. The
BBA select 16 banks that submit quotes based on their effective funding costs. This open the
possibility that even 5 of the 16 banks could collude to influence the LIBOR rates. The type of
banks selected could also be a factor to try to influence the LIBOR, i. e. If they are lenders, they
would be benefited from higher IBOR rates; on the other hand, if borrowers they would welcome

The Bank of Ghana Act
THE BANK OF GHANAACT, 2002 (ACT 612)
OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PURPOSE OF THE ACT
3. ADMINISTRATION OF THE BANK
4. OBJECTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BANK OF GHANA
5. POWERS OF THE BANK OF GHANA
6. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
INTRODUCTION
The Bank of Ghana was established as a Central Bank of the Nation on 4th March 1957 by a British
Ordinance (No.34 of 1957) passed by the British Parliament.
Since then the Bank of Ghana experienced legislative changes which include:
i. The Bank of Ghana Act, 1963(Act 182) which replaced the 1957 Ordinance.
ii. The Bank Ghana Law, 1992 (PNDC L 291) which replaced the 1963 Act (Act 182).
iii. The Bank of Ghana Act, 2002 (Act 612) which replaced ... Show more content on
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The enforcement powers of the Bank are carried out by the Banking supervision department.
The core powers of the Bank of Ghana relates to:
I. Penalties – BOG may impose penalties in respect of number of issues under the Act

II. Rule –making power
III. Policies –grant of advances and credit facilities, monetary policy, exchange rates policy
IV. Inspection –

Monetary Policies Of The Bank Of England Essay
Given the power to formulate and implement monetary policies, the Bank of England (the Bank)
declared its independence in 1997, taking charge of maintaining price stability and supporting the
economic policy of Her Majesty 's Government, including its objectives for economic growth and
employment. In the following sections, the paper will attempt to assess the Bank' work and its
policies that has been carried out during the economic downturn.
As Mizen (2003:196) noted, during the period from 1970s to early – 1990s, a series of monetary
policies that introduced by the British government turned out to be unsuccessful – the inflation was
out of control. The underperforming monetary policies provoked the reform in 1997, after which the
new UK monetary policy framework was established according to Bank England Act 1998, giving
independence to the Bank as well as assigning responsibility of monetary policy to the newly
created Monetary Policy Committee (MPC).
The Retail Prices Index Excluding Mortgage Payments (RPIX) was to be the new goal and the
inflation target was set at 2.5% with 1% tolerance range in 1997. That measurement, changed to the
Harmonized Inflation Consumer Index (HICP) with target at 2% with 1% tolerance range in 2003
(Brown, 2003). Chart 1 shows that the inflation rates predicted by the HM Treasury during 1997–
2002 and 2003–2006 averaged around 2.5621% and 1.9825%, falling within the tolerance range of
the inflation targets with less volatility. In addition,

Financial Risk Management
JONATHAN MUROMBA
2012178104
FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Management of Financial Institutions and The Banking Crisis
Risk is uncertainty. The more risk one takes, the more he or she stands to lose or gain. One cannot
expect high returns without taking substantial risks.
The outcomes are thrown open to uncertainty. In general, when we talk about risk, we focus on
financial risk. In financial terms, it is the risk that a company or individual could lose some or all of
the original investment, possibly resulting in inadequate cash flow to meet financial obligations. All
wise investments follow risk consideration. To be successful, every investor must be able to identify
and understand the types of risk they face across their entire portfolio. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It had been widely known that problems with the banks in the US were due to the phenomenon of
sub–prime lending for housing. Many of the loans had turned into toxic assets as borrowers failed to
meet repayments.
Similar to Northern Rock, the banks continued to give loans in this manner as they too chose to
securitize their loans because this method of trading appeared so profitable. This was a highly
successful mechanism to operate until the number of defaulters increased to the point where these
assets began to turn illiquid. Investors started to avoid securities as it was now evident many were
flawed. Moreover, Northern Rock in their quest for greater financial returns found securities that
attractive they also invested in them.
With trading slowing in the financial markets, many institutions began to react to the impending
crisis by taking a more cautious approach to lending. In comparison Northern Rock were so focused
on returning profits and generating growth that, at a time when monetary policy was tightening
faster than expected, the bank had agreed to issue a tranche of mortgages at interest rates that were
lower than those it had to eventually pay in the markets to finance them (The Economist, 2007,
Lessons of the fall, 20/10/2007). In hindsight, this was a disastrous decision, which contributed to
the impending shortfall in cash and ultimately the need to be bailed out.
The managerial failings of Northern

What Are The Main Functions And Objectives Of The Bank Of...
1. What are the main functions and objectives of the Bank of England?
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. As all the central banks, its main
goal is to guarantee financial and monetary stability. It also acts as a lender of last resort protecting
banks in case they fail.
A key point in having stability is through public confidence in money. One of their missions is to
protect the value of money over time, to assure that people and companies can invest their money
with confidence. To achieve this confidence level the Bank of England has to comply with the
monetary stability objectives.
Monetary stability also means price stability. Price stability refers to inflation. The government
inflation target is 2%. Monetary stability is achieved through the monetary policy, which consists of
the process in which the bank controls the money supply and the interest rate with the aim of getting
a set of objectives oriented ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the role of the FOMC?
The Federal Open Market Committee is one of the bodies inside the Federal Reserve. It is formed by
seven people from the Board of Governors and five presidents of the Reserve Banks. One of this,
the permanent one, is the president of the Bank of New York. The other four are presidents of the
other Banks and are elected for a one year period. Each of them is from a different group. The
FOMC has eight meetings per year.
The FOMC is responsible for the open market, while the Federal Reserve System supervises the
discount rate and the reserve requirements. These three are the tools of the monetary policy. The
open market operations are the most important tool used to regulate the money supply and the credit
available. The main objectives of the FOMC are: analyse the economic and financial conditions,
carry out the appropriate monetary policy which fits with the price stability and sustainable
economic growth, guarantee full employment and a sustainable pattern of payments and
international

Why The Bank Of England Introduced A Quantitative Easing...
this essay I will be explaining why the Bank of England introduced a quantitative easing programme
and how it operates as well as explaining the effect this programme has had by evaluating if it has
been successful. My essay is in five sections: what is quantitative easing, when was it used and why,
how does it work, impacts of the programme and finally has it been successful. What is quantitative
easing?
Quantitative easing is increasing the flow of money into the financial system. Money has three
functions:
1. Unit of account
2. Store of value
3. Means of payment
Quantitative easing uses money as a means of payment. It is used as a tool of monetary policy when
the other tool of monetary policy which is interest rate is near zero and not increasing. Monetary
policy concerns the way in which government actions shift how money is used.
When was it used and why?
The Bank of England started to use quantitative easing in early 2009 as an act of loose monetary
policy to boost the economy after the recession of 2008. When economy falls into recession,
incomes fall as unemployment rises – this means that the government pays more benefits increasing
the budget deficit. This also means that consumer expenditure decreases as consumptions fall with
income falling.
Therefore the excess expenditure needs to be covered – it can be covered by taxes, issuing bonds,
issuing money. Increasing taxes will not work as unemployment has gone up. As well as this
increasing tax will not work

The Central Banks Of The World
The Central Banks of the world have a role in today's society to provide stability to the economy.
Through monetary policy, the Central Banks must utilize the daily economic data in order to make
policy decisions that attempt to ensure continuous growth and prosperity. The Central Banks do this
through regulating inflation as well as "implementing specific goals such as currency stability, low
inflation and full employment" (Heakal). In 2008 the global financial crisis hit numerous nations
around the world and each Central Bank saw their economies crash, consumers lose market
confidence, investors stop investing, and banks stop lending. If the money stops circulating in the
economy "banks [can't] provide customers with a variety of basic financial services; [such as] an
on–demand source of bank notes; deposits and savings accounts; payment services; and ... credit, to
both business and households" (Fisher 2). The credit crunch was experienced throughout the world
and each Central Bank laid out their plans in order to halt and begin recovering from the crisis and
set the economy back to a stable 2% inflation. Along with The Federal Reserve, the Bank of
England's conventional attempts at restoring the economy never had enough of an impact to jump
start the economy. An unconventional crisis called for unconventional resolutions. The Bank of
England turned to unconventional monetary policies when all else failed. The utilization of the
practice of quantitative easing and

The Bank Of England Credit Report
Finical markets are needed to transfer funds from someone who has surplus funds to those who
needs money which has our economy expand and grow. The worlds focus has remained on the
financial position of the economy since the 2007 finical crash, many people and business are still
very cautious despite the improvements within consumer credit as banks are lending more people
money for mortgages but also businesses are starting to receive loans to set up business as well. It is
clear to see from the Bank of England Credit report that there have been improvements for
household and businesses but the economy has to improve a lot more to reach the pre–recession
level. However it could be argued that with the improvement, many problems will arise. For
example when people become more confident moral hazard and information asymmetry will cause
problems in all sectors of the economy. Household Credit Conditions The Bank of England credit
conditions review shows that the number of people who are borrowing against their assets, which is
known as secure lending, has increased. The stock of secure lending has increased to 3.5% on a
three month basis since November 2015, but it has annually increased from 2013 to 2015 by 2.5%.
UK households have seen the benefit of this as mortgage approvals have increased to 70,000 per
month from September to November in 2015. The growth rates on secured lending for UK
households have been at their highest since 2008. However the average remains below

Pestle Analysis of Barclays Plc
PESTEL ANALYSIS OF BARCLAYS PLC
PESTLE analysis is very useful for studying the environment in which a company operates and
accessing external factors influencing the company in the markets it operates. PESTLE is the
acronym for the following categories of investigation: political, economic, sociological,
technological, legal and environmental (Cheverton, 2004; Partridge and Sinclair–Hunt, 2006).
Discussing the political factors influencing operation of the banks in the national, local and regional
levels and legislation, it should be mentioned that banks have always been to a certain degree
regulated by the government (Benston, 2000). For example, government determines the fraction of
reserves that a commercial bank should keep with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be concluded that the higher the GDP indices are, the greater amounts of money come
through banking system, and the more favourable position Barclays plc would have in a given
country. However, it cannot be stated for sure that South Africa provides better conditions for
Barclay's operation. The economy of the USA proves to be the largest and most of the bank's
transactions are carried out in the UK.
Interest rates in the discussed countries appear to look the following way:
Figure 7: United Kingdom Interest Rate
[pic]
Source: Bank of England, 2009
Figure 8: United States Interest Rate
[pic]
Source: Federal Reserve, 2009
Comparing interest rates in the UK and US, it can be stated that the US Federal Reserve conducts a
zero rate policy. However, it does not imply that loans made in the US are free of charge for
businesses.
Figure 9: South Africa Interest Rate
[pic]
Source: Reserve bank of South Africa, 2009

On the contrary, interest rate in South Africa is rather high. It is not even close to zero level, but
constitutes more than 7%. However, the tendency of fall from the period of summer 2008 may be
observed. At the same time it does not mean that loans will be easier to obtain and that they will be
available.
Speaking about banking industry, the set of socio–cultural, technological and ecological factors will
not be excessively significant. Indeed, operating in the global scale, Barclays

The Bank Of England As A Independent Institution Essay
Introduction:
The Bank of England became an independent institution in 1997 and their main objectives since
have been to maintain monetary stability, and engage in Asset Purchasing facility, which was started
in 2009. The task of handling Monetary Stability is undertaken by the Monetary Policy Committee
(MPC) since 1997. In 2009 the Bank of England introduced Quantitative Easing (QE) as a method
to maintain their inflation targets in the form of Asset Purchasing facility. "Quantitative easing is an
unconventional form of monetary policy where a Central Bank creates new money electronically to
buy financial assets, like government bonds. This process aims to directly increase private sector
spending in the economy and return inflation to target".
The primary target of the MPC has been price stability, which has been defined by the inflation
target of 2% represented by the Consumer price index. The secondary target has been to support the
economic policies of the UK and meet its target in terms of growth and unemployment. Generally,
the MPC is responsible for maintaining this target between the points of 2% by the margin of one
percentage point, any change beyond that has to rectify in the best way possible.
However, prior to 2003 the Bank of England utilised the Retail Price Index (RPIX) as a measure for
the inflation rate. Around that time it targeted a point of 2.5% inflation as optimal, while choosing a
margin of 1%. Nevertheless, this paper would focus on the CPI as a

Sir John Soane Research Paper
The 19th century architect, Sir John Soane (1792–1824), is one of the greatest architects and
educators of the Regency era. Despite the Bank of England being his most renowned piece of
architecture, one should not forgot the architectural reputation of the 'Sir John Soane's Museum.' As
stated in the Oxford Dictionary of Architecture, the museum is "one of the most complex, intricate,
and ingenious series of interiors ever conceived." Clearly, without Soane's 'ingenious' and 'complex'
use of top–lit galleries and double – height spaces , the museum would lack it's originality and
inspirational qualities that make it one of the most distinctive museums in London. The atmospheric
journey begins with the façade of number 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields, ... Show more content on
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The Soane style was not one to be reckoned with. Despite exploring all the classical styles of
architecture in his lifetime, Soane, abstracted these classical conventions to fit his own personal
interpretation , leading "towards a new freedom of architecture." It is this freedom that allows us to
disagree with the critical views of the 19th century, a time where Soane was indeed, "a great
architect who suffered for his originality and integrity. " Additionally, what people struggled to
realise was that no. 13 Lincoln's Inn Field functioned both as a house and as a museum for the study
of architecture, emphasising further the building was entitled to defy convention. As the curator for
the museum from 1945 to 1984, John Summerson understood that despite how deeply the criticism
affected him and the limitations put on his architecture at the time, Soane was successful in
achieving a sense of immortality, "surviving himself in the minds and thoughts of other men,
undying and imperishable (Hazlitt)." This is made clear through the existence of his museum; it is
Soane's most visible projection of himself, whereby the façade of no. 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields acts as
the beginning of a story expressing the embodiment of Soane as an architect. (200

The Pros And Cons Of The Board Of Governors
The Board of Governors has seven members or "governors" that oversees the all operations of the
Federal Reserve and its goals and responsibilities given by the Federal Reserve Act. Five of the
seven members have one 14 year term that is staggered so that one governor's term expires every
even–numbered year.The other two are the President and Vice President of the Board of Governors,
they have a four–year term but may serve an extra four–year term if reappointed. The only part of
this related to politics is that the President nominates the governors and the U.S. Senate confirms the
nominations (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System)."Terms are staggered to provide
the [Federal Reserve System] political independence as a central bank,

The Federal Reserve System: The US Central Banking System
The Federal Reserve System is commonly referred to as the U.S. central banking system. Congress
discovered this system in 1913 with the purpose of providing America with a stable monetary and
financial system. The Federal Reserve has three components, which includes the Board of
Governors, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Federal Reserve Banks. The primary
functions of the Federal Reserve consists of conducting monetary policy, banking supervision,
promoting stability for the financial system, and providing banking services. Moreover, the Board of
Governors are an independent governmental agency who have the responsibility of overseeing the
Federal Reserve System. The board members are selected by the President and approved by the
Senate. The board consists of seven ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The banks are located in St. Louis, Kansas City, Cleveland, Boston, San Francisco, New York,
Chicago, Philadelphia, Dallas, Minneapolis, Atlanta and Richmond. Reserve Banks can also be
referred to as District banks. The board of directors from the Reserve Banks are responsible for
managing the District bank. The directors designate the President and Vice–President of the bank
and is confirmed by the Board of Governors. Likewise, the Federal Reserve System performs many
responsibilities, including executing the Monetary Policy. The Federal Reserve manages inflation
through controlling credit, which is a significant factor affecting money supply. Contractionary
monetary policy is utilized when interest rate rises, which causes credit to become more expensive
and lessens the money supply. However, when there is not a possibility of an inflation, the Federal
Reserve utilizes expansionary monetary policy. This makes credit accessible by lowering interests
rate, leading to employment and business

Impact Of The On Uk 's Financial Stability Essay
There is no doubt that the 'brexit' will have a significant impact on UK, especially for the financial
system. In the following few days after referendum, the financial market shows the immediate
impact of 'brexit', the sterling exchange rate index sharply fallen by 9%, the bank equity price had
fallen by 20%, the ten–year UK government bond yield had fallen by 52 basis point. In its latest
financial stability report, the Bank of England had identified that the risks around the referendum on
the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union as the most significant near–term
domestic risks to financial stability. ('Financial Stability Report' Bank of England, 30 July 2016).
The following risks around referendum are considered main threaten to UK's financial stability:
 UK large current account deficit. According to both historical data and international standard, UK
now has a huge deficit which rely on foreign investment, these money are offered to public sectors
and corporate investment. The decline of foreign investment will raise the risk and influence the
pound price.
 UK Commercial real estate market. Foreign investor plays a vital role in The UK
CRE(commercial real estate) market, but the foreign capital falls sharply in the early 2016 which
shows the risk of price adjustment in the future.
 UK household indebtness. Both the high unemployment rate and the high borrowing costs had
lower the households' solvency. In addition, the buy–to–let investors' cyclical

New England Of Bristol County Savings Bank
Tracy Lynskey, a recent graduate of New England College of Business, started at Bristol County
Savings Bank (BCSB) twenty–five years ago as a teller. She has since risen in the ranks all the way
to her current position of Branch Supervisor, which she has held for ten years.
Bristol County Savings Bank first opened its doors in 1846 in Taunton, Massachusetts with only
twenty–nine depositors and one branch. Since then, the bank has added an additional fourteen full–
service branches and two educational branches. BCSB is now a "$1.6 billion full service financial
institution offering consumers and businesses a comprehensive range of products and services in the
Southeastern Massachusetts and Northern Rhode Island area." (Bristol County Savings Bank). The
financial institution goes beyond banking products by also offering wealth management and
investment planning (Bristol County Savings Bank).
This company prides itself on being a community bank dedicated to "supporting and giving back" to
the regions it serves (Bristol County Savings Bank). The bank does this in multiple ways including:
donating to projects and foundations in its area, getting involved in fundraising events, and helping
teach financial literacy. The bank is extremely big on financial literacy and has two programs to help
students learn about the importance of banking. One of these programs is called Savings Makes
Cents. This is when a bank employee goes into an elementary school and helps students sign up for
a

Federal Reserve: The Roles Of The Federal Open Market...
The Federal Reserve is the Central bank of America and act as the lender of last resort. The central
bank was founded in 1913 by the then elected members of congress. The Federal Reserve board is
comprised of 12 members. The head of the Federal Reserve is the board of governors. Janet L.
Yellen is the current Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. Janet Yellen also
serves as Chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee which makes up part of the central
bank, the System's primary monetary policymaking body. The 12 governor's represents the major
regions in the country? Seven of the 12 member are on the FOMC board who is appointed by the
President and confirm by the Senate. Each member serves 1 year, but can serve up to 14 terms
depending on their appointment to the board. One of the members on the Board also serves as the
Chairman of the FOMC whose headquarters is in New York City. ... Show more content on
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The CB uses open market operations to buy and sell securities as a means of implementing their
monetary policies. They also used the open market operations as a way to control the liquidity of
available money by influencing the short term interest and the supply of base money; therefore as a
result controlling the supply of money. They also set the target rate for the feds and setting the
discount rate at which for member banks to lend money to each other. The Feds also evaluate the
bank mergers and also implements foreign exchange policy on behalf of US government and the

Symbolic Frame
Symbolic Frame
I have conducted my internship in International Financial Research Institution of Bank of China
during my bachelor degree, acting as a research assistant. We 6 students came from different
universities but all majored in Finance, working for Doctor Yuanlong Wang, who is the director of
Bank of China (Australia) Ltd and also the director of Bank of China (Canada). For me, my main
task was to sort out materials and analyze data for our research team. Xing Zhang, our group leader,
had just graduated and would work in Bank of China in a few months. He is an ambitious person
who manage his impression as a capable leader and a person who have outstanding communication
skills. For the rest of us, we want to act as a talent with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Crews' abundant experience will guide themselves in different circumstance make different
decisions. They will corporate happily and moving fast. The differences between these two images
are size and facilities of two ships and the capability of crews. Everything we did currently was
following commands. We prepared data materials and maybe some preliminary conclusion. In the
future, our work will be more effective. We can organize our work by ourselves instead of ask
capital every time. With the growing knowledge, we can make more contribution to the research.
Hence the ship will end to destination fast. For the interns, they will have more chance to build their
career in BOC.
The research group has 6 students; one of us is a leader. We all work for Doctor Wang. Every week
we work five days (Monday to Friday). Every Monday, we will have a strategy meeting to prepare
the work for whole week. Doctor Wang is too busy to participate every meeting, so Zhang, the
leader, will host the meeting. At first, we will sum up work we did last week. Then, talk about the
research goal of this week and allocate detail work for every person. The Monday meeting at the end
of each month, we will review the whole month work, evaluate it,
and make an improvement plan for next month. We do our work strictly follow the plan, in order to
achieve the goal effectively. Examination and supervision is an essential part of work for us. We
check the data

Timeline of Uk Regulatory Events Essay
Figure 9: Timeline of UK regulatory events
1980s Introduction of the modern regulatory system; self–regulation among asset managers,
statutory oversight of banks and insurers. The Financial Services Act 1986 (FSA 1986) marks a step
change in the nature and extent of UK investment business regulation. April 1988 sees the
introduction of a regulatory system that has investor protection as its main aim. The system is based
on five selfregulating organisations (SROs);48 membership organisations tasked with the creation,
monitoring and enforcement of rules for their respective members. The SROs cover five different
areas of financial services; futures broking and dealing, financial intermediation, investment
management, life assurance broking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The supervisory culture at the FSA is often characterised by a series of overarching approaches and
themes, such as 'more principles–based regulation' and 'Treating Customers Fairly'. The FSA
Handbook, a set of rules to which regulated firms are subject, becomes increasingly prescribed by
EU legislation. This is aided by the FSA's move to the socalled 'copy–out' approach, transposing
directives word for word, where possible, in order to avoid 'gold–plating'. The FSA grows in size
and cost through greater activity for the Financial Ombudsman Service and increasing calls on the
Financial Services Compensation Scheme, fuelled by a growing number of consumer complaints
especially around bank charges and payment protection insurance. The FSA also increases its
enforcement activity, especially on market issues and in terms of stepping up fine sizes.
Financial crisis and beyond The single regulatory structure is restructured as a response to the crisis.
National supervisors face greater harmonisation of practice at EU level. The need to prop up the
banking system introduces a new actor, the Resolution Authority (in the UK a role of the Bank of
England), as the Tripartite Authorities50 put in place legislation to deal with bank resolution after
the collapse of Northern Rock. Major banks are now required to have recovery and resolution plans
('living wills'). Government announces the planned break–up of the FSA in 2012. It transfers the
prudential supervision of banks

The United Kingdom From Membership Of The European Union...
ASSESSMENT 2
Principals of economics
ECON 200
Group report
1,500 words
25%
Members:
Lara P
Anna–Paula A
Rosemary O
2. Table of Content
1. TITLE PAGE
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
4.1. AIM
4.2. SCOPE
5. BODY
5.1. METHODOLOGY
5.2. FINDINGS [GDP/ UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION/INTERNATIONAL TRADE]
5.3. DISCUSSIONS [MONEY AND BANKING/MONETARY POLICY/ FISCAL POLICY]
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7. APPENDIX
8. REFERENCES
3. Executive Summary 4. Introduction and Background
The exit of the United Kingdom from membership of the European Union, is also known as Brexit.
Derived from Britain and Exit.
The United Kingdom held a referendum to decide if they leave the European Economic Community
(EEC) in 1975. This was mainly because in 1963 and 1967 the United Kingdom applied for
membership and was denied because Charles de Gaulle the president of France at that time
dismissed the application because of the fear that English language will dominate the continent. In
1973 the United Kingdom made a third application and was successful but backed out in 1973 (2
years Later). The Prime Minster of the United Kingdom David Cameron announced on 23rd June
2016, a referendum will be held allowing the British people vote on whether to leave or remain

members of the European Union. Majority of Britain voted to leave European Union. The prime
minister talked of a target to begin the Article 50 procedure as soon as "the 2 year time period to

Credit Crunch Impact in Bank of England Essay examples
3. Using one specific multinational enterprise with which you are familiar, examine the ways in
which 'credit crunch' has impacted its operations. Evaluate the strategic responses it has made, and
might make going forward, to respond to the impacts of the credit crunch on its operations.
Introduction; This work will focus on the broader economic impact of the crisis in credit markets,
which began over three years ago with the downturn in United States (US) sub–prime housing
market. While the epicenter has remained in the US, it has already had a major impact on the
structure of Bank of England. In the year 2008 we have seen a significant consolidation within the
UK banking sector. (George ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Financial Stability
The area seeks to detect risks to the structure and functioning of the UK financial system and to
develop measures to strengthen regulatory systems and infrastructure at home and abroad to reduce
those risks. This includes its statutory responsibilities for overseeing UK payments systems. In
addition it undertakes work with HM Treasury and the FSA to improve the arrangements for
managing a financial crisis. The area also contributes to the monetary policy process, and promotes
public understanding of issues relating to financial stability through, for instance, the regular
Financial Stability Report.
Banking Services
Customer Banking Division provides banking services to the Government and other customers,
principally financial institutions and other central banks. This includes the provision of custody
services, including for gold.
Central services
The Central Services Divisions encompass a range of support functions that underpin the Bank's
activities and help to ensure that the Bank's reputation is maintained. These include IT, business
continuity, the Governors' private offices, and legal services.

Financial Crisis Impact on Uk Government
ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
The UK government has announced a package of measures aimed at rescuing banking system that
makes 400 billion pound.
100 billion pound will be available in short term loans from bank of England on top of an existing
loan facility.
Banks will have to increases their capital by at least 25 billion pound and borrow from government.
An additional 25 billion pound in extra capital will be available in exchange of preference shares.
Government described as the root cause of current financial crisis is liquidity, capital and funding
At least 200 billion pound will be made available from bank of England for short term borrowing to
provide liquidity to banks
Those banks who wished to strengthen capital ratios ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the market began to tumble in 2008, Governments around the world have spent almost $ 11
trillion bailing out falling banks and trying to repair the financial system
As per the IMF data all the governments of the world has so far spent more than $ 10.8 trillion to
avoid the ill effects of last years financial crisis. Out of this huge sums are spent by the rich nations.
[pic]
Out of this the maximum amount is spent as guarantee given to save the existing banking system,
which was effected by last year's crisis. This crisis was worst than the great depression of 1929.
US had spent $ 3.6 trillion to bailing out failing banks and repair the financial system. 25.8% of total
GDP for bailing out ie 25.8% of the total GDP, which is $ 10,000/– per person.
UK had spent $ 2.4 trillion as 94.4% of GDP for bailing out failing banks. ie 94.4% comes around $
50,000/– per person.
The private financial sectors also have estimated write–offs amounting to $ 4tn, of which two–third
are losses suffered by big international banks such as Citigroup and RBS. About half of these losses
write–offs of securities backed by failed mortgages.
UK government has spent 94.4% of the GDP to bail out the banking system as follows:

[pic]
In–spite of this UK is not comes out the recession and the last quarter was

What Are The Similarities Between The Bank Of England Vs....
The Bank of England vs. the Altes Museum
European countries often used elements of the Greek architecture in their buildings. They became a
common part of official objects. The Bank of England (Great Britain) and the Altes Museum
(Germany) are good examples of this borrowing.
These buildings appeared in different countries and periods of time, but still have some similarities.
Both structures belong to the neoclassicism. The list of similarities includes pale frontispiece,
columns in front of the entrance, inner arches and an overall impression of a Greek building. Rooms
in both buildings have high ceilings, natural lighting and Greek style decorations. While Bank and
Museum have general similarities – both are big old buildings with light–colored outer walls and
elements of the Greek architecture in the exterior and interior, they have significant differences.
THE BANK OF ENGLAND
The Bank of England was first built on the Threadneedle Street in 1734 by George Sampson. The
structure was rebuilt several times after that. This essay will focus on the period of time when the
Bank was overseen by Sir John Soane (1788–1833). The architect used elements of traditional
Greek architecture, but abandoned the conventional order of ... Show more content on
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It was designed like a small town or castle – the bank had apartments and barracks, which gave
people a potential opportunity to survive wartime attacks. Soane complemented the original building
with additional structures, and these changes created an asymmetrical, irregular plan. The Bank of
England often was called "the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street" because of its design. The term
combines the chaos and order – a union that can be seen in old British women, who tries to keep
alive their former greatness with the aid of improvised means. The Bank's size extended a lot over
45 years of Saone's "ruling"; its rooms kept symmetry by contrast with the general asymmetrical and
irregular

The Bank Of England 's Monetary Policy
This essay will examine how the Bank of England's Monetary Policy committee uses monetary
policy to control the main macro objectives such as inflation and balance of payments. It will
discuss how interest rates are determined through an equilibrium between money supply and
demand. Monetary policy is a macroeconomic policy laid down by the MPC to affect aggregate
demand using interest rates . The committee meets to set a bank rate with an aim to fix problems in
the economy. The Bank of England's main objective is to keep inflation at a target rate of 2% using
interest rates. This decision effects mortgage and bank deposit rates so is important to control . Over
the past decade inflation has been fluctuating largely with an upward trend ... Show more content on
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The bank of England uses several techniques to control interest rates. They do this in order to keep
the money market in equilibrium. Equilibrium interest rate is set where the money supply and
demand for money is the same, shown in the diagram below.
If the rate of interest began to rise above the equilibrium level there would be an excess supply of
money. This excess supply could be used to invest and buy bonds as people have more money
balances than they need. This will in turn push up bond prices and interest rates will begin to fall
due to the inverse relationship. Low interest rates encourage people to spend more. The opportunity
cost of spending is saving, if interest rates are lower, people will receive less interest on their
savings so there will now be a lower opportunity cost of spending. This spending will increase
demand to the point where it is back at equilibrium.
If the rate of interest then fell below the equilibrium level there would be excess demand of money.
This would mean that people do not have enough money for what they need. This will mean that
banks will sell bonds back to the government in return for cash lowering the bond price. Interest
rates will begin to rise and demand for money will decrease until equilibrium is reached .
If the open bank buys bonds, the cash the recipients receive is then deposited in banks allowing the
banks to credit create. This is then multiplied in

The Bank of England and The 2008 Financial Crisis Essay
Due to the 2008 financial crisis, the Bank of England employed quantitative easing (an
unconventional monetary policy used to stimulate the economy) by cutting interest rates down to 0.5
% and has been keeping it until now. The Bank made the decision to keep QE and the interest rate
unchanged in March. Spare capacity (the ability of a firm to produce more of a product than is now
being produced) is used by the BoE to justify its use of forward guidance policy (a communicative
tool for monetary policy). Low interest rates improved the economy by increasing consumption and
investment, which are the components of AD. The AD curve shows the total spending on goods and
services in a period of time at a given price level. In constructing on AD ... Show more content on
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The money supply will increase as the components of AD (C+I) rise. Figure 2 illustrates the increase
in money supply through showing the rightward shift of the MS curve, from MS1 to MS2. The
money demand will remain the same (MD). Therefore, increasing the money supply will lower the
interest rate from i1 to i2. This is partly due to the increased availability of money. More money
around means it is easier to acquire and thus command lower interest rates. However, such an
increase in money supply may also increase the inflation rate and possibly cause a hyperinflation if
uncontrolled.
The main benefit of low interest rates is its stimulating effect on economy. The BoE can help start
businesses spending on goods which helps the economy in the long run and can help consumers to
spend more on durable goods. Also the consumers' demand for products will increase. This will
force the firms to try to meet the demands by hiring additional workers which in turn will reduce the
unemployment rate.
A disadvantage of low interest rates is low interest rates harm savers and those who rely heavily on
interest income in the long run. Workers are influenced by lowered interest rates because the firms
that benefited from the changes in rates will hire more workers while the opposite will be true for
the negatively affected firms. Stockholders are affected because when interest rates rise, stocks tend
to fall. Suppliers

Bank Of England Essay
Since its establishment, Bank of England has played a significant role in the banking industry and
business development of the UK. As a reflection on the difference between Bank of England and
high street banks and the evolvement of Bank of England in recent years, this article will focus on
the following issues. The first section will give an explanation of high street banks and look at the
brief history of Bank of England, followed by comparing their differences in several perspectives.
The second section will look at the Financial Services Act 2012 which gave the Bank of England
more powers and responsibilities after the financial crisis. The third section will discuss the
adjustments in governance and accountability of the Bank of ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, the functions and operations of Bank of England and high street banks are different.
By implementing the Sterling Monetary Framework, the system contributes to smoothing market
rate and manages to meet the inflation target given by the Government (Bank of England, 2015). As
the monopoly note issuer, the Bank provides Sterling of which the public believes its value and
consequently it alleviates both shortage and fear of shortage in the market (Siklos et al, 2010).
Another function regards to monetary stability is the role of "lender of last resort", which means it
can provide Emergency Liquidity Assistance to the financial institutions at stake. In addition, the
Bank operates the nation's Real Time Gross Settlement system to provide ultimate settlements for
commercial banks who holds reserve accounts in the Bank of England (Manning, 2014). As to the
functions of retail banks, they provide intermediation and transaction services to both individuals
and companies (Greenspan, 1989). The most common ones are receiving deposit and providing
loans and advances in different forms, which leads to its key function in the financial market,
providing liquidity through creation of credits (Krohn, 2015). There are other derivative functions
including collecting and clearing cheques, providing cash management, foreign currency risk
solutions, acting as trustee or correspondent etc. All these are essential to the economic operation.

Banking of Uk
1. The financial crisis of 2007/2008 and its impact on the UK and other economies
Do you still feel vague about the causes and the effects of the financial crisis of 2007/8? Are you
preparing for a job interview in either the private or public sector?
The events of 2007/8 have shaped both the current UK commercial and business scene and are now
having a massive effect on the public sector. Similar impacts are being felt across Europe and the
wider world. Knowing a bit more about what happened might give you more confidence going into
the interview! This leaflet will give you a basic understanding of the causes of the financial crisis of
2007/2008 and the impact which it had on the UK and other economies. Topics covered are:   
  ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lenders will charge higher interest rates than for conventional mortgages as they seek to
compensate for carrying higher risk).
Banks became increasingly worried about both the value of their own mortgage books and
particularly the value of the mortgage–securitised investments they had bought from other
institutions As a result they became reluctant to lend to other banks in the short–term money
markets. This crisis of confidence led to major liquidity problems for many banks and insurance
companies worldwide. Liquidity means the ability of institutions, including banks, to meet their
short term obligations including repayment of short term loans.
The oil price eventually peaked at $147 per barrel in mid 2008.
How did the crisis develop during 2008?
The Bank of England had to provide financial support to the Northern Rock Building Society in the
latter part of 2007, to prevent a run on the society's cash by depositors. It became necessary to
formally nationalise Northern Rock in February 2008 (i.e. the Government became its major
shareholder, having used taxpayers' money to support it). Early in 2008 a major US investment
bank, Bear Stearns, had to be rescued by J.P. Morgan with US Government support. The crisis
deepened in the summer of 2008 and on the 7th September 2008, two
major US mortgage finance operations, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,

The Global Financial System Is A Web Of Connections
Srdan Vujnovic
Short Paper Assignment II: LIBOR
The global financial system is a web of connections. It does not matter what country, ethnicity or
religion a person is. It does not matter if you are a democrat, republican, communist, socialist or
anarchist. We all share this common bond – money. The following analysis will explain what
LIBOR is, how manipulating LIBOR can have negative effects on the global economy, and what
steps the global financial industry can take to ensure that a similar scandal never occurs again.
I.
Analysis of LIBOR and its manipulation
What the major global banks decide to do can ultimately affect a farmer living in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, thousands of miles away from the people that directly or indirectly
affected his life. One of those ways that people across the globe are connected are through different
financial rates, one of those rates being LIBOR. LIBOR stands for London
Inter–Bank Offered Rate. It is one of many benchmarks that banking institutions use to set interest
rates for lending between banks (Romano Peluso). LIBOR is an interest rate that banks charge each
other for overnight, one–month, three–month, six–month and one year loans. It is published in five
currencies which include the Swiss franc, the euro, the pound sterling, the
Japanese yen and of course the dollar (Kimberly Amadeo). While most LIBOR–based contracts are
linked to the 3–month rate, the majority of the lending happens overnight. Most banks have a
10% cash

Who Is William Paterson?
This was William Paterson, promoter of the Hampstead Water Company, guiding light in the failed
Scottish attempt to colonise Panama in the 1690s, reformer of the public credit, propagandist for
Anglo–Scottish Union, and government agent: to his enemies the Pedlar, Tub–preacher, and at last
Whimsical Projector; to his admirers the apostle of free trade, a wronged commercial genius and,
above all, father of the Bank of England and hence leading financial revolutionary.
The accelerating pace of financial innovation, the pressures of international trading rivalry and
European war, and the lop–sided relationship between the kingdoms of England and Scotland all
presented Paterson with opportunities for projecting and self–promotion. Williams successful ...
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The Bank of England was far from the firstborn among Paterson's brainchildren, though it was the
only one to survive infancy. Paterson himself didn't stay with the bank long enough will manage the
wanted impact for tipping those scales for global money related – and Subsequently military –
energy done great about William and the Protestant enthusiasm toward Europe. The minute–book of
the Court of Directors, the Bank's central administrative body, for 1694–95 tells a tale of Paterson's
overreaching, the Court's censure, and his final ignominious resignation. The Directors of the Bank
could only see this as a threat to their own commercial interests and the investment pool which
supplied the infant Bank. Those Darien settlements might have been Paterson's lord Charles' head,
an surprising fixation he compelled upon Any individual who might listen, and should which he
instantly come back following as much retreat from those banks. Paterson finally make his dream
come true when he persuaded the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies to put its
substantial capital behind his colonial scheme in

Bank Of England Essay
Executive summary
The purpose of the report is to discuss the role of the central bank, the Bank of England. The most
important role of the Bank of England, the way it is run to maintain the overall financial stability of
the UK economy. For purposes of sustaining the ongoing economic activities. This report will be
focusing on the Bank of England role 's in the United Kingdom. One of the many roles of the Bank
of England is to ensure that financial institutions do not collapse. The report will briefly discuss the
role and definition of the central bank and its executive branch that leads and manage the Bank of
England to run smoothly. Moreover, the report will also look into the key role of the central bank.
On the other hand, the report will also discuss the issue of the bank of England as the lender of last
resort (LOLR), the central function of all the central banks in the world. Apart from that, the
monetary policy of the Bank of England will also be discussed in this report. The application of the
researches and the search methods in this report varies, which include both the electronic sources are
by an electronic journal, Bank of England website, and online newspapers while the books sources
are by the textbook, Financial Times guides, research papers and etc. All those sources are deemed
to be from reliable sources with definitive and specific references.
To conclude, the Bank of England has its own ways and methodologies to prevent or preempt any
financial

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