Financial Analysis Of Bank Of Queensland (BOQ

Financial Analysis Of Bank Of Queensland
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to provide a financial analysis of Bank of Queensland (BOQ) taking
into consideration its competitive strategic responses, corporate governance and its overall financial
performance. The current corporate governance of the bank is discussed in line with ASX CGC
principles and recommendations. The financial analysis is conducted through comparing
profitability ratios from its annual reports. The results show that BOQ has achieved a strong margin
(22%) and shareholder returns (6.3%) and is working towards attaining diversification. It currently
has a very minor focus on the sustainability due to low carbon footprint but is thriving to move
towards a more sustainable environment. BOQ should create a carbon disclosure checklist (See
Appendix 1) to determine the extent to which these variables have on climate change.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
BOQ is one of the oldest retail banks in Australia. It is one of the top 100 ASX listed companies
with a market capitalisation of $4.45b . It largely operates with a network of 252 branches including
corporate and owner managed branches. It operates predominantly in Queensland and has access to
over 3000 ATMs. Its recent acquisition with Investec Bank in July 2014 has contributed a net profit
of $19m to the bank. Its current focus is on improving customer satisfaction and expanding its
broker channels. The bank is currently looking into progressing its technology of online banking and
expand its consumer
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The Effects Of Climate Change On The World
With climate change being upon us, the time to act is now. Evidence of drastic climate changes
include the following: record low polar ice caps during the summer of 2012, record drought in
California, excessive flooding in the eastern half of Texas and record heat in India. This is all
evidence of what our "normal" climate will be like in the future. If we don't act right now, we will
live in a world where cities along the coast like Miami, New York and New Orleans will be partially
underwater. Record breaking heatwaves like the Chicago Heatwave of 1995 and the European
Heatwave during the summer of 2003 will become a normal occurrence. Furthermore, polar bears
will become extinct, since there will be little to no ice in the arctic during the next few years and
decades. Therefore, we must be cautious of the actions that we take right now, since the future of our
planet is heavily dependent on it. Increased burning of fossil fuels and rising greenhouse gases have
both boosted the rate of climate change to unprecedented lengths that we have never seen before. If
we don't reduce greenhouse gases, we will live in a world that is "anywhere from 1.8C (3.24F)
warmer (low emissions scenario) to 4C (7.2F) warmer (high emissions scenario) by 2050."
(Freeman & Guzman 1545) Either way, coastal regions will have to cope with rising sea levels,
receding coastlines and flooding that could endanger the lives of many. Considering this, the big
question is "how has the U.S. engaged with the

The Capitalist Neo Liberal System Essay
The anthropogenic circumstance of Climate Change engenders the phenomenon whereby humanity
must attempt to save itself from the problems of its own doing. As global conditions destabilise,
drastic international action is required to mitigate climate change (Bierman, 2014). This essay will
analyse the current capitalist neo–liberal system to determine its capacity to facilitate collective
international action. Such analysis will draw upon examples of the Kyoto Protocol and China's
integration into the global market as cases of the influence of neo–liberalism. Marxist theorists
Harvey and Cox are utilized in order to evaluate these influences of the current framework,
revealing patterns of labour and environmental exploitation as key features (Harvey, 1998). In
gaining a critical perspective of the influence of capitalist neo–liberalism on global politics, it is
possible to derive the need to consider the reconstruction of the currently idolised eco–political
system. Although a cautious approach is required in criticising neo–liberal capitalism, its influence
on global exploitation is indisputable.
Capitalist industrialisation appears as a key catalyst for the drastic increase of emissions, deeming
global warming "rooted in historical patterns of capitalist development" (Vlachou & Konstantinidis,
2013 pp.33). Scientists claim that today's environment has been influenced by humanity to the
extent that a new epoch in geological time has been reached (Bierman, 2014). This

Accounting Is The Preeminent And Complex Dialect Of Business
As an aftereffect of monetary, mechanized, and technological advancements, diverse concentrated
fields in accounting has developed, wherein accounting is the preeminent and complex dialect of
business. According to the Committee on Terminology of American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA), "Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a
significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least, of a
financial character, and interpreting the results thereof". To make it more simpler, accounting is the
act of recording, classifying, summarizing the monetary terms of the business in a substantial
manner in order to achieve the output that aids in decisions making process, creation of policies and
for the expansion of the entire organization. Currently, the accounting field of study has enhanced its
area from number crunching to the other relevant areas that influence the organizations in an
exceptionally remarkable manner. It is evident that the organizations are not just concerned in
finding the financial position of the business but as well the effect it exercises on the society all in
all. This has lead to the emergence of corporate social responsibility (Sustainability accounting)
wherein an organization is responsible not only for its financial outcomes but also how it deals with
the society, environment and the economy. Numerous studies have been performed keeping in mind
to develop certain

Essay On Climate Change
The establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
has made efforts to address the effects of climate change. The goal of this convention to facilitate
international efforts discuss commitments to mitigation greenhouse gas emissions within
industrialized and developing countries through annual COPS. Throughout the years, the UNFCCC
has reached many negotiations that have both positive and negative outcomes.
One of the positive outcomes of the UNFCCC is that it has facilitated the international communities
to make contribution to mitigate effects of climate change based on the principle of common, but
differentiated responsibilities (243). This principle is essential because the North and South ... Show
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To make matter worst, the U.S withdraw from the signing of the Kyoto Protocol (243). The
UNFCCC could not do anything about these results because it does not have the power to shift the
attitudes of countries to truly embrace an ecocentric lens or practice sustainability for the betterment
of the environment.
Although the results of Kyoto Protocol should not be celebrated, the UNFCCC should still be given
at least some credit for its effort. Another positive outcome from the UNFCCC is that has facilitate
negotiations in the Marrakesh Accord for developed countries to pledge 172.84 million for the
Least–Developed Country Fund to help developing countries secure financial resources to meet
future commitments to mitigate effect of climate change (246). Furthermore, the UNFCCC has
implemented the Paris agreement signed by many countries to reduce emissions and pledge to aid
less developed countries. According to Scientific Journals, China emissions will peak mid 2020s and
does pledge $3.1 billion in aid to climate–vulnerable countries (Holden et.al). Although the Paris
agreement did lead to a positive outcome, the United States withdrawal from Paris is still a negative
outcome. It further highlights the UNFCCC inability to keep a heavy polluter to engage in
sustainability or embrace an ecocentric lens.
The main stumbling block in the outcomes of the UNFCCC is that countries involved in

Essay about Marks and Spencer
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Topic chosen .........................................................................................2 1.2 Reason for choosing
the topic ............................................................... ....3 1.3 Research
approach..................................................................................5
1.4 Aims and objectives of the research.............................................................. 5
2. Information gathering
2.1 Sources of information ............................................................................7 2.2Liabrary
research...................... ..............................................................9 2.3 Limitations of information
gathering .............................................................10 2.4 Explanation of accounting techniques
............................................................11
3. Analysis and presentation
3.1 Financial analysis
General overview
Revenue analysis .......................................................................................13
Profitability
(i) Gross profit margin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These topics gives a chance to explore and develop business analysis ability, financial ratio
calculation and interpretation skills. This project gives an opportunity to deal with a public Co.
financial statement and allows transfer of theoretical knowledge into practical skill.
I developed my interest on M&S, one of the largest retailers in UK and significant international
presence, during my study of other entity's profile. As an ethical entity M&S earned respect from
people. Fairtrade and Plan A was very much appreciated by all level of people. Plan A dramatically
increase the environmental sustainability of the business with in 5 years and expected to cost £ 200
million. The Plan covers 100 commitments over 5 years to address the key social and environmental
challenges facing M&S today and in the future. The commitment span five themes: climate change,
waste, sustainable raw materials, fair partnership and health, with the aim that by 2012. It will
· Become carbon neutral
· Send no waste to landfill
· Extend sustainable sourcing
· Help improve the lives of their supply chain
· Help customers and employees live a healthier life style ( source: wikipedia)
Marks and Spencer has strong trading relationships across the world. The company is a secular

organization embracing all cultures, nationalities, races and religions. They don't support or
themselves to any country, nations, states, Governments,

Deutsche Bank Sustainability Essay
Who They Are
Deutsche Bank, as stated by Wikipedia's Deutsche Bank page, was founded in 1870 as a specialist
bank for foreign trade in Berlin. They now are a global financial service bank headquartered in
Frankfurt, Germany with the investment bank division head–quartered in London, United Kingdom.
DB is a leader in Europe and is continuously growing in North America, Asia and key emerging
markets. They currently have more than 100,000 employees in 73 countries
Deutsche Bank's mission statement is: "We compete to be the leading global provider of financial
solutions, creating lasting value for our clients, our shareholders, our people and the communities in
which we operate" ("Company," Deutsche Bank). They do this by promoting ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Institutional Asset Management sector of DB "offers a full complement of strategies in both
traditional and alternative asset classes, which can be tailored to meet the needs of institutional
clients with flexible return targets, benchmarks and other parameters." ("Institutional Asset
Management," Deutsche Bank) Climate change is becoming a large economic concern and change
for the better will require a lot of capital investment over decades. For this reason there are amazing
new investment opportunities available to combat the issues relating to climate change and global
warming. This is where DB comes in to offer institutional investors access to these opportunities, as
well as a wide range of investment strategies that incorporate their responsible investment criteria.
Evidence of Environmental and Social Reporting
DB has established sustainability and social responsibility in all aspects of how the bank is run They
could do more to provide information on how the bank itself is currently being sustainable as this
information isn't readily available
Environmental Reporting
Environmental protection and

The Kyoto Protocol ( Kp )
Introduction: Increasingly high atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration is causing global
warming. If GHG emissions are not reduced drastically, global mean temperatures will continue to
rise to dangerous levels. Such drastic reduction in GHG emissions is only possible with international
cooperation.
With this in mind, the Kyoto Protocol (KP) was devised. The ultimate goal of the KP was
synonymous to that of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
to "prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"(United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2014). To achieve this, the KP outlined several goals
that include:
1. GHG emissions reduction and increased energy efficiency in developed countries,
2. Minimization of GHG emissions increases in developing countries, and
3. Promotion and research of sustainable practices and phasing out of unsustainable practices
(United Nations, 1998).
The KP includes specific emissions targets for developed countries that range from an 8% decrease
to a 10% increase from 1990 levels (United Nations, 1998).
In this paper, the following aspects of the KP will be examined:
1. One challenging aspect of international climate change negotiations,
2. The successes and failures of the agreement,
3. Contributing factors to the successes and failures of the agreement, and
4. Overall agreement assessment. The Challenge of Climate Change Negotiations: Internationally,
climate change

Cause And Effect Of Climate Change
Climate change has always been an environmental issue, however, recently climate change has also,
become a prominent political issue. Despite contrary belief, climate change and global warming are
two different phenomena. Climate change pertains to the Earth's temperature, for example, humidity,
clouds, or even wind. While global warming solely pertains to the greenhouse gases distributed to
the earth's atmosphere. One, cause of climate change are the natural occurrences. Volcanic eruption
disperses many greenhouse gases into the atmosphere; the gases lay as a layer instead of submerging
into the atmosphere (Global Warming and Climate Change). The second, cause of climate change is
human faults. For example, burning or producing fossil fuels from landfills or livestock. The effects
of climate change are devastating. Starting with the temperature rising can cause wildfire or
droughts, moving to oceans, heating up causing hurricanes. Later, the drastic change in climate may
result in the extinction of land and sea life Many countries around the world see the destruction and
are willing to make an effort to stop climate change. 195 countries came together for the cause and
created an Agreement known as the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement is put in place to
strengthen the global response to climate change, however, the Trump administration feels the terms
are not beneficial to the U.S.
Prior to the Paris Agreement, dating back to 1995, the amount of greenhouse gas released concerned
many countries. For that reason, in 1995 many countries came together in Kyoto,
Japan and negotiated the Kyoto Protocol treaty (Global Warming and Climate Change). The Kyoto
Protocol treaty demanded that industrialized countries reduce their greenhouse emissions by a
definite percentage in the course of five years (Global Warming and Climate Change). This sounded
ideal to many countries, however, problems quickly arose with certain countries. The Kyoto
Protocol treaty was mostly favored by developed countries. But, the U.S felt it was unfair that China
and India produced the most greenhouse gases but, were seen as undeveloped countries so, they
were not required to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions. Also, the U.S felt that

Sustainable Investing : Is It Got Started, Let 's Scale It...
Sustainable Investing: Now that it got started, let's scale it up!
Climate change, Demographic changes, food security and other emerging global trends present both
risks and opportunities for investors to explore new markets and sectors. Trillions of dollars will be
required, from both public and private sectors, to finance sustainable development. According to a
report from the Global Sustainable Investing Alliance, total assets allocated in sustainable investing,
an investment approach that considers environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors in
portfolio selection and management, have expanded dramatically in recent years, rising from $13.3
trillion in 2012 to reach a total of $21.4 trillion at the start of 2014. This is a remarkable
accomplishment, however, it scratches only the surface, when compared to $294 trillion of global
financial assets.
Unlocking more capital from the investment community can help strengthen the global economy
while producing long–term value for investors. Nevertheless, scaling up sustaining investing would
be driven by the following elements: i) developing better financial products that meet investor goals
and performance expectations, and ii) strengthening the ecosystem, including the information
infrastructure, skills and incentives.
A great part of the elements is already in place, mostly driven by asset owners and corporations. Yet,
to create the most promising environment for ESG investing, a collective effort among stakeholders

Tesco
MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION FOR DECISION MAKING
MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION FOR DECISION MAKING
Maria del Mar Sanchez: 10044329
Tutor: Geraint Evans
Maria del Mar Sanchez: 10044329
Tutor: Geraint Evans
Contents INTRODUCTION 2 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL USERS 3 Customers 3 Competitors
3 Shareholders² 4 Managers 4 Suppliers 4 Employees 5 OBJECTIVES 6 Maximize shareholders
wealth 6 Growth 6 Satisfaction 7 Profit maximization 7 Maximize sales 7 Ratios Analysis 9 Return
on Shareholders' Funds (%) 9 Return on Capital Employed (%) 10 Stock Turnover (x) 11 Current
and liquidity ratio (x) 12 Gearing (%) 12 BUDGETING 14 CONCLUSION 17 REFERENCES 18
INTRODUCTION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes the company look good and they can afford to do this from good financial skills.
Decisions like this make a good profit in the long run and all in all this is why it is so important to
have a good management team.
Tesco have also created a website called "tescofarming.com" for the purpose of sharing knowledge
of produce and improving communication in the supply chain.
Employees
Employees are essential to a well–functioning business and to provide quality service to consumers.
It is important for the business to care for their staff, making sure that they are happy with working
conditions etc. and this is right up there with the importance of financial matters, because customer
service is another key to returning customers, and if there is not a happy worker then there won´t be
good customer service.
The productivity of any organization depends on the satisfaction of the employees, as happier
employees also make more profit as they work faster and harder.
Tesco now employs half a million people around the world, making it Europe's biggest private
sector employer.
Employees need the financial information in order to make collective bargaining agreements (CBA)
with the management and in discussing their compensation, promotion and rankings.

OBJECTIVES
Maximize shareholders wealth
The main objective of a business is to maximize its worth and the

Canada's Role in the Kyoto Accord
Canada's Role in the Kyoto Accord
The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international agreement, which began in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. As
of June 2013, there were a total of 192 parties participating in the Kyoto Protocol, Canada was no
longer one of them. Canada was one of the first to sign the agreement, in 1998; more than 4 years
later, Canada formally approved the Kyoto Accord, in 2002 ("CBC.ca – Timeline: Canada and
Kyoto"). This meant Canada would have to decrease its emissions, by 6% in comparison to 1990
levels (461 Mt), by the year 2012. Despite some efforts, Canada failed to meet these requirements
and in fact increased total emissions by roughly 24% by the year 2008. Canada formally withdrew
from the Kyoto Accord in 2011, avoiding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If Canada had undergone the required change, it was believed to have cost over ten billion. Although
we should be involved in saving the earth, the amount of money is too big of a price to pay, and we
will never know how much it would take to reduce greenhouse gases to that of the agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol does not benefit Canada because it is unfair and too costly. The countries
involved are not treated fairly, especially Canada. Some of the world's largest polluters, such as
China and India, are exempt from the first half of the Protocol and large polluters such as the US
didn't choose to ratify the agreement. Secondly, Kyoto allows some industrialized countries, such as
Russia and New Zealand, to make no cuts, and even permits some places, like Iceland, to emit more
greenhouse gasses (Torrie and Parfett et al.). Finally, Canada will need to provide developing
countries with funding to help them reach their reduction goals ("Canada's Kyoto Protocol Targets
and Obligations"). Canada has more to lose with the Protocol than other countries and many other
countries are not giving any funding at all. Every country that is signed on to the Kyoto agreement
should be treated equally, and there should be no exceptions. For these reasons, the Kyoto Protocol
will have little effect on the earth's

Management and Study Unit
COVER UNISA CENTRE FOR BUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME IN PURCHASING
AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE 2 PURCHASING AND
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PPSM026
i
© 2011 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by the University of
South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria Author: Ms Irma Fourie
PPSM026/1/2011–2013
ii
PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT (PPSM026) CONTENTS TOPIC 1: THE
PURCHASING FUNCTION: AN OVERVIEW The purchasing function in perspective The task of
purchasing and supply management Purchasing processes and procedures
Study unit 1: Study unit 2: Study unit 3: TOPIC 2:
MANAGING THE SUPPLY BASE Purchasing and supply strategy and policies Evaluation and
selection of suppliers
Study unit 4: Study unit 5: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You will remember something better if you understand it. We therefore suggest that you always
follow the study guide when working through the prescribed book. One of the best ways to ensure
that you understand the material is to summarise the theory in your own words. Work through one
study unit at a time. The first tutorial letter, which accompanies this study guide, contains a
proposed study programme that you can follow to ensure that you finish working through all the
prescribed sections before the examination. The study programme also makes provision for adequate
revision before the examination. If you follow the study programme and work through the study
guide and prescribed book carefully, you can rest assured that you will know and understand the
work and be able to apply it in practice. Wishing you every success, and enjoy this module!
PRESCRIBED STUDY MATERIAL The following is an exposition of the study units and the
corresponding parts in the prescribed book: STUDY UNIT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CORRESPONDING CHAPTER IN PRESCRIBED BOOK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
viii
ICONS USED IN THIS STUDY GUIDE The icons that will be used in this learning guide are
listed below, together with a description of what each means: Icon Description
Mind map. Mind maps are provided to help you to see the relationship between various parts of the
learning material. Learning outcomes. The learning outcomes indicate

Macromolecules
Synthetic Diamonds: Better a diamond with flaws than a pebble without.
Diamonds are essentially made out of carbon atoms. They are solids that can go through the process
of high temperature and high pressure. (Pilgrim, 2011) It is known to man that diamonds are the
hardest material on the earth. (Sean, 2008) With a melting point of 3550 ℃and a boiling point of
4827 C. As you can see above that diamonds have an extremely high melting point (m.p) and a high
boiling point (b.p.) The pressure to produce diamonds are also in extreme conditions, diamonds are
produced with a temperature range of 900 and 1300 degrees Celsius. Then put under pressure of
725,000 pounds per square inch. (World of Carbon, n.d.) Diamonds have these properties ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(wikipedia contributors, 2011) However there is also a advantage for mining diamonds. This is most
effective in Africa, diamonds is an essential part in Africa to increase the economic growth and
therefore again increasing the GDP per capita in Africa. Some statistics have shown that if there
wasn't diamond mining in Africa.(DTC Indian Diamond shortage, n.d.) Africa will be in a even
worse situation. An approximate 65% of the diamonds comes from Africa and some African
countries such as Namibia have an annual export earning of 40%, therefore an big impact in the
Namibia society. Also there it is known that because of diamond industry in Botswana children are
able to have free education until the age of 13. (DTC Indian Diamond shortage, n.d.) Therefore from
these sources it is shown that although the profit that is earned by mining diamonds are used in an
incorrect way. However there are also positive impact on the society, as said above. Semiconductors
benefit our society in a way that helps our society a lot. Such as the investment on technology that
these semiconductors brought to the society. The world as we known is shaped by our technology to
some extent. (Science 360, n.d) The microchip is an revolutionary change

Financial Aspect Of Climate Risk Management
Financial Aspect of Climate Risk Management
Climate change is a lethal and destructive force. In the recent past major climatic events like floods,
tsunamis etc. have led to substantial destruction of wealth. Such events have highlighted the need of
mechanisms for risk sharing of the losses and restoring the lost human and infrastructural capital.
The climate change agreement declared on December 12, 2015 was one of the highlights of the year.
It showcased the resolve of various nations in fighting climate change. It was a welcome change
from Copenhagen.
Climate Change and its Effects
The major target for financial sector is to provide jobs, economic welfare to the thriving population,
without damaging environmental balance. It is the role of the financial sector to help in managing
climate risk and help society recuperate from it. Any climate risk directly or indirectly affects the
financial sector in a huge manner. Whenever a climatic catastrophe occurs, the number of insurance
claims rise exponentially. Global Insurance claims have risen from 5.1 billion US dollars annually in
the 1970's to 27 billion US dollars per year in 2014.
Figure 1: Losses due to various climate scenarios Source: World Resources Institute
Climate variability also affects agricultural sector in a major way. It affects food availability and
security and may lead to rise of poverty as well. As a natural calamity affects the agricultural sector,
it leads to loss of income of agriculture

The Development Of Waste Management Facilities
Third to First World Problems As a country develops the infrastructure for the country, must be
established or develop at a rate fast enough to compensate for the countries growth. If the basic
service infrastructure does not develop at a fast enough rate or is not established properly, people
that are in poorer communities or of a lower class are over looked or mistreated in the way the
service is constructed around them. One of the most visible ways this can be seen is the
development of waste management facilities. Communities whose members are at an economical
disadvantage tend to be where industrial and waste management facilities are created. This is a
phenomenon known as Not In My Back Yard. This phenomenon is seen all over the world, one
country that has had to deal with the establishment of an infrastructure in recent years is Brazil. As
Brazil has grown the infrastructure for the country had a need to grow with it. In 2005 Brazil hit a
turning point, President Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva and his administration, made waste management
one of their top priorities. As Brazil's population, economics, and urbanized areas grew, so did the
amount of waste that they produced. The facilities that were in place in 2005 were subpar and over
whelmed in the more urbanized parts of Brazil. In some urban locations the strain was so great that
the facilities were falling apart. Over the next several pages many topics will discussed that involve
many facets of waste

The Kyoto Protocol: An Attempt to Manage Global Warming...
The Kyoto protocol is one of the most important treaties signed in contemporary days. It has great
limitations and is yet to evolve to another level, but it addresses an issue that affects not one, two or
ten countries – it affects the entire world. That is why countries have to work and cooperate to create
a binding legal document that sets specific standards to greenhouse gas emissions.
In recent decades we have witnessed a gradual change in our environment. Our planet is heating up
very quickly which leads to the so called global warming. Humanity has come to understand that its
actions are the cause of this warming. The industries of our industrialized countries emit an
enormous amount of green–house gases such as carbon dioxide ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, these everyday changes are insignificant when compared to the enormous pollution
caused by production facilities of all sorts. This is why the leaders of the most advanced countries
have realized that something must be done on a larger scale. Their answer to the issue is the Kyoto
Protocol. This protocol is a part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). It has been open for signing since December 1997 and is operational since 2005 and
currently more than 160 countries have ratified it. It incorporates a number of legally binding
commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Countries that have signed the protocol agree to
cut their emissions to a level slightly bellow the level in 1990 (there are variations in percentage and
base year). The idea is to make a distinction between two levels of countries – Annex 1 and non–
Annex 1 countries. Annex 1 countries are considered to be more dangerous to the environment so
they have to make specified cuts in their emissions or suffer a penalty. Non–Annex 1 countries are
generally developing nations are presuming their economic level is not that high – they are not
required to cut emissions, rather to monitor the process and prepare for action. The Kyoto Protocol
is only the first step in this direction. What is astonishing is that this is one of the few treaties that
has an almost universal participation around the world. Country leaders have recognized the need
for a

Kyoto Protocol And The Protocol
As a basic description the Kyoto Protocol is a document, which legally binds all member countries
that are classified as 'developed' to meet specific emission reduction targets. The protocol brings
with it several 'Commitment periods', which as the name suggests are periods of time by which
member states are bound to the protocol. The initial commitment period began in 2008 and ceased in
2012. The next began in 2013 and will end in 2020. Currently there are 192 member states to the
protocol. It has been determined that developed countries are primarily responsible for the current
elevated levels of Greenhouse gases (GHG). The Kyoto Protocol puts heavier goals on the
developed countries based on the idea of differentiated but common responsibilities. The Protocol
dictates that there are six primary Greenhouse gases identified as contributing the most harm to the
natural environment, these being: Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Hydro fluorocarbons,
Per fluorocarbons and Sulfur Hexafluoride (U.S. EPA, N.D.)
Each nation has their own individual targets. The average target was a cut of roughly 5%, in
comparison to the levels in the atmosphere in 1990 and 2012 (The Guardian, 2012). Some countries
have a different approach to the protocol than others. An example of this is the United States, which
is yet to ratify the protocol and also happens to be the second largest total emitter (second to China)
and largest emitter per capita of greenhouse gases in the world (M.

Environmental Issues Of The Planet
Environmental Issues
Name:
Institution:
Environmental Issues
Introduction
The sustainability of the planet has become an issue of contention in the recent past due to numerous
environmental issues. Human activities have brought about various climate changes that may bring
about the extinction of the human race on earth. Issues such as climate change, recycling, sewage,
ozone, pollution have all been addressed in the Kyoto protocol, but the proposed solution in this
protocol have not been fully implemented by the countries across the globe. The world has changed
due to the environmental issues that affect us in a negative manner. It is important to keep in mind
that various steps have been taken so as to address the environmental issues and to bring about
favorable conditions as a result of the human activities. Secondly, there are bound to be
disagreements and disputes in the measures that will be adopted when responding to these
environmental issues. The aim of this paper is to discuss the environmental issues by determining
their consequences to the sustainability of the planet. Some of the topics discussed in this paper
include climate change, recycling, sewage, ozone, pollution and the Kyoto protocol just to name but
a few. Many countries around the world have adopted innovative technologies due to the sensitive
nature and the need for a rapid response. These technologies will help to reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases. An example of

Fossil Fuels : The World 's Primary Energy Resources
Fossil Fuels such us oil, coal, and natural gas are currently the world's primary energy resources
because they originate from living things. Formed millions of years ago from the decomposition of
organic materials such as plants and animal life, it is non–renewable resources that supplied U.S.
and global economic development over the past century. In fact, Fossil fuel industries mine or drill
for this energy resources, burn them to provide electricity. Natural gas and oil are used when it
comes to heating and cooling. Oil is predominantly and most important resource responsible for
transportation fuel and generate heat. Thus fossil fuels have served the mankind and are still one of
the most useful tools for human existence. The world ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research by Everett (2012) supports that coal is the primary form of energy used in the United
States each day, accounting for one–third of the nation's total energy production (Everett, 2012). It is
the source of 50% of the electricity generated nationwide. It comprises 90% most abundant fossil
fuel energy resource in America.
Advantages to the use of fossil fuels as energy sources
Natural Gas Research by Schimel (2007) illustrates that 98.5% of the natural gas we use in United
States comes from right here in North America (Schimel, 2007). One of the advantages in using
natural gas is that it benefits the environment because it burns cleanly. The chemical process for
natural gas has fewer impurities; it is less chemically complex thus less byproducts are defused into
the atmosphere as pollutants. It also produces LESS nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide compared to
other commonly used fossil fuels. They are also economical and efficient because the natural gas is
channeled directly to the people's home through the safe, efficient pipeline system. Whether the sun
is shining or the wind is blowing hard, will not damage the pipeline system because it is made from
steel or plastic tubes which are usually buried. Lastly, there is an abundant supply of natural gas,
heats our homes, cooks our meals, provides 24% of the nation 's electricity, powers vehicles, and
fuels industrial facilities.

Climate Change And Its Effect On The Environment
Climate change is an issue that has the potential to affect the environment, communities and the
world economy. Scientists advise climate change will cause increases to the likelihood of extreme
weather events. Rising sea levels are at significant risk to coastal areas and communities, while the
world's oceans could become acidic which would destroy and fail to support coral reefs and other
marine organisms (Climate Change Australia – Dept. Of The Environment 2014). The main cause of
climate change, which is also known as Global Warming, is widely spread. It is mostly caused by
the emission of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere in many ways;
including through the burning of fossil fuels and by deforestation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Australia's electricity emissions are high because we mostly rely (77%) on coal for electricity and
coal is the most greenhouse–intensive fuel (WWF). Australia has the highest per capita greenhouse
gas emissions. The per–capita carbon footprint in Australia was rated 12th in the world by PNAS in
2011, considerably large when taking into account the small population of the country. According to
the CSIRO and Garnaut Climate Change Review, climate change is expected to have multiple
effects on many species, regions, activities and infrastructure and areas of the economy and public
health in Australia. The Australian Climate Commission (closed as of 2013) had created reports to
highlight the likely impacts of climate change according to different regions. According to these
reports in 2012, heat waves, bush fires and flooding will only get worse and intensify each time
because of the climate change. This will worsen the impacts on people, property, communities and
the environment.
Australia's high fire risk increases the risks related to change in temperature and climate. Australia 's
population is highly condensed in coastal areas, and Australia's tourism industry depends on the
health of the Great Barrier Reef and other fragile ecosystems (Pittock, Barry 2007). Australia has
one of the worlds largest and diverse ecosystems, this poses an extreme threat because these
ecosystems are most fragile and are at risk of damage if exposed to climate change. The

Essay on Managing Financial Principles and Techniques
BTEC Level 7
Advanced Professional Diploma in Management Studies
Managing Financial Principles and Techniques
Prepared for:
McCain's Board of Directors
By
Arslan Irshad Dar
Tooting and Broadway consults
12 June 2010
Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................1
Merits of accounting rate of return..............................................................................................1.1
Demerits of accounting rate of return.........................................................................................1.2
Merits of Payback ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McCain's investment in alternate energy and waste lagoon together will cost 150 millions with a
possible cost of capital 15% per annum. So, McCain therefore need to evaluate profitability,
feasibility and cost effectiveness of both project in long run.
We as financial consultants at Tooting Broadway consult presenting this formal report on the issues
raised by Finance Director to the Board of Director of McCain.
Investment Appraisal
Standard techniques of quantitative investment appraisal in business today are the payback time
method, the internal rate of return (IRR) and the Net Present Value (NPV), Accounting Rate of
Return (ARR) rule accompanied with a sensitivity analysis and often also scenarios. The central
argument is that the standard techniques fail to capture management's flexibility to adapt and revise
later decisions in response to market development. Below are the few merits and demerits of these
Investment appraisal techniques.
Merits of Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
 It is very simple to understand and use.
 Rate of return may readily be calculated with the help of accounting data.

 They system gives due weight age to the profitability of the project if based on average rate of
Return. Projects having higher rate of Return will be accepted and are comparable with the returns
on similar investment derived

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Climate change. It has been on all of our minds as more and more controversy and panic are induced
by new data being collected all the time. The very thought of it as the truth begins to fade into the
foreground is enough to make many people sick. As this problem begins to take political forefronts,
the question is, what are we going to do about it? Fortunately, public opinion and political concern
as it has in the past and still does, has motivated individuals and even entire nations to take action
against the upcoming threat. However, not all individuals are open to the truth of the existence and
significance of climate change.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was an agreement that
was meant to keep emissions to a low enough level that they would not affect the future of the
climate. The annex 1 nations were expected to maintain their emission levels at that or lower than
1990 levels. Non–annex 1 countries, however, were not bound to any restrictions or action
pertaining to their emissions, and in addition to that, no mandatory scale or limit was added to the
amount of time that was allowed until actions were taken. (UNFCCC)
Following the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto
Protocol was meant to put a timescale on the project of reducing emissions all the while naming
more specific greenhouse gases to be reduced and giving examples of the means to do so. This
means that not only will action be required by the countries bound to the protocol, but now they
would have a list of specific greenhouse gases to focus upon and also have a list of things that they
could do to reduce their emissions. The Kyoto protocol regulates six different kinds of greenhouse
gas. These six greenhouse gases are as follows: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
(Kyoto Protocol). The Kyoto Protocol regulates these emissions differently for each individual
country. Some countries are required to lower their emissions by as much as eight percent below
1990 levels while others merely have to freeze their emissions at that level. Some countries that emit
very little

Al Gore Famously Stated On The Threat Of Climate Change
Al Gore famously stated on the threat of climate change "The good news is, we have everything we
need now to respond to the challenge of global warming. . . . But we should not wait, we cannot
wait, we must not wait." In the early 2000s, the international community was uncertain on how best
to address climate change and ensure the world's increasing development was sustainable. In 2008,
the World Bank launched the "Strategic Framework for Development and Climate change" to jump–
start public and private sector action against climate change. Included in these proposals was the
issuance of "Green Bonds", an innovative method of encouraging investment in environmental and
sustainable development projects across the globe. Green bonds have ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In response, the private sector crafted voluntary regulations for issuers known as the Green Bond
Principles.
Part III of this Comment will analyze the liabilities of voluntary prescription in the industry. Due to
the lack of a definitive verification process, American municipal bonds are particularly vulnerable to
investment in unhelpful green projects. New laws and regulations may turn off some investors
hoping to cash in on the tax–exempt investment grade bonds. Both issuers and recipients of the
bonds will need to decide whether they care more about making green or being green. Part III of this
Comment will also outline how investors in green bonds can use class action lawsuits to sue issuers
who mislead them or greenwash their projects for non–sustainable purposes.
Part IV of this Comment will recommend definitive solutions for the green bond industry. First, the
Securities Exchange Commission Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and the
Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") through cooperative action should issue a conclusive
definition of what a "green project" is. Secondly, this Comment will recommend the Municipal
Securities Rulemaking Board ("MSRB") increase their disclosure laws for municipal issuers of
green bonds. Lastly, allowing class action

Disappearing Spoon Chapter Summary
The Disappearing Spoon written by author Sam Kean, is a book in where it talks about how the
elements from the periodic table play a huge role into where we stand today. Kean digs deep down
into where and how these elements were discovered or created. From the stories of the elements he
can tell the reader how it led to other stories of science, history, finance, mythology, the arts,
medicine, and more
Ch. 1
In Geography is Destiny, the author Sam Kean begins by going into the organization of the periodic
table. From there, he states that every element in the periodic table has a specific location where
they serve a purpose just like bricks in a castle. Deriving out of this analogy, he explains that from
the specific locations of the elements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He goes off and tells the story of Marie Cruz's findings of new elements and her deep love for
chemistry. Although Marie passes away, her legacy lives on through her daughter Irene Joliot–Curie.
Irene and her husband found a way to cultivate radioactive elements which allowed her to earn
Nobel Prize. Kean states that a great injustice was done to Lise Meitner, her discovery of
protactinium was not awarded with a Nobel Prize.
Ch. 13 In Elements as Money, Kean begins the chapter with the story about the famous prince
Midas, informing us that people during 3000 BC were unable to identify the distinct types of metals.
This lead to the creation of counterfeiting, asides from this idea came the fascination for gold.
Although these gold rushes were quite glorifying they had an aftermath, which consisted of the need
for housing supplies. From the gold rush, came the urgency for tellurium since it was able to be
broken down into gold. Towards the end of the chapter, aluminum is highlighted as important, at one
point it was valued more than gold.
Ch.

Nrg Code Of Ethics
September 09, 2017
Mauricio Gutierrez
CEO
NRG Energy, Inc.
804 Carnegie Center
Princeton, NJ 08540–6213
Dear Mr. Gutierrez,
It is with great enthusiasm that I submit my application for the financial analysis and strategy
associate position with NRG. Exploring through the comapny's website, I noticed that NRG
provides electricity services to more than 3 million residential and commercial customers all over
the country. It offers big businesses operation, maintainance, and repairing services of electricity
systems for their facilities. What differentiates NRG from similar companies is the generation of
power by clean and green means including solar, renewable, and carbon capture technology.
As a student at the University of Houston–Downtown ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
STRIVE represents Safety, Teamwork, Respect, Integrity, Value creation, and Exemplary leadership.
At NRG, safety is placed first. The goal of following the safety core value is no accidents,
accomplished by practicing preventive safety and commiting to return everyone back home.
Teamwork is necessary to conduct successful business and solve problems. As we work together to
accomplish our common goal of creating a sustainable energy future, we should avoid conflicts of
interest. Respect is not only shown for shareholders and customers, but also for the communities
where operations are conducted by our efforts to be environment–friendly. Integrity is emphasized
because it is the driving force behing NRG's business. This means that business should be conducted
in a clear way, without any gray areas or hidden purposes, and always making ethical decisions. We
strive to create maximum value for the Comapny's shareholders, customers, and colleagues by
protecting and using efficiently all of NRG's assets. Finally, everyone in the company are leaders
despite their job tittle. Leadership is exercised by basing our decisons on the core values, to support
NRG's mission and to create value. I would perfectly be able to adhere to NRG's Code of Conduct.
Integrity would be a major component in my daily job duties, as it would be my responsibility to
produce accurate information to disclaim to energy customers so they can make a

Global Warming Research Paper
Global warming is the heating of the atmosphere through the increase or surplus of greenhouse
gases. Acting as a blanket trapping heat that would normally escape the Earth. These greenhouse
gases are a result of excessive burning of fossil fuels, to fuel our technological dependent lives.
This results in an increase in Earth's average temperature which causes the melting of the polar ice
caps, rising sea levels,longer and more damaging wildfire seasons,more frequent and intense heat
waves, heavier precipitation and flooding, decline in the Arctic sea ice extent, widespread retreat of
Alpine glaciers,reduced snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere, ocean acidification, ocean
temperatures rising and the possible deglacification of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets.
The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) have conducted and collected research on
Global warming. Through observed temperature fluctuations from the beginning of the Consumer
Revolution when these greenhouse gases were first becoming more used to now. In the beginning of
the 20th century we used fossil fuels to power our automobiles and after the Consumer Revolution
we used it for every little thing from toasting our bread to fueling our homes. Fossil fuels are so
important to our lives as many things require gas or oil extract in order to be produced. Earth's
average temperature keeps increasing as we keep advancing with our technology. We are advancing
with our research of green energy

The Environment Of The Global Carbon Market
The Global Carbon Market is a vast and ever–changing market and an essential part of it is the
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In an effort to mitigate climate change, the carbon market
enables the trading of carbon credits to offset greenhouse gas emissions. One of the instruments
implemented under the Kyoto Protocol was the CDM enabling the buying and selling of Certified
Emission Reductions (CER's) between developed and developing countries. The encouraging of
sustainable development in developing countries to offset the emissions in developed countries is
the instruments main purpose. This paper aims to focus on the Clean Development Mechanism
while attempting to evaluate the instrument as a tool to mitigate climate change. To understand the
CDM, the origins of the policy tool will be presented along with a discussion about the instruments
used along with the CDM and a brief case study involving Malaysia and Denmark will be presented
as to present the real world application of the mechanism.
Relation of the CDM to the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
The preceding four decades have heralded in the awareness of anthropogenic climate change and
along with it, many solutions and ideas were proposed to mitigate the known negative effects. Much
more recently, a common solution has been the introduction of a policy instrument that sets to
regulate the emissions of the largest, voluminous, industrial polluters. It has been argued that the
more effective policies utilise a

The Mission Of Carbon Offsets
Our Mission The mission of Carbon Offsets To Alleviate Poverty (COTAP) is to empower
individuals and organizations in developed countries to address both climate change and global
poverty. COTAP counteracts your carbon emissions through certified forestry projects in least–
developed regions which create transparent, accountable, and life–changing earnings for rural
farming communities where income levels are less than $2 per day. The Problem In developing
regions around the world, hundreds of millions of people live in rural areas on less than $2 per day.
This level of poverty forces communities to make hard choices between food, health care, and
education. It is the poverty level where an estimated 11 million children die every year. Many of
these communities are not fits for traditional microfinance, which tends to be primarily urban, and
significant portions of their land are not suitable for agriculture. While there are many promising
technical innovations and development programs which can increase crop yields, there remains a
geographic limitation on markets where such increased yields can be sold. The result is that there are
farming communities all over the world who could be made much less economically vulnerable if
there were a way to generate significant supplemental income from non–crop land usage which did
not rely on physical distribution. The proven potential of small–scale forestry carbon projects
Small–scale afforestation, reforestation, and agro–forestry

Unfccc. The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate...
UNFCCC
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was opened for
signature in June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where it was signed by 155 States and the European Union
(EU), was then entered into force on 21 March 1994 having been approved by 193 States and the
EU as of January 2011. This Framework Convention on Climate Change acts as an alliance to
mediate disagreement involving many parties and lays the groundwork for successful agreements.
The fundamental goal of the UNFCCC is to minimise the concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere to an amount that avoids the threat of anthropogenic interference with the climate
system. As part of this goal the UNFCCC identifies the different economic, social and
environmental requirements of the parties and helps to keep the climate policies on the foundation
of justice in International Law. The Climate change policies also included national development
programmes and are not used as a process for unjustified judgment or restriction of international
trade.
Kyoto Protocol
Five years after the UNFCCC was entered into force the Kyoto Protocol was signed. The Kyoto
Protocol is an international treaty named after the Japanese city in where it was adopted in
December 1997. The aim of the Kyoto Protocol was to minimize the emission of six greenhouse
gases in 41 countries and put the European Union to 5.2 percent below 1990

Kyoto Protocol : Global Climate Change
Kyoto's Consequences
After growing concern over global climate change, the Kyoto Protocol was proposed in 1997 and
ratified in 2005. The protocol was created to address the issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
specifically aiming to reduce these emissions globally by giving each country specific goals and
percentages of reduction by 2012 relative to 1990 GHG levels1. The need for a global policy stems
from the systemic type of environmental problem being dealt with2. Although GHGs are created
locally, they affect the world as a whole through their spread in the atmosphere and their
contribution to rising average global temperatures. Therefore, their impacts are not local and the
entire world needs to come together to limit the rise of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, developed countries such as Canada and the USA would need to both reduce GHG
emissions and provide developing countries with technological and financial resources for
sustainable development4. The fear of economic cost related to the reduction of GHG emissions and
of falling behind some rapidly developing nations, made many countries reluctant to ratify the
protocol. The USA refused to sign the protocol unless developing nations like China also agreed to
limit their GHG emissions5. Canada, after having ratified the treaty, later backed out, following in
America's footsteps. The Kyoto protocol does not hold much authority, so in the case of Canada
backing out, no real sanctions can be applied7. In order to keep to their promises, countries must
face some kind of consequence for refusing to comply with a legally binding contract such as the
Kyoto protocol. Another difficulty faced by the treaty is the measuring of GHGs, these come with
often high percentages of error due to their sources6. It is therefore difficult to measure emissions
accurately and assess whether or not a target has been met.
2. Consequences & Legacy
The Kyoto protocol produced mixed success overall. Many countries did not meet their targets and
even ended up with more emissions than their baseline 1990 levels. Such countries include

Cimate Change: New Zealand’s Obligation to the Kyoto...
Climate change is described by the Oxford dictionary as being 'a change in global or regional
climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and
attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil
fuels'. Corporations have been faced with the need to protect our limited resources and environment
for future generations whilst also trying to meet the needs and wants of consumers today. This has
been defined as sustainability.
In 2006 New Zealand prime minister Helen Clarke declared that New Zealand should aim to be the
first country which is truly sustainable (Clarke, 2006). New Zealand has long promoted itself as
being a 'clean and green' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organizations may want to also use sustainability as a means of gaining competitive advantage over
their competition. For an organisation that does not enforce sustainability they may be painted to be
polluters or non–conformists to what has now become a huge social and political concern. Rising
concerns over sustainability have also impacted on the regulations that companies must abide by and
these can be quite expensive or can hinder production. Many of these new organizations will face
barriers when trying to implement sustainable processes. One of these barriers may be internal for
example resistance from staff to adopt changes. Another barrier faced by New Zealand organizations
was the difficulty in finding a recycling company to recycle plastics. Another major development
that organizations are being faced with is environmental reporting.
1. ETS: Describe emission trading schemes (ETSs) and what an ETSs might imply for a company. (
maximum 700 words)
The Kyoto protocol is an agreement between nations to enter into commitment to reach gas
reduction targets. These targets are not specified by the Kyoto Protocol. This initiative emerged
from the belief that developed nations were the main and highest contributors to the current high
levels of greenhouse gas emissions. This agreement was adopted in Kyoto Japan on the 11
December 1997. The Kyoto

Environmental Concerns Of Carbon Finance Essay
INTRODUCTION
Environmental concerns in general, and issues regarding climate change in particular, are not only
health and safety concern, but also a into corporate financial load, which involves chief executive
officers (CEOs) and chief financial officers (CFOs) as well as boards of directors. The reach of
Carbon Finance has left a few fields unaffected. It has reached one and all. Carbon finance makes
you liable for the green house emissions you generate.
Thus, carbon finance:
Represents one specific dimension of environmental finance.
Explores the financial risks and opportunities associated with a carbon constrained society.
Anticipates the availability and use of market–based instruments that are capable of transferring
environmental risk and achieving environmental objectives.
A variety of drivers influence the discipline of carbon finance, which in turn takes many forms. It is
shaped by national and international regulations, which require producers and consumers to emit
fewer greenhouse gases (GHGs), or to pay the price. Some of these regulations had their origin in an
earlier piece of legislation designed to curb air pollution, conserve energy, and promote renewable
energy. Others have been created by international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the
European Union Emission Trading Scheme.
Putting a price on greenhouse gas emissions will have a significant effect on country and company
bottom lines. Thus, we define carbon finance broadly in

The Impacts Of Climate Change
Climate Change
What is climate change exactly? Climate change happens when long–term weather problems occur.
For example: global warming can be a part of climate change because the weather changes and the
heat increase very slowly. Climate change is becoming a huge problem and is affecting the world's
ecosystems and communities. The world could become one huge oven or it won't. Nobody knows.
The Impacts of Climate Change
Some of the impacts of climate change are that severe thunderstorms and extreme weather events
like a drought, etc. Can happen. Which can ruin certain parts in our community. One of the biggest
worries that climate change has developed is how our water recourses can be affected and how there
may be some difficulties to gain access to water/clean water (David Suzuki foundation, 2017). The
forests in Canada are expected to be the most vulnerable to climate change these days. So, we really
have to watch out for our trees and nature. It's also become a huge threat to the health of our loved
ones and the children because of the spreading diseases caused by climate change.
Yes, no food mom dad phone
The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto protocol is an agreement that originated in Japan. It's an agreement that the government
settled on to stop pollution caused by greenhouse gas. It had to be developed by an agreement with
stricter policies and demands for reducing greenhouse gas. All of this started in the year of 1994 and
by 1995, the government discussed on a protocol.

Foreign Direct Investment ( Fdi )
Without a shred of doubt, globalization has deepened over the years and does not presently show
any credible signs of halting. According to the IMF for example;
As a percentage of the world's GDP, the value of cross–border trade increased from 42.1% in 1980
to 62.1% in 2007.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) improved from 6.5% of the world's GDP in 1980 to 31.8% in 2006.
In terms of minutes spent on international telephone calls, there was a per–capita increase from 7.3
in 1991 to 28.8 in 2006.
In terms of foreign workers, the numbers have increased from 78 million people (constituting 2.4%
of the global population) in 1965 to 191 million people (which constituted 3.0% of global
population) in 2005.
The integration of national ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The graph below sourced from the World Bank paint a vivid picture of how global poverty for
instance is dwindling as globalization becomes more entrenched. Notwithstanding, globalization is
Janus–faced; with its positives come attendant downsides. It is obvious that globalization has
created and/or sustained certain challenges for all countries in the world. For instance, as asserted by
Thomas Friedman, globalization has made the world flat. As posited by Friedman, ideals spread
very faster across states, poor countries have a vastly improved access to crucial information for
development hitherto restricted to countries making up the industrial world and the voting
population has access to information that some years back, only a closed circle of bureaucrats knew.
On the flip side, as posited by Pankaj Ghemawat, the world is not flat. According to Ghemawat,
there are niggling issues which have ensured that countries have benefited disproportionately and
inequitably from the positives of globalization.
Such challenges inherent in globalization hold the potential of derailing the positive development
that globalization assures. As such, it is important that this meeting of states is used to address some
of the most prominent challenges facing globalization. The challenges facing globalization may be
grouped broadly into two groups; the challenges caused by globalization and the challenges
militating against the promotion of

Global Warming And The Kyoto Protocol
This paper will be divided in three parts, beginning with a brief background on the global warming
agenda and tackle the issues surrounding the Kyoto Protocol. The second part will look at climate
change and the protocol from the respective lenses of realism and liberalism. I will argue that while
none of the theories precisely covers the entirety of the issue, each provides helpful analysis falls
short of clarifying the entire climate change picture. Can states cooperate effectively through the
structure of the Kyoto protocol to solve an international problem of global warming?" I. Global
Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
The study of the effects on global warming is nothing new, however, the climate change agenda has
only in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[15] President George W. Bush has not made any effort since that time to revive the

Proposed Clean Development Mechanism ( Cdm )
Another very common strategy is to sell "credits guaranteed delivery". This means that the seller
(often the fund manager) pay the difference if the proposed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
underlying does not provide the promised number of credits. This promise, particularly if it is made
by a well–capitalized financial institution makes offsets guaranteed more expensive than those that
are not guaranteed (Wanner: 2015; Kegley & Blanton: 2016). But as the investment contract
provisions are rarely made public, we can ask ourselves about what happened to the project
Timarpur Waste Management Company. The Luxembourg government funded this project through
its participation in the Asia Pacific Carbon Fund (APCF), up to $ 15 million, managed by the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) (UNEP, 2009) . According to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the project should begin issuing credits since April 2009, while the
construction of the plant waste in Delhi, India is expected to close only late 2012 (Bond: 2012). For
some reason, the fund manager decided to withdraw from the project in May 2010, without our
government knows why. No explanation either on the largest database of carbon market data, the
Carbon Market Data and even less in the usual sources of funds in question, which supports an
evaluation report by one of the departments the Asian Development Bank and confirms the lack of
data in transactions, as well as the social and environmental impact

Domestic Political Factors Affecting Foreign Environmental...
Selected Question:
A government's position in international environmental negotiations is often shaped by domestic
political factors. Pick one environmental regime (e.g., climate change, ozone, transboundary
pollution, etc.) and one country to show what sorts of domestic political factors and groups shape a
country's foreign environmental position.
Domestic Political Factors Shaping Foreign Environmental Position of USA
–––A Climate Change Perspective
Table of Contents
1．Introduction 4
2. The Efforts Made by International Community to Slow Down Climate Change and America
Refused to Undertake Obligation 4
3. Domestic Political Factors Making USA Refuse to Sign on Kyoto Protocol 6
4. Conclusion 9
Reference: 9
1．Introduction
Climate change refers to the great change that occurs in climate considered statistically significant
or climatic fluctuation that continues a while longer at some level on a global scale. Climate change
has already caused a series of environmental problems like global warming, which place a serious
influence on sustainable development of human society (Demeritt, 2001). The industrial gas
emission in developed countries is one of the main reasons that cause climate change. As a result,
the international community makes a lot of efforts on slowing down the course of climate change.
However, during the negotiation on environment problem internationally, position of any country is
not determined by the

Global Warming Is A Serious Issue
ntroduction
Global warming is a serious issue in our world that affects billions of living organisms and has the
potential to eradicate sustainable use of our planet's ecosystems. It therefore poses a grave threat to
not only animals, but also humans who rely on resources extracted from our ecosystems for
existence. The Kyoto Protocol was the first global greenhouse gas reduction treaty signed by
countries across the world. Since every country contributes to the rising number of greenhouse gases
into the air, it was crucial to have as many countries as possible be involved in its output reduction.
Furthermore, the effects of climate change can have significant negative outcomes on living things
as a whole including biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation and sea level rising (Effects of Global
Warming, Bradford). Since many of these negative environmental outcomes also effect humans
across the world, it had become essential and in the best interest of every country to find a way to
slow the amount of greenhouse gases being released.
The main objective of the Kyoto Protocol was to lower greenhouse gas emissions between 2008–
2012 by a collective target of 5% reduction for industrialized country signatories from their
emission count in 1990 (Robinson, Kyoto and Post–Kyoto). Furthermore, each country had targets
of their own set that they had to reach. For example, Japan signed on for a target decrease of 6%
while Iceland was allowed a maximum of 10% increase (Prins & Rayner,

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