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SOC 323 – Chapter 8Structural theorizingPatterns.docx
- 1. SOC 323 – Chapter 8 Structural theorizing Patterns of relationships that persist over time and place Cultural symbol systems Relations among social units constrained by: Network location of individuals Flow of resources Relations of reciprocity, power, and authority Development of cultural norms Configurations of integration among actors Composed of individuals integrated by status positions and roles Constrain the actions of individual Micro encounters generate commitment to the social structure through the arousal of positive emotions What is the social structure? Anthony Giddens
- 2. social structures exist in the ways people use rules and resources Individuals Rules Normative Signification codes Resources Authoritative Allocative From controlling material goods To control people Govern behavior
- 3. Create meaning How can we make sure everybody acts together when they’re not in the same place at the same time? Time-space distanciation How we stretch physical co-presence through time and space to pattern interactions Achieving social order Ways in which rules and resources are knowingly used by people in interaction modalities of structuration Lead to institutional orders Symbolic
- 4. Political Economic Legal Interpretive schemes Authoritative resources Allocative resources Norms What goes on inside of us as we create social order in
- 5. interaction? Reflexive Monitoring We watch the behaviors of others and monitor the flow of conversation Rationalization of action We provide reasons for what we do The micro level Discursive consciousness Our ability to produce rational verbal accounts of what we do Practical consciousness Our knowledge of how to exist and behave socially Unconscious process Non-verbal Influenced by two levels of consciousness Need to make the world routine and taken-for-granted Unconscious motivation for action Ontological security Trust with others
- 6. Reduction of anxiety about self-identity and the constancy of our environment Routinization and regionalization of interactions Routines Opening and closing rituals Turn-taking Tact Locales Physical space Contextual knowledge Vary by physical and symbolic boundaries, duration, span, charcter
- 7. Social positions Frames Key elements of structuration theory network theorizing Networks Bounded sets of individuals linked by the exchange of material or emotional resources The patterns of exchange determine the boundaries of the network. Members exchange resources more frequently with each other than with nonmembers
- 9. http://oracleofbacon.org/ Patterns and configurations of ties Number of ties directedness Reciprocity of ties
- 10. transitivity density cliques Strength of ties Exchange many resources, or often Exchange few resources, or irregularly Bridges, brokers, and centrality
- 11. equivalence Can network analysis help? W.E.B. DuBois Representation and consciousness
- 12. How have African Americans been represented?
- 13. This postcard, published circa 1908, shows a white minstrel team. While both are wearing wigs, the man on the left is in blackface and drag. Bert Williams was the only black member of the Ziegfeld Follies when he joined them in 1910. Shown here in blackface, he was the highest-paid African-American entertainer of his day.
- 15. Contemporary representations of race
- 18. Double consciousness Black identity White-dominated society African culture Internal conflict
- 19. What does it mean to be America? What does it mean to be Black? Accept ideology of racial supremacy Spiritual consciousness The concept of race
- 20. Pursue “ideals of life” Ancestry Language and traditions History The root of prejudice
- 21. Causes Poverty Ignorance Solution Education of the public Empirical research slavery
- 22. History as ideology What did you learn about African Americans in k-12 history classes?
- 23. Do your own research… Look for famous African Americans before 1960
- 24. Empirical research Gather information on African American lifes Find out the truth Work to improve their lives
- 25. Looked at history of slavery Looked at contemporary situation Slavery destroyed the African family Prejudice and discrimination hinder advancement Social change Findings (“The Philadelphia Negro”)
- 26. Prejudice Limits to interactions between races Qualified African Americans can’t get good jobs African Americans are not respected They accept menial jobs The impracticality of segregation
- 27. Interracial marriages happen Physical traits don’t differentiate race anyway Blacks have progressed after slavery No racial purity
- 28. Education, employment, culture There is no biological foundation for race World economy based on the interaction of many races Segregation goes against world trends What do we need to achieve racial equality?
- 29. Voting rights Social reforms Education (formal and informal) White supremacy as a system of global exploitation
- 30. The logic of imperialism
- 31. Capitalism relies on exploitation to increase profits Colonization of Africa to extract raw materials and cheap labor Impoverishment of black nations and black folks Conflict theories SOC 323 - Chapter 3 Activity As we review the various theories, think about analyzing recent incidents involving the police and African Americans When we are done, you will pick a theory and use it to analyze this issue
- 32. Early theories Marx, Weber, and Simmel Karl Marx "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle.” (Marx and Engels, 1848, Manifesto of the Communist Party). Materialist dialectic
- 34. Capitalists Own the means of production Control the economy Workers Sell their labor Exploited The classes of capitalism Bourgeoisie Proletariat Value and Exploitation
- 35. How much you sell for Production cost Added value Alienation
- 37. Overproduction Increased production Exceeds demand Production cutbacks Unemployment Economic crisis Increased competition
- 38. Marx’s Mistake: The path of history
- 39. Pre-class societies Asiatic societies Ancient societies Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Communism
- 41. The Production of Class Consciousness Level of Industrialization Level of communication and transportation technologies Level of worker concentration Level of worker education Level of production Level of commodification Level of worker communication Level of exploitation Level of alienation Level of class consciousness
- 43. + + + How can we use this to explain… Max Weber No, class conflict is not inevitable like Marx said. Critical conditions that withdraw political legitimacy
- 44. Correlation of dimensions of stratification Large gaps between levels of stratification Low rates of social mobility Dimensions of stratification Social class
- 46. Social categories Think about it… How do we fare in the US? Routinization of charisma
- 47. Charismatic leader Social change Rational-legal authority Bureaucracy Georg Simmel Capitalism is good! Conflict is good! The positive side of capitalism
- 48. Market societies Choice of occupation Freedom to join groups Impersonal Cut-throat Positive side of conflict If frequent but low in intensity and violence:
- 49. Regulation by law Increases sense of group boundaries Increases centralization of authority Increases group solidarity More likely in societies with high levels of structural interdependence Contemporary theories Ralf Dahrendorf How do groups organize to pursue conflict in situations of inequality?
- 50. Legitimate power Power Authority Imperatively coordinated associations President/CEO
- 51. Department head Team supervisor Team supervisor Department head Technicians
- 52. Latent and manifest interests Quasi groups Interest groups Conflict groups Latent power interest Manifest interests
- 53. Structure, members, goals Actively engaged in conflict Conditions of conflict Technical Members
- 54. Set of ideas/ ideology Political Ability to meet and organize Place Norms Legality Social Communication
- 55. Structural patterns of recruitment Dimensions of conflict Violence (more common at beginning)
- 56. Emotional involvement (+) Transcendent goals (+) Intensity Class organization (-) Sense of absolute to relative deprivation (+) Class organization (-) Explicitly stated rational goals (-) Normative regulation of conflict (-)
- 57. Social mobility (-) Association of authority and rewards (+) Lewis Coser Towards a balanced theory of conflict Causes of conflict
- 58. Subordinates withdraw legitimacy Few channels to address grievances Low rates of mobility Increase in sense of deprivation Conflict violence
- 59. Nonrealistic issues (values, morality) Violent conflict Conflict duration Long-term conflict Expansive goals Low consensus over goals
- 60. Hard to determine victory or defeat point Think about… Illustrate Coser’s theory with an example of your choice Functions of conflict Violent and intense
- 61. Group consolidation Suppression of dissent Intra-group tensions Structural interdependence
- 62. Frequent, low intensity/violence conflicts Innovation and creativity to release hostilities Increased system cohesion Turner’s synthesis Let’s make this more general
- 63. Model, part 1 System of interrelated units Level of inequality in distribution of valued resources Withdrawal of legitimacy by deprived Increasing awareness of interest in changing the system of inequality
- 64. Model, part 2 + / - + + + Withdrawal of legitimacy Increasing awareness of interest in change Level of emotional arousal
- 65. Rate of collective outbursts Intensity of involvement Level of organization into conflict groups
- 66. Model, part 3 + - - - Level of organization into conflict groups Likelihood of less violent conflict if… Technical, political, and social conditions are realized Interests are articulated independent of values System capable of regularize conflict relations
- 67. Likelihood of more violent conflict if… Failure to realize technical, political, and social conditions Failure to clearly define interests independent of values System incapable of regularizing conflict relations Historical-comparative theories
- 68. What about the power of the state? Focus on particular historical conditions Social change dynamics Non-elite mobilization Weak state Revolution Elite mobilization
- 69. Non-elite mobilization Physical concentration Increasing solidarity Low competition Weakening of links with elites Perceived exploitation Low supervision Receptiveness to radical ideology Perceived threat from elites Perceived lack of resources Perceived weakness of state/elites Dispersion Lack of communication
- 70. High dependence on elite for resources Lack of own resources Traditions of inequality Opportunities for upward mobility Competition among non-elite Weakening state power Political forces Decreased coercive and administrative power Failure to make concessions
- 71. Demographic forces Population growth Price inflation Younger age cohorts Rural poverty Urban migration of youth Fiscal forces Resource shortage Inefficient and abusive tax collection
- 72. New revenue collection High demands for patronage Military expenditures Cost of internal social control Rigidity of the system Geo-political engagements Decrease in state legitimacy Autonomy of the military
- 73. Randal Collins From macro to micro Micro level Large inequalities Highly ritualized interactions
- 74. Class cultures Meso level: Control Systems Coercion/ Material resources Surveillance
- 75. Alienation High ratio of supervisors Symbolic resources Standardized rules Commitment to organizational goals Less negative sanctions
- 76. Institutions Technology, resources, organization, population Productive economy Strong state State expansion (empire) Need for control over new territories Military, symbolic unification
- 77. Emotional payoff of interactions People gather physically
- 78. Create boundaries for ritual practices Common focus Common emotional mood Strong sense of identity Polarizing world view
- 79. Perception of beliefs as morally right Emotional charge to sacrifice to the group Such as… Micro-Level Violence
- 80. How do you mobilize individuals to commit violence in a conflict situation? Ritualized and routinized violence Neo-Marxian Theories: Eric Olin Wright Why did Marx go wrong? The problem of the middle class Contradictory class locations
- 81. Power of skilled labor Mediated class relations Government workers Stock holders
- 82. Path to transformative change See Figure 3.4 Immanuel Wallerstein World systems dynamics Two types of world-systems World-empires Central political system
- 83. World-economies Common division of labor Military dominance Economic tribute Common culture No political center or common culture Endless accumulation of capital
- 84. The world-economy 55 Core societies Diversified economy Semi-periphery Intermediate
- 85. Peripheral societies Narrow economy Export-oriented Politically weak Exploit and are exploited Well-paid labor force Control terms of trade Lessen tension between core and periphery Powerful state system
- 86. Large consumer market Forced and underpaid labor
- 87. Hegemonic states Spain Netherlands, France Great Britain United States
- 88. Signs of the end Global recession Financially unsustainable military operations Political decentralization Postmodernism and chaos theory
- 89. What next?
- 90. Arab Spring G20 protest IMF riots in Greece Occupy Wall Street
- 91. Biologically-inspired evolutionary theories Chapter 12 Principles of genetics Genotype and phenotype
- 92. Nature and nurture Mendel’s peas At the group level Gene pool
- 93. Genetic drift sociobiology Breakthrough! Evolution only occurs when something selects on variation
- 94. Mutation isn’t the driving force Emergence of sociobiology Advocates of group selection processes Sociologists say, “Duh!” Advocates of individual processes (biologists) Genic selection Key behaviors
- 95. Inclusive fitness Propensity to cooperate with kin rather than strangers Reciprocal altruism Altruism is likely to be reciprocated and increase fitness by keeping genes in the gene pool Selfish gene (Richard Dawkins)
- 96. Genes as copy machines looking to reproduce themselves Clever genes!