The Principals Of Operant Conditioning

The Principals Of Operant Conditioning
The principals of operant conditioning, teaches how having certain coping techniques can reward certain undesirable behaviors. Conditioning
human behavior has been studied for many years, Psychologists Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, have dedicated the majority of their lives to
the study. Thorndike's theory Law of effect. Thorndike suggests that certain stimuli and response become connected or dissociated from each other.
His experiment worked by placing a cat in a box, then observing its behavior as it tried to escape and obtain the food on the other side. He studied
several cats and plotted the time it took for them to escape from the puzzle box. The challenge to get out of the box remained the same, but the
amount of time to get out of the box decreased, and while the animal may have not realized what it was doing, but knew what he had to do to receive
the food. He concluded that animals learn from reward and punishment or trial and error. The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that
learning is about change in behavior. Operant conditioning is learning by consequence. To put it simply, an action which he rewarded is likely to be
repeated along with an action that is punished is less likely to be repeated. B.F. Skinner introduced a new term into the law of effect known as
reinforcement. Behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated while behavior which is no reinforced tends to disappear. conducted an experiment
where he placed a rat inside a special
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Advantages Of Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning has its weaknesses as it only focuses on visible reasons why a human would behave such. Skinner recommendation was only to
focus on visible possibilities without studying the inside behaviour of one. Operant explanation of being such is, his belief that inner thinking and
persuasion cannot be used to rationalise actions. I would disagree on this as, I personally belief that, how we think is how we act. Motivation and
thoughts one has, would definitely affect ones behaviour be it positively or negatively. For example, a student might be rebellious in school towards
teachers. There might be many reasons to explain why he or she is behaving such. That particular student might have family issues or even school
issues itself. For example, he or she would not want to focus and give concentration in class due to the mental and emotional disturbance of family
issues. That student might be even called up by the teacher for dreaming often and not participating in class. If this situation prolongs, his or her teacher
might even let him or her serve punishments for acting such. At certain circumstance, that particular student might not accept it and tend to be even
more strong headed.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The strengths of positive reinforcement in shaping Jane's students are that students would be encouraged to be more participative and focus. Students
are more likely to attentive especially when they know they would be awarded for what they have done. It would be a mini sense of achievement for
students although the reward might only be a bar of chocolate. It motivates them to be more participative during lessons and the activities that are
being conducted in class. Jane's students would find it livelier as they know they are being addressed in for what they know. Meaning the bar of
chocolate would be a mini acknowledgement for them for answering questions in

Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory
Operant conditioning is the reinforcement of a desired behaviour, learning can be achieved whereby a response will come to be controlled by
association of a consequence. Operant conditioning is considered to be an extension of Edward Thorndike's law of effect explained as a person
changing their behaviour to replicate positive consequences and avoid negative consequences. B. F. Skinner, professor of Psychology at Harvard
University, expanded on Thorndike's theory (O'Donohue & Ferguson, 2001). This essay will analyse Skinner's development of the theory ofoperant
conditioning. Skinner's theory and the studies he devised will be discussed and how they support operant conditioning.
Skinner's studies were created to support his theory of operant conditioning. Skinner devised experiments that were based in a laboratory involved a
box commonly called a Skinner Box. The aim of Skinner was to prove that operant conditioning was a more detailed theory than classical
conditioning; by placing animals inside the box to be observed. In his experiments he used positive punishment that is adding an undesirable
consequence for example electric shocks and positive primary reinforcement in this case it was food. Skinner using shaping explained as, instead of
rewarding only when the subject exhibit a desired behaviour any behaviour is rewarded as long as it leads to the target behaviour. The continued
reinforcement either positive or negative explained as the delivery of a consequence that

A Summary Of Operant Conditioning ABA
ABA is built on B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning: the idea that behavior can be taught by controlling the consequences to actions. The
primary way that the teaching is performed is through the use of reinforcements and the methods of Imitation, shaping, and chaining to acquire new
behavior and either increase or decrease the likelihood of a certain behaviors. Modeling and imitation are two learning methods that goes together, you
can not have one without the other. These methods refers to mimicking through observation and later enacting the observed behavior or actions of
others. Modeling can be defined as an antecedent stimulus that evokes the imitative behavior.The model must serve as a controlling variable for the
imitative behavior (Cooper et al. 2007, p.421). If you ever observed a group of children actively engaging in dramatic play, you will be able to... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example would be modeling, throwing a ball. Clinician grabs clients attention and calls child's name and say, "look, throw ball". Clinician
proceeds to throw the ball repeats action a few times and says, "your turn, you do" and hands the ball to the client. Action be immediately reinforced
followed by repetition. Another example of modeling would be, a 5 year old girl learning how to apply lipstick. Every morning before work, her
mother applies makeup and she sits on the bed and watches, until one day she mimics the behavior and is successful at applying lipstick. Through
modeling the client does not necessarily need to perform the task in order to learn it the behavior; however, some children with autism will show little
to no interest in their surroundings or environment resulting in the inability to learn from his/her natural environment

Operant Conditioning And Its Effect On Behavior
Operant conditioning refers to the method of learning to occur through rewards and punishment for behavior (Staddon & Cerutti 2002). In the operant
condition, an association occurs between the behavior and the consequences of the behavior. Behaviorist B.F Skinner coined operant conditioning, and
that is why some refer to it as Skinnerian conditioning. Skinner started studying operant conditioning in the late 1920s when he was a graduate student
at Harvard University. As a behaviorist B.F Skinner believes that it was obligatory to look at the internal thoughts and motivation so as to explain
behavior (Staddon & Cerutti 2002). As an alternative, he did suggest that we should look only at the external and observable causes of human behavior.
The characteristics of operant conditioning are that an organism may emit a particular response instead of just eliciting the response because of the
external stimulus. Skinner did use the term operant in referring to any active behavior that operates on the environment so as to generate consequences
(Doyle–Portillo & Pastorino 2013).
Skinner's theory explains how we acquire different learned behavior we exhibit daily. The work of psychologists Edward Thorndike greatly
influences Skinner's theory. Thorndike proposed what he called the law of effect. According to the principle, actions followed by desirable outcomes
are likely to be repeated while those followed by undesirable outcomes are not likely to be repeated. During his boyhood,

Operant Conditioning Program Analysis
A weight loss program in a month is a hard obstacle to tackle. If a roommate is in need of help so that he can lose weight to make the football team,
there are ways in which you can help. A behavior modification program can be set up to help the roommate. To begin, the principles of operant
conditioning will get him started on his weight loss journey. In order for a successful program we need to use positive reinforcement, progress reports,
and a schedule of reinforcement.
First off, the most effective way one should create a behavior modification program is based upon the ideas of operant conditioning. Operant
conditioning is: learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior. There are two main categories of operant conditioning.... Show
A variable interval schedule works on an average time schedule, with the actual interval varying randomly. A variable schedule is shown to cultivate
more positive rates of response than a consistent schedule. Meanwhile the roommate will be partially reinforced. This means that he will not be
reinforced for every time that he loses weight, but only at random intervals. This partial reinforcement is shown to slow down the extinction rates of the
desired behavior. Next, we will set the average time interval to be five days. For example, after the first day of the month when the roommate is
initially weighed, we will weigh him seven days after the initial weigh in, and then 3 days after that. By doing this, the average weigh in time is still
five days. However, the actual interval is still at random. Lastly, only various times that the roommate loses weight, he will receive his gold star as a
stimulus for positive reinforcement. After one month of receiving positive reinforcement in the form of a gold star, the roommate will understand what
he should be doing to lose weight.
In conclusion, using the principle of positive reinforcement in this program will successfully help the roommate to lose weight and to gain a position
on the football team. By using positive reinforcement and a variable interval schedule of reinforcement, the behavior modification program will be

The Importance Of Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning Within the early 19th Century, Edward Throne like conducted experiments on dogs and cats to determine the way these animals
behave under certain conditions. These studies were conducted through replicating and standardizing the circumstances that the animals were in
through a controlled environment. As such, this model demonstrated that animals had the nature to learn when they were presented with certain
consequences. In 1938, Burrhus Friederich (B. F.) developed the core idea of the Operant Conditioning Skinner, which claims that operant conditioning,
was brought about by the response from the operant under threat (Sakagami,&Lattal, 2016). Some factors were involved in the increase of the operant
conditioning especially when Edward Thorndike was examining the behavior of cats and rats. It was necessary to consider the problem–solving
abilities of these animals within puzzle–boxes that would otherwise lead the animals in a state of constraint. Moreover, there was a need to understand
the relationship exhibited between the appropriate reaction to the individual situation and the associated strengths to the same. Moreover, other factors
such as the ability of the animals to learn under the conditions presented as was later proven by Skinner.
The core principles that are important in understanding the operant conditioning and how it may result in the retention offer includes the operant
variability where the individual may experience emitted behavioral

Operant Conditioning, The Strength Of Conditioning Essay
operant behavior and because of the emphasis on the response it is called type R and also called operant conditioning. In type R conditioning, the
strength of conditioning is shown by response rate, however in Type S conditioning the strength of conditioning is usually determined by the
magnitude of the conditioned response. One example I can provide for Type S, on a daily basis, is when I see the mailman entering my building
to drop off my mail. I immediately start feeling anxious and sometimes I feel afraid to get the mail, since in past occasions, I have received
negative outcomes (career wise) by means of a letter. On another note, and example of how my behavior has been shaped through Type R
conditioning is depicted in the following: In the past, I was involved in frequent traffic stops, due to not following or obeying traffic laws. Many
times, I would just get a warning, but eventually, I received a traffic citation for rolling a stop sign. From that day forth, and upon receiving my
punishment, I decided to be more aware of my driving habits, ensuring that I would not violate any traffic laws. I knew that if I did not change by way
of driving (behavior), then I would continue receiving punishment in the form of traffic citations.
Skinner's "Radical Behaviorism" asserts that mental activity is not important and that behavior is the only avenue for understanding people. Do you
agree or disagree? Why or why not? Provide examples that support your position.
Skinner

Behavior Modification And Operant Conditioning
The effort to complete a successful change in behavior is known as behavior modification. The whole definition of the term as discovered by
psychologist B.F Skinner for" the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach
operant conditioning(McLeod)." The name which went on to be distinguishable from the term classical conditioning which is commonly referenced to
the study of Pavlov's dog. Behavior modification/operant condition is drastically different from this in that the have several techniques both positive
and negative to insure a positive change in condition. Does this always work? The experiment and the results are proof in case for each individual
study . B.F Skinner first showed us operant conditioning through the use of animals (rats/pigeons) to show how the effects of positive/negative
reinforces as techniques help the progression of a modification in behavior (also known as operant conditioning). Which do you suppose is more
effective a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement in operant conditioning? B.F Skinner developed three different type of responses to
signify the importance of his study ;"Neutral Operants, Reinforcers, and Punishers" (McLeod). They are defined as below: Netural Operants–responses
from the environment that neither increase or decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.(McLeod) Reinforcers– there are two types:
positive and negative.

Operant Conditioning And Continuous Reinforcement
1.Mr. Higginbotham uses the idea of operant conditioning and continuous reinforcement throughout his classroom. Operant conditioning is the
behavior in which voluntary behavior are strengthened or weakened by consequences, while continuous reinforcement deals with giving a reinforcer
after every response. These reinforcers can be either positive or negative, strengthening or weakening the behavior that occurred. Positive
reinforcements are there to increase the opportunity of a specific behavior reoccurring and negative reinforcement is strengthening behavior that results
in a negative action. (Woolfolk, 2014, pgs. 277–278). An example in Mr. Higginbotham's class of positive reinforcement would be during the point in
time when he decides to announce that his progress checks can each be earned towards bonus points on their project and once ten complete progress
checks have occurred the children can also receive a homework pass. Another positive reinforcement is the three highest scoring students will receive
twenty–five dollars to their class trip fund for their senior year. A negative reinforcement is demonstrated in Mr. Higginbotham's class when Susan
shows disrespectful behavior and earns four detentions. These four detentions equal a day of indoor, in–school suspension. So even when students do
not want to do their homework the progress report check will help the students work towards that one homework pass. Both positive and negative
reinforcement as continuous

Operant Conditioning Paper
Introduction Operant conditioning is described as the way of learning in which the future likelihood of a particular behavior is affected by it
consequences. Interested in animal intelligence, the first experimental studies of operant conditioning were attempted by Edwin L. Thorndike in the
1890s (Powell, Honey, & Symbaluk, 2013). Of the many experiments Thorndike conducted with animals, the most famous experiment involved cats
(Powell, Honey, & Symbaluk, 2013). Thorndike placed cats in an enclosed puzzle box and placed a dish of food outside of the puzzle box for the
cat. The mail goal of the experiment was to see how quickly the cat could learn to escape the puzzle box to reach the food. After many repeated trials
the cat eventually... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also possible that some consequences that seem to act as positive reinforcements, may actually be more of an aversive stimulus. When the rat
finally learns to press the lever down with enough force, it closes the switch that enables the food magazine to release a reinforcement pellet. After a
few more trials where the rat receives a pellet for pressing down on the lever when it is hungry, that rat has managed to learn an entirely new behavior
through shaping (Powell, Honey, & Symbaluk, 2013).
Methods
The operant conditioning experiment included one female rat (K13). My hypothesis for the experiment is that K13 will be conditioned to press the
lever in the Skinner operant chamber 2,000 times in a 30 minute time period. K13 was weighed before starting operant condition, weighing in at
233g. The rat's weight was multiplied by 0.85 in order to calculate her goal weight for the experiment; making the goal weight 199g. The first two
trials were used to determine if the rat responded quicker to a FR or a VR, and in to familiarize the rat with the type of positive reinforcement that she
would be rewarded with. The first trial in the

The Four Types Of Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a type of learning which occurs through either receiving reinforcement or punishment for a behavior. This type of learning
creates an association between a behavior and consequence for that behavior. The four types of operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, positive
punishment, negative reinforcement, and negative punishment. If operant conditioning was used properly it could be used to solve a variety of social
and resource dilemmas; especially in the case of the cattle ranchers and overgrazing.
Positive reinforcement is when a positive stimulus is added in hopes of increasing a behavior. This could be that the ranchers are actually paid for
not using the common land whose quality has begun to deteriorate. By paying ranchers to use either their own land, or pay to use a different land, it
would give the common land pasture time to get in better condition. Also if you paid ranchers to only use their own land, not only would the common
land pasture increase in quality, but the rancher's land would most likely stay in good condition because that land belongs to the racher. A huge
problem with the tragedy of the commons is that people abuse common resources because no one has ownership over them; they are nonexcludable
but rival, so everyone's use of those resources quickly depletes the supply of it.
Negative reinforcement is when an aversive stimulus is taken away in order to increase behavior. If the ranchers were already receiving annual

The Theory Of Operant Conditioning
Introduction
In this paper we will look at the theory of Operant Conditioning and all the many aspects that go along with it. This theory of Operant Conditioning by
B. F. Skinner is a great guideline that can be used in the classroom. Operant Conditioning is definitely a theory that can change the way a classroom is
ran. Throughout this paper we will see what behaviorism is and what operant conditioning is as a whole, along with the educational implications of this
theory.
Biographical Background of (Theorist)
The theory of Operant Conditioning was discovered by B. F. Skinner. He was born in
1904 and passed away in 1990. Skinner was an American behaviorist. He was educated at
Harvard University and believed that people didn't shape the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We also have Negative Reinforcement which also would strengthen the good behavior. This is where we would remove something that the student or
person didn't like. Let's say we went back to Penny in the Big Bang Theory and she did not want to wash the dishes. Well Sheldon could say, "If you
do this, then you will not have to wash the dishes". This is an example of negative reinforcement. We are giving her an option to do something else,
rather than the task that she didn't want to do. Lastly on our list of the educational implications, we have punishment. This would be where we present
something to the student that they did not like. In a classroom we might have to do this because a student is disobeying what we had said to do.
Another example from the Big Bang Theory would be when Leonard, Sheldon's friend, was not doing what Sheldon had wanted. So in the end
Leonard kept getting squirted with water because he was disobeying what he was told. These are all great tools that can be used in education today.
The Educational Implications are trying to help us either strengthen or weaken a particular behavior in our students.
We also see in this theory that we can use contracts as well has have consequences.
Contracts are definitely going to help our students really focus on their behavior change.
Contracts are definitely an advantage when trying to keep your children on task during the year.
As the teacher

Operant Vs. Operant Conditioning
Operant Learning Model Operant conditioning is best described as the process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and
negative reinforcement. During this process the subject you are working with either animal or human learns to perform a specific task, through the use
of positive or negative reinforcement (Chance, 2014). This model is best suited for teaching Ben the appropriate behavior as it relates to stealing.
Operant conditioning will be used to teach Ben not to steal; this will be supported by the use of positive reinforcers. In order for this to be effective
Ben should be placed on a continuous reinforcement schedule; consisting of positive reinforcements. These should be age appropriate; these
reinforcers are verbal praise and 30 minutes of television (Cartoon Network); this will be rewarded only if he does not engage in stealing. No forms of
punishment will be used on Ben; although punishment has an immediate effect it does not teach a lesson. With operant learning Ben will learn to
decrease his negative behavior and engage in positive actions.
Aggression with Spanking By nature children are naturally inclined to mock or imitate things that within their environment. This why parents and or
caregivers must be careful what we do and expose children to. This is no different when it comes to learning and or discipline. Punishment creates fear,
aggression and most importantly the punished behavior is never forgotten; it lays dormant and has

Operant Conditioning: Procrastination
The principals of operant conditioning, teaches how having certain coping techniques can reward certain undesirable behaviors. Conditioning
human behavior has been studied for many years, Psychologists Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, have dedicated majority of their lives to the
study. Thorndike's theory Law of effect. Thorndike suggest that certain stimuli and response become connected or dissociated from each other. His
experiment worked by placing a cat into a box, then observing its behavior as it tried to escape and obtain the food on the other side. He studied
several cats and plotted the time it took for them to escape from the puzzle box. The challenge to get out of box remained the same but the amount of
time to get out of the box decreased, and while the animal may have not realized what it was doing, but knew what he had to do too receive the food.
He concluded that animals learn from reward and punishment or trial and error. The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is of
change in behavior. Operant conditioning is learning by consequence. To put it simply, an action which his rewarded is likely to be repeated along
with an action that is punished is less likely to be repeated. B.F. Skinner introduced a new term into the law of effect known as reinforcement.
Behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated while behavior which is no reinforced tends to disappear. conducted an experiment where he

Operant Conditioning: The Effect Of Spanking
The effect of Spanking
In chapter six in the General Psychology course, we learned about "Learning". We learned the types of conditions that help people learn. One of the
conditions is "Operant Conditioning" where learning is controlled by the organism's behavior. During the lecture one thing that stood out to me was
that in the operant condition, there is a term called positive punishment which is used to decrease bad behavior. It is used usually by parents to
discipline their children when they misbehave in order to break that bad habit. Positive punishment stands out to me because it reminds me of my
culture in Haiti. In Haiti, children of all ages get spanked whenever they misbehave, which is a type of positive punishment. Spanking is the one and
only type of discipline in Haiti. It is a legacy. Students get spanked by their parents, their teachers, their pastors, their relatives, their principals, and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They become anti–social, depressed, and aggressive. I can see that people who have been spanked as a child will most likely hit other people as an
adult, especially their spouse since that is the only method they know to resolve a bad situation. From my reading from Psychology Today magazine, I
think I found my response for my previous confusion about Haiti's lack of educational progress. Unfortunately, the Haitian people are so tied to their
beliefs that spanking is good for their children that an evolution in education is not inclined to happen for them. Many people in Haiti do not go beyond
sixth grade in school, yet they have never considered any suggestion to improve that. Generation after generation the cycle continues to happen. In my
opinion, I blame traditions for their stubbornness, I believe their fear that they will break tradition or abandoned their culture renders it difficult for
them to make any change that will benefit

Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning
One major aspect of psychology is learning. Learning can be defined as the change of a being's behavior or actions brought about by its experiences.
Learning has multiple forms and facets. Two of the most important of these are what are known as classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
These forms of learning are very practical and can be seen and used in everyday life. Classical and operant conditioning are different forms of learning
which have importance in everyday life and can be found in advertising, PTSD, and even lifestyle changes. To fully understand the importance of
classical and operant conditioning, it is important to first understand what they are and how they are different. Classical conditioning is a form of
learning that occurs when an organism comes to respond to a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus, which produces an
immediate, automatic response. Classical conditioning, to take it further, occurs when an unconditioned response to a neutral stimulus becomes a
conditioned response to the neutral, now conditioned stimulus. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, is learning that is driven by consequences of
behavior, either positive or negative. Classical and operant conditioning have several differences. In classical conditioning, an organism is taught to
associate stimuli. Organisms, in turn, learn by association. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, is not about association.

Operant Conditioning Methods And Research
Introduction
In the article, "Operant Conditioning Methods Applied to Research in Chronic Schizophrenia," a study is described where experimenters used operant
conditioning methods to analyze the behavior of "non–verbal, lowly motivated, chronic psychotic patients." (Lindsley 118–119) Before this study can
be understood, a brief description of operant conditioning is necessary.
Operant conditioning was a method developed by B.F. Skinner in 1938. (121) Prior to this year, Skinner became very interested in analyzing the
behavior of laboratory animals. He put the animal(s) in a small enclosure, free to do whatever they wanted. Within the small enclosure, there was a
device, such as a light switch, that the animal could operate by turning it on and off. Every time the animal turned the light switch on or off, an item
that would reinforce the behavior of turning the light switch on or off, such as a piece of food, would become available to the animal. Skinner
believed that by providing a reinforcing item to the animal every time it displayed the desired behavior of turning the light switch on an off, the animal
would continuously display the target behavior.
Research Questions
Since 1938, operant conditioning has been used extensively by many different professionals to control many different types of behavior. In the study in
this article, experimenters posed the question, "How would individuals with schizophrenia behave in an enclosed space with nothing but a stimulus

Example Of Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is one kind of learning process demonstrated by B.F. Skinner that changes the behavior through the use of reinforcement and
punishment. A behavior can change as a result of the individual response to stimuli that occur in the environment. According to Staddon and Cerutti
(2003), operant behavior described by Skinner as a behavior that "controlled by its consequences is in practice little different from what had previously
been termed instrumental learning and what most people would call habit" (p.115). Basically, in this conditioning, the term reinforcement will be used
to refer to any event that strengthen the behavior, meanwhile the term punishment used in any event that weaken the behavior. To emphasize, there are
two... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hearing test typically applied for children who aged between 2 to 4 years old in the form of game through conditioning. Sabo (1999) stated
"play audiometry involves conditioning the child to respond to sound using an activity such as placing a peg in a pegboard, placing blocks in a
container, stacking rings on a stick or placing puzzle pieces into a puzzle" (p.53). The children are believed to be captivated with these games, and
the games also can be used to point out a specific behavior in order to signify a response every time he or she hear the signal (Folsom and Diefendorf,
1999). Apart from that, clapping hands or praising the child are considered as social reinforcer that assist to exhibit the conditioning (Sabo, 1999).
Thus, the social praise in this conditioning is considered as reinforcer meanwhile the activities represented as response. Through this conditioning,
frequency and ear specific information can be acquired to both air and bone conduction stimulation. Even so, in order to obtain the necessary
information to identify the level of hearing loss for very young children or uncooperative children, the sequence of frequencies should be presented
optimized. Moreover, the opposite ear cannot be tested until the other ear side undergo complete testing (Sabo,

Operant Conditioning
You are asked by a roommate to help him devise a weight loss program to increase his chance of making the football team. What would be a good
way to create a one month behavior modification program based on the principles of operant conditioning which will get him started towards his goal.
Explaine how you will measure your roommates progress and what schedules of reinforcement will be included in your program.
Operant conditioning is one's attempt to modify behaviors which are generally voluntary in nature and can be maintained by consequences/responses as
opposed to classic conditioning that can deal with the conditioning of the automatic/reflexive behavior which are not maintained by consequences.
Operate conditioning can be a method of learning that can occur through rewards and also punishments for behavior in other words it is a type of
learning in which an individual's behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength. Conditioning one may attempt to reach their goal and keep the
process going even after the goal has been met. We see that with positive reinforcement an outcome can be strengthened by getting a praise or direct
reward. By measuring progress we can make sure that the goal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will ensure that you stay on the correct regimen and receive the proper outcome of the goal that you have set. For example, when it comes to a
weight loss regimen you can measure progress by using a scale to keep track of the weight loss. Furthermore writing it down is the best way to
measuring progress. It helps to make sure that goals are being met and shows what changes need to be made. Measuring progress also gives you the
opportunity for personal development in the future, it help to justify the time that you have put into your routine for proper reflection. If you feel that
your goal has not been met to satisfy your standard schedules of reinforcement may be of some

Bf Skinner Operant Conditioning
The second historical force focuses on the Behavioral and cognitive approaches. B.F. Skinner a behaviorist develops operant conditioning learning
theory. In the operant conditioning theory skinner develops two types of reinforcements: Positive and negative reinforcements as well as two types of
punishments: Positive and negative punishments. A reinforcement is most likely to increase the likelihood of a behavior while a punishment is more
likely to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. Skinner who rejected introspection began to study how consequences shape our behavior. The reason he
rejected self–examination is because he believed one cannot measure inner thoughts or feelings but the way one reacts to them. Skinner was influenced
by Edward

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Operant Conditioning
Skinner's theory observes individuals from the point of view of the behavior that they demonstrate. The key weakness of this theory is its attempt to
explain the behaviors of an individual solely through visible phenomena. Critics sometimes accuse behaviorists of denying that ideas and thoughts exist
(Jensen & Burgess, 1997). The major opposition that behaviorists face is that behavior of a person cannot be understood without including the mental
activity of the individual. Critics have accused behaviorists of focusing only on behavior and ignoring the role of physiology, neuroscience, and
genetics (Weiss & Rosales–Ruiz, 2014). Sometimes the reactions that people demonstrate have are not related their experience and therefore they have
another... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Snowman & McCown, token economies are used to strengthen behavior. It is another type of behavior modification strategy that can be
used with students to effectively promote good behavior within the classroom. Token economies are based upon a monetary system in which tokens
are used to acquire desired reinforcers. A token is something that has little or no inherent value but that can be used to "purchase" items that do have
inherent value (Snowman & McCown, 2012). Teachers will create a reinforcement menu which includes the items that can be "purchased" by tokens.
Students will receive these tokens accordingly when they use the target behaviors appropriately. When students acquire a certain number of tokens for
displaying good behavior, these can be exchanged for certain objects or activities in order to reinforce the

Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for
behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a lab rat
presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns
to press the blue button but avoid the red button.
The History of Operant Conditioning. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist B.F. Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it
referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that it was not really necessary to look at internal thoughts and motivations in
order to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Through the first part of the
20th–century, behaviorism had become a major force within psychology. The ideas of John B. Watson dominated this school of thought early on.
Watson focused on the principles of classical conditioning, once famously suggesting that he could take any person regardless of their background and
train them to be anything he chose. Where the early behaviorists had focused their interests on associative learning, Skinner was more interested in how
the consequences of people 's actions influenced their behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to

Principle Of Operant Conditioning
Principle
The psychology principle I want to elaborate is operant conditioning, also referred to as instrumental conditioning. Operant conditioning is defined as
learned voluntary behavior that is increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment. This behavior itself is known as operant behavior.
Following the behavior there will be a reinforcer, which increases the reoccurrence of desired behavior. Alternatively, the behavior may result in a
punisher, which decreases the reoccurrence of undesired behavior. These outcomes are either positive or negative. The former is when something is
added into the environment. The latter is when something is taken away from the environment. A good driving check is an example of positive
reinforcement, while a speeding ticket is an example of positive punishment. In both situations the driver is receiving something to persuade the driver
to follow the law and avoid accidents. Negative reinforcement could be the car beeping when driving without a seatbelt; the sound is removed once the
driver buckles up. Negative punishment could be having your license taken away for unlawful driving.
Satisfying consequences are likely to enable repeated behaviors in the future. Meanwhile, when unwanted consequences are produced the behaviors are
less prone to replication. This is referred to as the law of effect. As a result, reinforcement is typically more effective than punishment. Choice has a
vital role in operant conditioning. These behaviors

Operant Conditioning Analysis
In order to aid my roommate's diet regimen the use of all aspects of operant conditioning will become significant. Since operant conditioning is the
method through which an individual's behavior is modified via the use of consequences, positive and negative, both punishment and reward should be
a part of my roommate's diet plan. Since grasping the inital plan is an underlying problem of this conditioning, a reinforcer, like a delicious snack will
be used at five minute/ fixed ratio schedule to ensure that the subject understands all aspects of the study––like the reinfrocements and the punishments.
First, a strict plan must be laid out in which the ultimate reward is made clear, this is the reward that is laid out by Throndike's Law of Effect,... Show
Additionally, an alarm will be set for exercise timings as an additional discrimination stimulus. This alarm will signify the duration and rigor of the
exercise in order to illicit the target behavior of a well–established and followed work–out routine. Throughout the month, the above discrimination
stimuli will be used three times daily at fixed ratio intervals to encourage regularity. If any activity not determined by the schedule set for the subject
occurs, the problem can be dealt either with a negative punishment or negative reinforcement. For example, if the subject does not meet the rigor of the
exercise or consumes a diet other than the prescribed one, the possibility of joining the football team can be removed as a negative punishment.
Similarly, delicious snacks–established to be reinforcements at the beginning of the month–will be removed as a negative reinforcer for not following
the plan. Similarly, to reward target behavior (following the plan) a positive reinforcer will be

Using Classical And Operant Conditioning
7. Using classical or operant conditioning, describe step by step how you can teach someone a skill in your field. What is the behavior you want
them to learn, if classical conditioning is used, what is the US, UR, NS, CS and CR. If using operant conditioning, what is the behavior you want to
increase or decrease and what is the reinforcer that is used to increase or decrease that behavior. (ex., if you are in business and you want to increase
productivity, what would you do?). How does their biology, motivation, cognitions and emotions influence their acquisition of the skill?
Operant conditioning could be used to increase students' performance on their tests. One thing that could be done to reinforce this behavior would
be to reward the whole class for increased performance on their tests with a pizza party. I would just say that if the whole class has an average of
90% on the test, then they will get a pizza party. They would be more likely to study and therefore do better on the test because they want the pizza.
The students will have to have a drive to want to get better grade and then the reward of that also. Their emotions have to be determined to do better, if
they are to get the reward that they seek.
8. Identify three strategies you can use to improve your memory and recall. Explain how you plan to implement them.
Number 1) Rehearsing repeatedly. New memories are weak, exercise them repeatedly and they will become strong. I plan to implement this strategy by

Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Analysis
Reading Summary: The second half of chapter 3 is about Operant Conditioning and how it works by using different reinforcement techniques to mold
behavior. The chapter covers the different types of reinforcements such as positive, negative, extrinsic, intrinsic, primary secondary, social, activity, and
material. In operant conditioning a variety of these types of reinforcements can be used to shape and condition a subject to behave in a specific way.
Word Count: 67 Learning Theory: Behaviorism is constructed upon stimulus–response actions and the way in which things learn from what is around
them. It shows how the environment is something that can affect future actions of a being and how people develop habits of thinking and doing. Word
Count:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When I was in grade school I had teachers that would reward students for good grades and positive behavior thus making it more likely for us to
work hard to do better. I remember receiving candy, a material reinforcer, recess extensions, an activity reinforcer, and even activity passes, an
activity reinforcer, for doing well. If I proved to know the content well enough, then I was allowed to skip an activity in class to do something
more fun such as a craft or a game instead. Or sometimes, those who did exceptionally well on a quiz would be allowed to go to lunch early which
also meant a longer recess. These incentives to do well positively reinforced my work ethic so that I was studying more and working harder to
achieve good grades. I noticed as I went through school that my work ethic strengthened the more positive reinforcement I received. If I began to
slip, and my effort level decreased then I would receive negative reinforcement from my teachers in the form of a bad grade, a secondary
reinforcer. This would then signal me to work harder so that I would not receive the same low grade as before. The consequences I encountered
from both working hard and slacking off shaped the way I behaved in school. When offered incentives to do well and negative consequences for
not performing as well, I was induced to work hard and get good grades. One particular example of Operant Conditioning I remember from my
early education was when my father promised my class McDonalds lunch if all of us got 100% on our spelling test. I remember our entire class
studying harder than we had before to achieve a perfect score on our test. We ended up making our goal and being the highest scoring class all year
for spelling tests. My father's positive reinforcement of our habit to study hard affected my class and for the rest of the year my class had a notably
higher work

Types Of Conditioning, Classical And Operant
Learning theories are normally divided into paradigms, these paradigms symbolise the different views in learning. They consist of; behaviourism,
cognitivism, constructivism, humanism and play. Behaviourism is "the theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of
conditioning, without appeal to thoughts and feelings" (Oxford dictionaries) a behaviourist believes that all learners start with a clean slate and that
we are conditioned. Conditioning happens when we interact with the environment and how the environment stimulates us dictates our actions.
There are two types of conditioning, classical and operant. Theorist Ivan Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning; Pavlov was born
September 1849 in Rayazan Russia and died February 1936. He studied at the University of St Petersburg and received a degree in the Candidate of
Natural Sciences in 1875. His theory came about through his study of dogs, he noticed that every time he entered the room in his white lab coat his
dog would salivate even if he didn't have any food, the dog didn't learn to salivate it was a reflex, it is 'hard–wired' into the dog; an unconditioned
response. He linked this to the white lab coat, the dogs had learned they would receive food. He wanted to take this further so he then introduced a
bell, this was a neutral stimulus, every time he gave the dogs food he would ring the bell, after repeating this action a few times he then rang the bell
on its own and the effect was the

Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning
To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience
are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals–extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination–are among the number
of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning.
To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned response occurs due to the repeated
appearance of a conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus–in the case of Classical conditioning–or when reinforcement is no longer
given to a conditioned behavior/response or no longer has the effect it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Bobo doll study, an organized group of 72 nursery–school aged children composed of 36 boys and 36 girls was divided into three groups of 24
consisting of 12 boys and 12 girls and subjected to a three–staged experiment designed by Bandura; these three groups were categorized based on
whether they were exposed to the "aggressive model", the "non–aggressive" model, or no model (the control group).
In the first stage of the experiment, the group viewing the aggressive model individually observed an adult physically and verbally abusing an
inflatable doll with a weighted base modeled after the iconic Bobo the Clown, the group viewing the non–aggressive model individually observed an
adult playing with other toys in a calm and peaceful manner, and the third group, control group, did not observe any such model. In the second stage,
each child from each group was brought into a room filled with a number of possibly appealing toys for them to play with, however, once each child
began to play with the toys, they were told that they could not play with the toy(s) they had selected, as they had supposedly been reserved for the
other children; instead, they were invited to play with the toys contained within another room. Once each child was led to this other room, they were

What Is Classical And Operant Conditioning
Introduction:
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are different learning methods.
The two methods have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of
well–defined stimuli. Both classical and operant conditioning are basic forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an
organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Manipulating reflexes does this. Operant
conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment.
Operant conditioning deals with more cognitive thought process. These two forms of learning have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5 DIPLOMA IN PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL
Classical conditioning:
Secondly, many people used to say that classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning. But still there
is a need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning. If a student associates negative
emotional experiences with school then this can obviously have bad results, such as creating a school phobia. For example, if a student is bullied
at school they may learn to associate school with fear. It could also explain why some students show a particular dislike of certain subjects that
continue throughout their academic career. This could happen if a student is humiliated or punished in class by a teachers. Moreover classical
conditioning is a temporary learning process where a bell is rang and then the dog is given food and this process is repeated several times. After a
while, the dog learns to assume that a ringing bell means food is coming and so the dog begins salivating to simply the sound of the bell expecting
food. So it means

Bf Skinner Operant Conditioning
1.Introduction
Operant conditioning that introduce by B.F.Skinner refers to a systematic program consist of rewards and punishments, which influence the behavior
by the use of reinforcement. Operant conditioning known as instrumental conditioning which animals use its own behavior as an "instrument" to
pursue some goals. An individual relates particular behavior and a consequence through operant conditioning. B.F.Skinner believed that external is
more obvious to explain the behavior than internal thoughts. Besides, Skinner believed that behavior can be observe by the causes of an action and the
consequences. Three types of responses that can trace behavior identified by Skinner which are Neutral operants, reinforcers and punishers. Positive
reinforcement strengthens a behavior by rewarding an individual, as consequence in order to eliminate undesired behavior. Skinner proves that by
remove an unpleasant reinforcement can also strengthen behavior because it removes an unwanted behavior. Punishment is design to eliminate
undesirable behavior rather than increase. Punishment can categorize in two, which is positive punishment and negative punishment. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For an instance, the high level of urgent leave or medical leave of the Y Generation in a company can be reduce by impose positive punishment.
Superior should questioning his employee why is she/ he taking medical leave or urgent leave so frequent. Besides, Gen Y should being lecture on
why it is not okay to take urgent leave and how it can affect the operation of the company. Besides, the superior can tells the employee that all this will
take into record and this may affect the increment and bonus at the year–end. A future positive punishment can be taken if the employee continues
behave in such

Skinner, Behaviorism, And Operant Conditioning
Skinner took major efforts toward the approach of behaviorism to expand the field, following the initial works of Edward Thorndike. He was
instrumental in redesigning and defining the law of effect. Skinner segmented behaviorism into two main sections such as respondent conditioning and
operant conditioning. He associated that the later the consequences tailored to the behaviors are manipulated, the more frequent similar scenarios are
played out in the future.
Introduction Skinner, who was a behavioral psychologist, propelled his work towards the field of behaviorism concerning operant conditioning. Though,
his work was more instrumental in structuring and confirming major sectors in the psychology field. Skinner, who was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In his contribution to psychology and researches, Skinner heavily dealt with the considerable essence of behavior. He held a belief that associated
response loop had a critical essence in providing an explanation to the behaviors of the human being. He outlined that this model heavily responsible in
the process of elementary decision making to the eventual lifestyle model and design (Kuhn, 2007). He had his critical regards for the outlining and
recognition of superstition beliefs. Superstition, a term that dominantly has regards representing facts on belief that are not based or founded on the
inherent human reason or even considerable scientific knowledge outlining that future occasion are intensely designed and projected by an individual
behaviour, in appropriate magical ways or paths. With regard to his experiments, Skinner undertook punishments that can be explained as acts of
imposing and inflicting sanction for certain typical undesirable behaviors, in a bid to achieve conditioning towards a certain behavior. He also had an
inclusion of aversion that talks about a tendency to repel and avoid a situation that is typically considered as the state of being. Skinner had a belief in
the understanding that any behavior could be explained by any action undertaken and valence of equitable performance. Skinner introduced much
easier and simpler explanations for the reinforcement experiments that were performed specifically on the lab rats and

Operant Conditioning
Determining the best way to raise and teach children is a topic that has been discussed and debated for a long time. As psychology has developed, so
has our understanding of how organisms learn and how we can apply that to our lives. One method of teaching is operant conditioning, giving either
rewards or punishments after a certain behavior to promote or discourage it. This method could be used to teach children; for example, teaching
children to say please when asking for items. Operant conditioning relies on consequences to behaviors, and one of the consequences is reinforcement.
Reinforcement has two options: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement consists of the presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability
of the

Operant Conditioning At The Preschool Classroom
Operant Conditioning in the Preschool Classroom My service–learning placement this year was at the OTist Family Resource Integration CO. LTD,
located in Taipei, Taiwan, and I completed my service learning at their special education preschool program. Problem behaviors are commonly seen
among preschoolers, and according to the article, Reducing Behavior Problems: An Operant Conditioning Guide for Teachers, the first step toward
better classroom management is for the teacher to recognize that how a child behave is mainly determined by the teachers' behavior and the strategy
they use. By using operant conditioning, a learning process in which the behaviors are modified by the consequences through the use of positive and
negative reinforcement and punishment, problem behaviors can be diminished and desired behaviors can be strengthened (Becker, Thomas, &
Carnine, 1969, p. 4). Behaviors can be shaped by using three methods: 1. Reward appropriate behavior, 2. Strengthen the reward if the behavior is not
learned yet, and 3. Punish problem behaviors (p. 4). Rewarding appropriate behavior is one of the most commonly used methods in our preschool.
One specific child catches my attention instantly at my first day of service learning. She is a six–year–old girl who has been diagnosed with moderate
Intellectual Disability. When I first enter the classroom, she seems to be a sweet girl who likes to approach new people and invites me to do
assignments with her. Everything went smoothly

Difference Between Classical Conditioning And Operant...
According to Woolfolk (2005), learning is a process which causes permanent changes in knowledge and behavior through experience. Learning is a
key for every child to understand what is going on around them and how should they react to that stimuli. It involves the use of cognitive skills to
interpret those signals and analyse them accordingly. Defecation or lesion in cognitive sites may cause mental retardation or learning problems to them,
thus, their mental maturity may be lag behind their current age. The consequence is, they maybe little bit clumsy to understand certain orders or
command given by his or her parents. Conditioning is a primary step for every child to learn. Morris and Maisto (2005) stated that, the well–defined
stimuli which may cause the acquisition of specific pattern of behavior is what conditioning means. It is composed of two types, Classical
Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. Classical Conditioning which is first inspired by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936) is a learning ... Show
The parents also give vitamin supplement for their child to avoid malnutrition. Next, the one who involved in this therapy informed that their
knowledge in the area of ASD is between and average which sometimes can lead the therapy to be successful. The uses of operant conditioned in
feeding the children somewhat help the clinicians in therapy session. They provoked the child with food and reward by using verbal positive
reinforcement as well as programs non–removal of the spoon that finally result in an increased in therapy session. Throughout this survey, we can
know how the therapy for the children with ASD that has feeding difficulties has been conducted even though there are a few things that still limited
to be access like the information from others figures too ( Jeanne Marshall, Rebecca J. Hill & Pamela

Operant Conditioning Examples
EXAMPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
Example of Operant conditioning, is when you decided to snooze the alarm in the morning after partying all night long. Finally you decide to get
up to go to work you are running 15 min late. And decide to step on gas pedal. You are now driving 50 mph on a 35 mph road. You think you are
fine and won 't get caught because everyone else is driving fast also. All of sudden a cop is hidden in between the trees and bushes. You try to brake,
in order to slow down a bit, but it 's too late.... The cop has turn on the lights and tail–gating you already. You pull over and you try to convince him that
you had a "tough night"... even though it 's a lie, and to let you off with a warning. The cop tells you he doesn 't care and you should know better.
Therefore he gives you a speeding ticket of about two hundred dollars and a court date if you decide to fight it. In order to go to court you will have to
miss work, which means you won 't get paid. Then you have to pay for all the additional court fees if you want to go to clear your record; your
insurance will go up, have to pay for driving school and miss more work also. You will have to go through all this trouble, time and money. Just for
being too lazy and "tired" to get up on time.
This type of Operant Conditioning is called positive punishment where you decrease and/or limit bad habits behaviors by adding an unpleasant outcome
and/or consequence after the unwanted behavior. Now when you decide to stay

The Theory Of Behaviorism Operant Conditioning
Abstract Behaviorism takes on many forms, B.F. Skinner liked to call his form of behaviorism Operant Conditioning. He would rather study
observable behavior rather than internal mental events. He felt that was the best way to see how one may react to a particular stimuli and how one
would handle the situation. Skinner believed that if a behavior is reinforced the behavior will continue. This had a two sided effect. If the bad
behavior was reinforced the bad behavior would continue. Such as the good behavior, if it is reinforced and rewarded, the good behavior will
continue. Albert Bandura is another theorist that I find interesting and directly related to my area of study. Unlike Skinner, he believed that people
learned by watching others. His theory and Skinners theories are different but work together, you could not have operant conditioning unless you have
cognitive process.
The theorists that I chose are B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura, both of them have unique ideas on how the human being thinks, reacts, feels and learns.
Skinner (1936) wrote "The Behavior of Organisms" and introduced the concepts of operant conditioning and shaping. Albert Bandura (1963) wrote a
book called the "Social Leaning Theory and Personality development" which combines both cognitive and behavioral frameworks McLeod, 2011).
Bandura believed that children watch others to figure out how they are to behave and react in certain situations.
McLeod (2011) concludes that
Bandura believes

Operant Conditioning And Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is defined as a learning process that occurs when a biological response is paired with a neutral stimulus in reference of
Brembs and Heisenberg (2000). An age old example is Ivan Pavlov conditioned his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by giving them food each
time it rang. In doing such, the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell to meal time. Operant conditioning is a spin on classical conditioning,
whereas instead of trying to pair a response with a stimulus, a direct behavioral outcome is achieved with reinforcements or
punishments.
In classical conditioning there are what is called an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. The unconditioned response is an unlearned
response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. Such as when someone jerks their hand away when they burn themselves on a
hot stove. There is also a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. An example of this would be getting hungry when you smell the scent of
food. The body knows that usually when the smell of food is around it is time to eat, therefore your stomach rumbled in anticipation of the meal.
Sometimes classical conditioning is referred to as respondent conditioning.
In operant conditioning the goal is to have a specific behavioral outcome. Positive reinforcement causes the strengthening of a response by adding
something. Such as getting a treat after doing something good. Negative reinforcement is the act of

The Principals Of Operant Conditioning

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Jenny Alexander

More from Jenny Alexander (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Principals Of Operant Conditioning