Gene Doping In The Military

Gene Doping In The Military
With the start of the 21 first century, many new things are being developed. This is giving us a lot of new technologies and sciences. This technology
is allowing us to make advancements in the human body which allows us to change our bodies in new ways, thusly, we are able to make our bodies
stronger and give them new abilities. With these new developments, questions arise as to whether or not this is right? Would the ability to change
someone's genetic code in order to make them stronger be right? We also need to think about what possible bad repercussion could occur from us as
humanity having the ability to change someone's genetic material. First off we need to talk about what gene doping is, gene doping, as stated by H. Lee
Sweeney, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are trying to create an army of men that don't get fatigued, and that are incredibly strong and fast. The Next Big Future, a news company
reported that they are trying to get the soldiers to be able to "operate without sleep for many days"(Next Big Future). They plan on doing this by using
the two forms of gene doping. They also plan on making the soldiers not have to eat or sleep as much. This company is planning on spending
two–three billion dollars on this super soldier project. They also want to give them an exosuit that increase their abilities further. Gene doping isn't
only seen as an opportunity for progression in military pursuits but gene doping has also been noticed for its opportunities in sports. People are using
it so that they don't get fatigued. Many Tour de France athletes have admitted that they were gene doping when they won. CyclingTips, a news website
on cycling news states, "As history"...has " shown, athletes are willing to explore every option to improve the oxygen–carrying capacity of their blood
with blatant disregard for the risks involved"(CyclingTips). The problem with gene doping is that it is causing many health problems. The type of
gene doping that affects red blood cells can lead to anemia if it is done to people that already have the healthy amount of red blood cell. Their immune
system detects this and solves solves problem by stopping the production of red blood cells, which leads to very severe and fatal issues concerning the
loss of
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Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. Currently, there are a lot of studies and experiments that allow
doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or direct surgery. Researchers are testing several approaches to
gene therapy, such as replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene, inactivating, or "knocking out," a mutated gene
that is functioning improperly, introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease, and helping to regenerate precious cells. Although gene
therapy has a very active and promising approach for a number of disease, there are still several risks and side effects. Hence, the therapy ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Light passes through the cornea, and is refracted and focused on the retina. The retina is a thin, delicate tissue located at the back of the eyes that
contains photoreceptor cells that detect light and convert it into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. The photoreceptor cell relies on a protein
encoded by gene RPE65 for the production of a type of vitamin A that allows light sensitive photoreceptor cells to function. The RPE65 protein is
produced in a thin layer of cells at the back of the eye named retinal pigment epithelium. About 10% of people with Leber congenital amaurosis
(LCA), an inherited disorder that causes vision loss starting in childhood, have an altered form of the gene RPE65. The researchers hoped to halt this
process by using a virus to shuttle a functional RPE65 gene into the retina. This strategy, in which genes are used to treat or prevent a disease is
known as gene therapy. Clinical trials of experimental gene therapy for LCA and other diseases that affect the retina has been progressing in the past
decade. In 2007, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Florida pinpointed an area of intact photoreceptors in the retina
of 3 patients aged 22, 24, and 25. They then injected healthy copies of the RPE65 gene under the retina in this area. The phase one of clinical trial is
also supported by the NIH's National Eye Institute

What Is The Gene Of The CALLAR ) Gene?
The phylogeny shows the relationship of different CASP genes that code for different Caspase proteins in different eukaryotic organisms. This tree
was created using CFLAR as the outgroup; (Dereeper, 2008). CFLAR is naturally the most distantly related gene to the others, however CFLAR is in
fact quite similar to CASP8. The proteins they both produce are structurally similar, for instance they both have DED domains; (Stennicke & Salvesen,
2000; Watt et al., 1999). Conversely, theprotein CFLAR encodes, lacks Caspase activity and is involved in the process of anti–apoptosis, which
contrasts the function of CASP8; (Frank et al., 2006). The "CASP" genes form a monophyletic group, as they are all involved in causing apoptosis,
whereas CFLAR ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This effect may be due to the loss of its hydrophobicity due to the missense mutation, and thus may alter the function of the active site of the enzyme.
Similarly, an SNP of CASP8 with a G–>C mutation at position 904, substituting histidine to aspartic acid, has been associated with reducing the risk of
breast cancer (MacPherson et al., 2004). Although, both amino acids have similar hydrophilic properties, making this mutation synonymous. Therefore,
this requires more research to investigate the intricacies of the protein when the residue is changed.
To amplify CASP8–212 (one of the protein coding regions in the CASP8 gene) by RT–PCR, the gene's cDNA sequence was obtained from the Ensembl
database and then run through a primer–BLAST; (Yates et al., 2016; Ye et al., 2012). Out of the 4 primers listed in Table 1, primer 3 would be
recommended after conducting a cost–benefit analysis; one reason being due to the GC% being low at 55% for both forward and reverse primers,
being better than primers 2 & 4 that have a GC% greater than 55%. Having a substantial GC%, makes the PCR inefficient, due to excessive costs.
While denaturing nucleic acid during PCR, the temperature is raised; and considering that GC are joined via 3 H–bonds, and AT only 2, GC would
require higher temperatures to break them. Also primer 3 has a higher product length than primer 5 (which that has the same

The Economics Of Human Gene Editing. Human Gene Editing
The Economics of Human Gene Editing Human gene editing has long been controversial topic; however, precise techniques that accomplish this feat
have only recently been discovered. According to the Welcome Genome Campus in the UK, the most versatile and simplest technique, called
CRISPR–Cas9, allows scientists to cut, alter, or add to sections of the DNA sequence of living organisms ("What Is CRISPR–Cas9?"). This astonishing
technology has nearly endless applications, including the potential to eradicate genetic diseases in humans that currently have no cure. This could have
vast implications for people who suffer with disease and the economy of the region in which they live, but the technology has yet to be commercialized.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ease of reprogramming allows researchers to evaluate the effects of genetic alterations without using large amounts of their funding. David
Warmflash, an astrobiologist and science writer, explained that instead of having to alter the design or setup, the guideRNA can easily be switched out
or changed to target an alternative DNA sequence, all while using the same equipment. This saves money both in the initial editing of the sequence and
in tests to evaluate the alteration's precision since money doesn't have to be spent on additional machines and time is saved on experimental design.
This decreased cost of usage greatly influences gene therapies that could be researched and potentially offered in the future. Since it costs less to use,
the amount companies would charge patients would be less. This could result in an increase of insurance companies willing to cover CRISPR
therapies, increasing attainability for patients and potential profit for companies if CRISPR gene therapies are commercialized. Due to CRISPR–Cas9's
low cost, global scientific research on genetic editing has flourished. The power of CRISPR "is so easily accessible by labs – you don 't need a very
expensive piece of equipment and people don 't need to get many years of training to do this" (Ledford). Because of this, CRISPR technology has
spread to labs across the globe. There are two main economic

Gene, Tolerated ), And ID ) Of The IDUA Gene
Dataset
The SNPs information (Protein accession number and SNP ID) of the IDUA gene was retrieved from the NCBI dbSNP (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
/snp/). Known disease–associated mutations in IDUA gene were retrieved from The Human Gene Mutation Database (http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac
/index.php).
SIFT
SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant; http://sift.jcvi.org/) can predict the effect of amino acid substitution onprotein function, and classify it as
'tolerated' or 'deleterious' [15]. SIFT applies multiple alignment information for the query sequence and predicts whether substitutions are 'tolerated' or
'deleterious' by calculating the tolerance index score (0 to 1). Tolerance index score is a normalized probability that an amino acid ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In PROVEAN, BLAST hits with more than 75% global sequence identity are clustered together, and top 30 such clusters from a supporting sequence
are averaged within and across clusters to generate the final score. A protein variant is predicted to be 'deleterious' if the final score is below в€’2.5,
and is predicted to be 'neutral' otherwise.
PANTHER
PANTHER (http://www.pantherdb.org/) is a database which contains a collection of protein families and subfamilies that predict the occurrence of an
amino acid at a position in a family of evolutionarily related protein [19]. PANTHER uses hidden Markov model (HMM) based statistical modeling
methods and multiple sequence alignments to perform evolutionary analysis of coding nsSNPs. By calculating the substitution position–specific
evolutionary conservation score (subPSEC) based on an alignment of evolutionarily related proteins, PANTHER estimates the likelihood of a
particular nsSNP causing a functional impact. Based on subPSEC scores, PANTHER classifies SNPs as 'deleterious' (score (–– removed HTML ––)
в€’3).
SNPs&GO
SNPs&GO (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database & Gene Ontology; http://snps.biofold.org/snps–and–go/snps–and–go.html) is an support vector
machine (SVM) based method used to predict the disease related mutations from protein sequences with a scoring accuracy of 82% and Matthews
correlation coefficient of 0.63. For SNPs&GO, FASTA sequence of whole protein is considered to be an input

Persuasive Essay Genes
Let us imagine for a moment that it is possible to one hundred percent choose the genes of our offspring. Now assuming that that is already possible in
our world, how does this change our lifestyles. This topic has been discussed many times especially in the science world. The most important part
though is whether or not parents should even be allowed to do this. I strongly believe that this should not allowed.
If we were to choose the genes of our children we would not be able to speak much of a family tree. This means that because we choose every genes it
is not really the combination of the parents genes anymore. It is all controlled and the child might have none of its parents genes. This is obviously not
natural. It is our human technology that would allow us that. If we start planning every detail of our offspring is there anything we would not do. If
everything in the world would start being planned, in hopes of having some structure, it would start to be a huge problem if one person for example
had an unplanned child. This child would probably be looked down upon for not being "perfect" since all its genetic codes would be left for coincidence.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We need the farmers as well as the famous scientists. We need those less fortunate to teach us to appreciate everything we have but at the same time
we need the wealthier to start big companies to create more jobs. The world we live in is convinced that having money means having everything. This
would probably lead to many parents creating smart children only because they believe that that means they have the best life. If for example we only
have famous actors, scientists and doctors left in this world, who will provide the food in the shops or teach our children at school. This world, without
us noticing, is dependent on the fact that everyone is

What Is A Gene?
What is a gene?
The word Gene derives from the Greek "genesis" (birth) or "genos" (origin) and was first coined by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909. At that time, little or
nothing was known about the existence of DNA, and the word gene was used to describe the Mendelian concept of a phenotypical trait that is
transmitted through inheritance (Johansen, 1909).
The gene as the fundamental unit of heredity is the original meaning of the word as first geneticists intended it. This essentially explains the reason
why, during last century, a burst of research occurred in the genetic field: it was carried out in order to discover the genes responsible for the most
various traits, from the ones causing diseases to the ones responsible for genetic variation across populations. In fact, the scientific community was
convinced that genes retained all the crucial information necessary for organisms' generation, growth, survival and reproduction (Sarkar, 1998).
One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code's physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then,
many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation
into proteins.
Nowadays, if we define genes from a physical/molecular point of view, we usually consider them as a specific sequence of DNA (and its control
region), which is inheritable and codes for a product (Protein or RNA) that has a

Gene Technology Essay
Week 8 Assignment 2: Gene Technology Introduction to Biology Mr. James Cox March 3, 2013
Gene technology is the term given to a range of activities concerned with understanding the expression of genes, taking advantage of natural genetic
variation, modifying genes and transferring genes to new hosts. Gene technology sits within the broader area of biotechnology – the use of living things
to make or change products. Humans have been using biotechnology for centuries in activities ranging from plant and animal breeding through to
brewing and baking. All living things have genes. Genes are coded instructions that determine what an organism will look like and how it will function.
A gene is made up of DNA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This technology has several recognized accomplishments. The first is that genetically engineered animals will improve human health through
production of novel replacement proteins, drugs, vaccines, research models and tissues for the treatment and prevention of human disease. The second
is that genetically engineered animals will contribute to improving the environment and human health with the consumption of fewer resources and the
production of less waste and the third is that Animals that are genetically engineered will have improved food production traits enabling them to help
meet the global demand for more efficient, higher quality and lower–cost sources of food. The fourth accomplishment that this technology has is that
Genetic engineering offers tremendous benefit to the animal by enhancing health, well–being and animal welfare. Last but not least genetically
engineered animals have produced high–value industrial products such as spider silk used for medical and defense purposes. This whole process of the
genetically modified animal is done through a process called gene modification. Genetic modification changes the genes and thereby the characteristics
of the subject. When a scientist genetically modifies an animal, they insert a foreign gene in the animal's own genes.

ITGB6 Gene
David Shabazi
BIOL247L
3/9/2017
Research Article
In the human genome, we know of a gene called ITGB6 which plays an important role in wound healing and carcinogenesis, and it encodes a section
of the integrin О±vОІ6 heterodimer which functions to fuse the endosome/lysosome in corneal epithelial cells. Previous experiments done before this
article's publication have shown that, however we do not know how the mechanism of the regulation of this gene works. The authors of this article
aimed to explore the workings of the ITGB6 gene by utilizing several different experiments to characterize the promoter region of this gene and
understand its mechanism in greater detail.
One experiment that led us a step toward characterizing the promoter region ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These findings are important; we can use this knowledge to our advantage in tissue remodeling as well as tumorigenesis. For instance, we can use a
modified version of the ITGB6 gene where it has higher levels of transcription than normal, and insert that gene to a colony of cells in order to give
them improved wound healing

Gene Therapy And Its Effects
The world of genetics has mainstreamed into medical practice, transforming the way patients are treated. Recently, gene therapy has been propelled into
the spotlight with the most recent successful clinical trial in which scientists reprogrammed ordinary cardiac cells in pigs to mirror the function of the
sinoatrial node, thereby inducing a steady heartbeat. In the last few decades since its inception, gene therapy has rapidly advanced; there have been
remarkable strides in its methods and an increase in the range of targetable diseases. Gene therapy is the modification of the genetic material within a
cell for therapeutic purposes. It is used to treat or prevent diseases, inherited disorders, some cancers and viral infections by inserting a gene into a
patient's cell, through a viral vector as a delivery system, instead of using traditional medicine or surgery. Genes are responsible for making proteins,
which in turn have a vast array of pivotal functions in an organism. In patients affected with genetic diseases or disorders, the DNA is mutated and no
longer codes for a functional protein, affecting the way in which an organism appears and functions. There are different methods used to administer
gene therapy: replacing a mutated gene that causes a disease with a healthy, functional gene, which is the most common approach; inactivating a
mutated gene that is functioning improperly; and introducing a new gene into the body that will produce proteins and enzymes to help

Genes And Culture
We all partake in a particular culture and follow traditions, which can ultimately lead to our evolutionary difference. This is due to the co–evolution of
genes and culture. We evolve as a specie to increase our fitness and ability to survive and create offspring, however our ability to do so can be
crippled due to many factors such as the change in environment. Within the film Got Lactase? The Co–evolution of Genes and Culture directed by
Spencer Wells, he provides examples to this co–evolution. Spencer Wells discuss the genes that codes for lactase persistence without an idea of how it
aid survival and came about. It was discovered that this gene for lactase persistence appeared in both Europeans and the Massai, located in eastern
Africa. This was miraculous because the mutations that caused this trait were located in different positions on the chromosome. However, the main
concern is what caused these mutations. Interestingly enough, both cultures domesticated and had worship their cows. It was concluded that due to the
Certain cultures, such as the Hmong's, adapt to this terror by placing it in a positive light such as a blessing to explain something they do not
understand, this is known as biological reality in communities. The Hmong's, within the novel The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne
Fadiman, is proven difficult to treat because of their unique views on illness. They view illness in general as spiritual interventions to lead their
souls astray. For example, they viewed epilepsy as qaug dab peg, or as "the spirit catches you and you fall down" (Fadiman pg.20). Although they
recognize this as an illness, they view it as a blessing, honoring one to become a shaman. It is viewed as so because it is believed that when seizing
episodes occur you're in touch with the spiritual

Pros Of Gene Therapy
Imagine a technology that could possibly cure inherited blindness or allow allow a deaf person to here. This upcoming technology still in the
experimental stage is called gene therapy. Gene therapy is the process by which a defective or mutated gene is replaced by a healthy copy of the
gene. This process is still in the experimental stage as it is risky and still needs to be tested to make sure it is safe to use with humans. The main task of
gene therapy right now is to cure diseases that have no cures to them like blindness or some types of cancer. If scientists are able to perfect this process
it could be a revolutionizing technology in the future.
One main benefit of gene therapy is that is can cure multiple diseases when the gene is replaced. There has been reports of successful gene therapy
operations including restoring vision and hearing to some of the patients that receive it. The use of this technology could lead to a cure of blindness and
deafness, something that has never been actually accomplished in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been multiple setbacks in this technology. Some immediate side effects is that the body thinks that the virus inserting the healthy gene
is a virus and tries to fight it. A severe response to the virus could lead to the death of the individual. Another major side effect in the long run is the
development of other diseases. There have been multiple reports of operations that have gone successful, but in a few years that patient developing
diseases like leukemia and most of the patients died. Right now there are probably more negative effects to gene therapy and more research would
need to be developed to ensure that the likelihood of death is not so high. More research and operations on animals would have to be done to ensure it
is safe on

Hox Gene Abbreviation
The study of observing Hox gene expression was undertaken because of the confusion of their function. At the time Hox genes were known to pattern
the embryo in an anterior to posterior fashion. They also knew loss–of–function or gain–of–function mutations caused major developmental changes,
but it was hard to distinguish the specific type of mutation (ex. anterior or posterior homeotic transformations). It was also thought at the time that Hox
genes played a role in global patterning, for comparative studies showed the boundaries of these genes changed the class of vertebrae. The problem
was that mutations only made minor skeletal changes, which contradicted their thoughts about global patterning. To answer their thoughts about Hox
genes, Hox10 and Hox11 were experimented with. The findings of the study were that Hox genes actually are involved with global patterning of axial
skeletons of mammals (Wellick and Capecchi, 2003). To answer the question of whether the Hox genes globally pattern vertebrates, the scientists
looked at loss of function mutants of Hox10 and Hox11. This method was created by the researchers because in mice, groups 3–9 are redundant with
each other. Hox genes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were able to visualize how Hox genes pattern the animal and conclude that they do pattern the animal. The results showed that each Hox gene
promoted a certain characteristic while also suppressing another. For example, Hox11 was able to make the sacral region of the mouse while at the
same time suppressing Hox10 so no lumbar vertebrae were made. These interactions allow the correct development of the mouse and ultimately
pattern the mouse. I also believe they can be confident with their finding of limbs not being affected by Hox genes. Even though the Hox genes were
mutated, the limbs always formed on the same vertebrae. There is not much else one can do to prove that the limbs aren't associated with the Hox

Genes And Their Effects On Gene Editing Essay
Gene editing is one of the most researched fields of molecular biology, as manipulated genes deem possible studying the specific genes and their effects.
In the past, there were several attempts to manipulate gene function, including homologous recombination, RNA interference (RNAi), zinc–finger
nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription–activator like effector nucleases (TALENs). These past approaches are expensive and time–consuming to engineer
as opposed to Crispr Cas9, limiting their widespread use. What the Crispr Cas9 technique offers, and biologists desire, is specificity: the ability to
target and study particular DNA sequences in the expanse of a genome with ease of preparation as used in Fu et al. (2014) and Korkmaz et al. (2016).
The Crispr Cas9 system requires only the redesign of the crRNA to change the target specificity. This aspect of the Crispr Cas9 differs from the other
genome editing tools, including ZFNs and TALENs, in which engineering the protein–DNA interface is required. Furthermore, Crispr Cas9 enables
rapid genome–wide search of gene function by generating large gRNA libraries.
The rapid progress in developing Cas9 into a set of tools for molecular biology research has been remarkable most likely due to the simplicity, high
efficiency and versatility of the technique. Of the designer nuclease systems currently available for precision genome engineering, the Crispr Cas9
system is by far the most user–friendly according to Korkmaz et al. (2016).
In their

Epigenetics: What Are Genes?
DNA is a molecule which is inherited and contains the genetic instructions for the growth, development, reproduction and functions of all living things.
Genes are made up of DNA and have instructions on have to make protein that carry out functions in a cell. Each human has about 20,000 to 25,000
genes ("What is a gene?," 2017). However, your genes may not be expressed at all times. Different genes may be off or on at a certain time. The
epigenome is a series of chemical modifications to DNA which determine which genes are read and how often. Epigenetics are the DNA modifications
that don't change the gene expression; however, change gene activity ("What is epigenetics?," 2017). Stress, diet and exercise all control which genes
are expressed or "on". ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Histones are a protein which DNA is wrapped around. The genes that are loose while wrapped around the histones are easy to read which cause them
to be expressed or "on". On the contrary, the genes tightly coiled aren't read making them silent or "off". Whether a certain gene is expressed or silent
is determined by the environment and your lifestyle.
Epigenetic reveals to us that your daily habits can affect not only you but your offspring as well for those who are pregnant. Your lifestyle as well as
the environment around you has the ability to control your epigenetic. Furthermore, the food you eat as well as how often you exercise may determine
the health, the risk of disease and general well–being of you or your future child. To ensure a healthy life is to take care of your epigenetics and that of
your future child through healthy diet and exercising

Gene Sequencing : Genes And Genes
"That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet" (Shakespeare, 55), and the reason why is found in the rose's genome. "Simply
put, it [a genome] is the order in which the letters of the genetic alphabet are arranged along the chromosomal DNA strands. . . ." (Richards and
Hawley, 279). Genomes are responsible for the structure, organization, and mechanics of organisms. Due to the precedence DNA has over life,
scientists have, for decades, worked to uncover the mysteries found within our genomes. The process of organizing and identifying different genes is
referred to as Genome (or Gene) Sequencing. Gene Sequencing involves two aspects: gene location and gene function. Genes that are frequently
inherited together are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fragments created are unique to that section of DNA, and can be used to identify that specific piece of DNA. Scientists use this method to map
both human and animal genomes. The information gathered from these maps is compiled in the international GenBank. Scientists also study gene
function. This is more complicated than finding gene location due to the fact that genes influence each other through epistasis and polygenic
inheritance. Scientist can use genes with known functions to make educated guesses about the function of unknown genes based on similar structures
within the gene. Mutations, and the effects they have, also helps scientists to understand gene function. By locating which gene has been mutated and
observing the result of that mutation, scientists can determine that gene's function. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was founded in order to sequence
and identify the entire human genome, and to develop databases of genetic and physical maps of different sequences. It later expanded to include other
countries and became known as the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Their efforts correlated with the research done by a
biotechnology company called Celera Genomics, Inc. Based on both of their results, the human genome contains approximately 35,709 different genes
(Richards and Hawley, 299, 303). Interestingly enough, the results showed that every

Genes And Functions Of Proteins
Genes is something every living organism has. Genes are found in the DNA, which is the center for information that gives instructions for what type of
protein the cell is suppose to produce, it's lifespan, maturity, and function. The gene is a subunit of DNA. It holds the instructions for what the proteins
should be producing. Proteins are molecules that properly instruct the cells structure, function, and regulations of the body's tissues and organs. Amino
acids are what proteins are made of. They are connected to one another in long chains. There are a variety of different types of amino acids that can be
put together to make a protein. Each different sequence of amino acids tells the proteins structure and function. Antibodies, enzymes, messengers,
structural components, and transport or storage proteins are different examples of protein function. ("How Do Genes Direct the Production of
Proteins?", April 2015) Majority of genes hold information that is essential to produce functional proteins. From a gene to a protein the transformation
is rigorous and the mechanisms happen in every single cell. There are two steps for the process of making a DNA gene to a protein which are
transcription and translation. In the process of transcription, the information in a genes DNA being made into RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cells
nucleus. The kind of RNA that holds information for making a protein is a mRNA which is thw messenger RNA. It transports information to nucleus
into the

Disadvantages Of Gene Therapy
Jasmine Rowe
SCI 115
Professor Palaniswamy
11/3/2017
Human beings are biological organisms that are all subject to disease. Disease is caused by infections which have various causes themselves.
Infections may be caused by bacteria, in accidents or injuries, or even by abnormalities or idiosyncrasies from our genetic code. The immune system is
responsible for fighting against infectious agents and protecting the body. However, for some a weakened immune system, especially a genetic
predisposition to a weakened immune system, can leave individuals susceptible to dangerous diseases. That is where gene therapy comes in. Gene
therapy is the replacement, or insertion, of an infected gene with a genetically altered and new healthy gene. The uses of gene therapy can open
doors to many new cures for genetic diseases. It could be a cure for almost any abnormality as well. Therefore, with the help of gene therapy, human
beings can benefit and even prolong their existence by preventing fatal diseases in future generations of families. Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the
insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into cells usually to replace defective or diseased genes in the body. By using gene therapy, doctors
can go to the source of the disorder or problem instead of prescribing a patient countless number of drugs (Hogarth, 2014). Gene therapy was designed
to introduce new and corrected genes to compensate for any abnormal genes. If a mutated gene causes a protein to

Gene Translicing
4.1Introduction
Alternative splicing (AS) plays a fundamental role in the diversification of protein function and regulation. AS is the main contributor to cellular
diversity, hence, the identification and quantification of differentially spliced transcripts in genome–wide transcript analysis are very important aspects
(Conesa et al., 2016). AS is the main component in eukaryotic gene expression that increases coding capacity of the human genome (Tazi et al., 2009)
being used frequently to produce tissue–specific protein isoforms (Merkin et al., 2012). The disruption of specific AS events and the use of wrong
splice sites have been associated with a number of human genetic diseases (Xiong et al., 2015). To date, the 20,000 or so... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cufflinks (Trapnell et al, 2013), DiffSplice (Hu et al, 2013), and FDM (Singh et al, 2011) use the Jensen–Shannon divergence metric to infer
differential isoform proportion while accounting for variability between replicates. rSeqDiff employs a hierarchical likelihood ratio test to identify both
differential gene and isoform expression simultaneously (Shi and Jiang). Nevertheless, all these methods are mostly obstructed by the intrinsic
limitations of short–read sequencing for accurate identification at the isoform level (Xie et al., 2014). Cufflinks consider the estimation uncertainty,
nonetheless, the test statistic unable to distinguish the contributions from replicates with high or low degrees of estimation uncertainty (Trapnell et al,
2013). ALEXA–seq (Griffith et al., 2010), MISO (Katz et al, 2010), rSeqDiff (Shi and Jiang, 2013), and SpliceTrap (Wu et al, 2011) is designed for
two–sample comparison, however, unable to handle replicates samples.
On the other hand, the second category is the exon–based approach. In this approach, it skips the estimation of isoform expression and detects signals
of alternative splicing by comparing the distributions of reads on exons and junctions of the genes between the compared samples. This approach is
based on the principle that differences in isoform expression can be tracked in the signals of exons and their junctions. DEXseq

What Makes A Gene?
What is a gene?
The definition of what constitutes a gene has developed throughout history in light of new research and information. In generic terms, a gene is part of
a living organism having influence on observable and non–observable characteristics by transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring. The
structure of a gene is widely accepted as a sequence of nucleotides consisting of four bases Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine and Guanine. Three bases
together determine an amino acid and the sequence of amino acids determine which proteins are formed. A gene does not only determine which
functional proteins are produced, it also contains elements involved in regulation and expression of genes, and areas with no apparent function such as
retro–transposons and pseudogenes. This has lead to discrepancies in definitions of its constituents.
History
The development of what constitutes as a gene began with the experiments by Gregor Mendel in 1865 identifying the process of heredity to determine
trait variation. Crossing and breading of the pea plants led to the discovery of dominant and recessive traits, heterozygotic and homozygotic inheritance,
and the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of an individual. His experiments challenged the previous hypothesis that characteristics
were inherited from parents and blended to result in the observed characteristic. (Mendel, 1866) In light of Mendel's paper, Wilhelm Johannsen coined
the name 'Gene' in 1909,

Jumping Genes
DNA is not only significant because it transfers hereditary information from generation to generation, but the discovery of DNA and genetics has
helped diagnose diseases and formulate treatments customized to a person's specific biochemistry and genetic makeup. This experiment focused on the
Alu insertion on chromosome 16, also known as one of the "jumping genes" in the human genome. Yet, Alu is technically not agene and therefore, it
has no effect on the organism's fitness. Although Alu does not encode for any protein, it does appear to be stable over evolutionary time once inserted
at a specific chromosomal location (Batzer et al., 1994). This jumping gene can indicate the relationships between human populations since not all
chromosomes carry the Alu allele at a specific locus. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this knowledge, a better analysis of population relationships can be achieved. In addition, amplification of a specific Alu insertion with
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to study not only human migrational patterns, but also genetic mapping and genetic disorders (Novick et
al., 1993). There are many different applications this jumping gene has on the research associated with DNA. However, the purpose of this experiment
was to analyze the frequency of the Alu allele for the entire class population and determine whether the class was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
which would suggest that the allele frequency does not change over time. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the Alu allele after
the DNA was isolated, then gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the

Gene Duplication
When the human genome sequence was released in 2003, it was discovered that it contains only 23,000 genes (Crollius et al., 2000 as cited in Chen,
2012). In comparison, the nematode C. elegans, a much simpler organism, has a similarly sized genome. This demonstrates that there is no real
connection between gene number and organismal complexity. The concept of one gene leading to the formation of only one protein is no longer valid.
Instead, a posttranscriptional process called alternative splicing (AS) exists in which various unique transcripts, or isoforms, can be produced from a
single gene in eukaryote organisms. It involves removing introns from a strand of pre–mRNA, while splicing the remaining exons together to produce
the mature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a close relative of vertebrates, Ciona, the TnI gene is only present as a single copy. However, Ciona creates three different isoforms for this gene
through alternative splicing, each of which resembles one of the three copies of TnI in vertebrates in terms of functionality. This suggests that the
evolution of the TnI gene to function in different muscle types originated from AS events that produced three functional transcripts from a single gene,
providing a selective advantage to the relatives of vertebrates (Maclean et al., 1997 as cited in Chen, 2012). Furthermore, the alternative splicing of
pre–mRNA strands of specific genes is critical for the well–being of certain organisms (Modrek et al., 2001).
The genes that are affected by alternative splicing in humans tend to produce molecules that are essential for the cell. The major class of these
molecules is cell surface proteins and receptors, which are involved in cell surface interactions and signalling. Approximately 30% of alternatively
spliced genes make molecules with functions pertaining to the immune system, such as immune cell surface receptors. The splicing of pre–mRNA
strands can produce a variety of receptor and signal transduction molecules that enable cells to respond to foreign invaders. Alternative splicing
ultimately helps humans better adapt to

Gene Doping
Gene Doping
Gene doping is a method used in which genes can be modified or expressed to provide a development that can enhance the body and mind. This
method, gene doping was introduced in the late 1970s from several scientists after the development of recombinant of DNA. The process of gene
doping can unlock the full human potential. People can deve their muscle growth, blood production, pain resistance, and much more using gene doping
(Runkle). Allowing the method of gene doping, could draw in new viewers for genetically modified sports and it can help the elderly with life long
problems.
The sports industry is starting to notice decline in viewers, players, and money. A 44% decrease in participation in sports has occurred as of 2015
(Wire). Gene doping could offer a whole new division for the sport world that could enthrall the interest of more people. An athlete's speed, endurance,
and muscle strength could increase and developed by gene doping (Steadman). Gene doping can whatan athlete's ability to play and insure the players
safety. The process of genetic doping starts by transferring genetic material into the targetcell by an injection (Wells). Furthermore, billions of dollars
yearly could be invested by athletes and organizations that could be used to improve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, "...gene doping may someday allow athletes to produce extra copies of
genes that provide a competitive advantage such as increased muscle mass or endurance." Gene doping also offers a disadvantage toward other
players who have chosen to play fair (Lin). While this is true, allowing gene doping in sports could prevent prevent this issue. Gene doping could
open a whole new league where sports are genetically modified with the injection of gene doping. Allowing gene doping to be fair in sports could
make it safer for athletes, while solving the cheating

Gene Therapy Is A Technique
Gene therapy is a technique that uses genes as medicine to treat or prevent disease. The technique may be used to replace a defective gene for a
healthy gene or use a new gene to favorably change the condition of the faulty gene [1]. There are several problems that challenge gene therapy, the
certain condition or disease in question must be well understood, the defective gene must be identified and a working copy of the gene must be
available, and the most problematic is effectively delivering working copies of the gene to the cells. The DNA delivery vehicles used in gene therapy
are called vectors. There is no omnipotent vector that can treat every disorder. Every gene therapy vector must be customized to address the unique
features of the disorder [3].
There are several vectors in gene therapy, and choosing the most suitable for treating the disorder is part of the challenge. The vectors include viral
and nonviral. Viral vectors utilize viruses to deliver genes, whereas non–viral vectors such as plasmids and liposomes deliver their contents by fusing
with the cell membrane [3]. Genes can be delivered into a patients body in two ways, in vivo and ex vivo. In vivo injects the vector directly into the
patient 's body while ex vivo delivers genes to cells that have been removed from the body and are growing in culture, then put back into the body [3].
Types of Gene Therapy
There are two types of gene therapy, somatic and germline. Somatic gene therapy involves non–sex cells

Gene Knockdown
In order to stop the cow from producing BGL, the process of gene knockdown via RNA interference or iRNA was used. Gene knockdown is a
method of silencing a gene so that it can no longer function or to minimise the expression of the gene. In this case the purpose of silencing the specific
gene was to stop the production of BGL. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of
proteins. Gene knockdown is the technique that involves disrupting the mRNA of a particular gene. In order to direct gene silencing a group of
mechanisms called RNAi use small RNA molecules. Inside the nucleus of a cell most genes, including the one silenced in Daisy that encodes the BGL
protein, are transcribed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were able to identify exactly what gene produced the protein but did not know what else that gene was responsible for or how that gene
might effect other processes or other things that the particular gene coded for. This could have been over looked had the cow's milk not had an
unusual increase in other proteins such as caesium proteins which had more than a 200% increase. The cow was also born without a tail and this
could also be due to the reduced expression of the gene. Other biological implications could also not have yet been discovered or realised and as
there is a large increase in caesium proteins this may not be healthy for the cow or its possible offspring. The indication that levels of the caesium
protein has changed could also mean decreases in others that could dramatically effect the cows health. Whether it will live a regular, decreased or
increased lifespan has not yet been determined but unexpected or strange results of this could be due to the lack or increase of proteins, gene
function, process ability or many other biological functions that would occur without the knockdown of the gene. BGL is not found in human breast
milk and not in many milk producing mammals. The exact purpose of it is still unknown which again but the biological processes of Daisy or her off
spring at risk. Gene

How Genes Change Overtime And The Structure And Function...
Molecular genetics is the study how genes change overtime and the structure and function of genes at the molecular level. Evolutionary biologists had
to make inferences based off of phenotypic observations before molecular genetics was established. We can use molecular genetics to prove evolution
by how our genes and traits do change overtime due to diseases inherited from our parents, the environment we live in, both the actual living
environment and the nutritional standpoint, and the lifestyle habits can affect our genes, which alter the future of evolutionary change. Darwin's
definition of theory is stated as the change in the genetic structure of population, frequently used to refer to the appearance of new species. Changes
allow the organisms to better adapt to the environment, which in turn will help them survive and produce more offspring. Understanding DNA can take
a lot of studying and confusion to even get the general idea of the concept. The structure of DNA is very complicated and complex to understand, but
researchers James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin all developed the idea of the DNA structure in 1953.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid is found in the nucleus of the cell. It is a double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code and is the main component of
chromosomes. DNA is the blueprint of organisms. Nucleotides are the basic unit of DNA and they are made up of sugar, phosphate, and one of the
four basis including adenine,

Dna And Gene Essay
The topic i chose was DNA and the gene, because I think that it's cool how these little particles can make such a big difference in our bodies either in
a positive or negative way. Behind talking about the DNA and gene I'm also including the things that can happen if anyone of these were not to
function normally. The diseases i choose to talk about is the Huntington disease, sickle cell, genetic disease, Down syndrome, cancer, and genetic
disorder. DNA and gene play a major role in these diseases because they determine what your body does and what it does not do.
The DNA is a self–replicating material that is in almost all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic
Later then, the chromosomes are organized again into smaller pieces of DNA called genes. That's what connects thechromosome with the DNA and the
gene. The DNA bases tell the cells how to function and what traits they will express. A chromosome is a thread like structure including the nucleic
acids and protein
which is found inside the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in form of the gene. The structure of the chromosome is sort of
like an X structure. The middle of the X is called the centromere and divides into 2 sections or arms. The short arm of the chromosome is labeled as
the "palm", the longer arm is labeled as the "q arm". It's made up of DNA tightly colliding together many times around proteins called histones and
that's what supports the structure. There are 20,000 – 25,000 protein coding genes on every single chromosome, humans normally have 46
chromosomes in each cell that are divided into 23 pairs. There are 2 copies of chromosome 8, one copy gets inherited from each of the parents to form
one of the pairs.
The few diseases that DNA and the gene cause are cancer, sickle cell anemia, genetic disease, Huntington disease, and genetic disorder. The first one
I'm going to talk about is cancer. Cancer is a genetic disease caused when there is a change in genes that causes our cells to function

What Are Genes And Genes?
1. What are Traits? All human beings are unique from one and another, each complex organism has certain traits that can be seen some harder than
others. Some traits that are easier to see such as hair and eye color, the other ones that are harder to see are vocal talents, Asthma, and disease risk.
Traits can be created through the environment or through genes. The environment can change traits such as the things we enjoy or the sounds that we
create, like language, the language we speak is considered environment change. Though eye color or body shape is inherited through our parents giving
us some identical genes. Although with twins they are a bit more genetically close, yet they are not 100% DNA matches, all human beings will have a
small amount of traits that are different, but those who are fraternal twins do share closer DNA than those who are born years a part.
2. What are DNA and Genes? The instructions to create any living organism complex or not is found from within DNA, also DNA in all organisms
looks exactly the same. DNA has four tiny building blocks that are like the back bone, these building blocks have a chemical letter. These chemical
letters A, C, T, and G, these chemicals create the only two strands in DNA and they only go with one another one being A to T and C to G, these work
in genes, each gene is told to build a certain protein and a complete set of genes is called a genome. A genome is a set of instructions to build an entire
organism, humans have

Gene Expression : The Consequences Of Human DNA And Human...
Human DNA is found in 23 pairs of chromosomes and within these chromosomes are sections of DNA called genes. Genes make up the physical traits
inherited and expressed from mom and dad. When the DNA found within these genes provides genetic instructions to encode proteins or other
molecules, this is called gene expression. Gene expression is the process by which genetic information stored in a gene dictates a cells function. This
process is essential as regulatory proteins control the rate of gene expression. Gene expression is influenced by the processes performed in
transcription and translation to make functional proteins. The regulation of gene expression is more complex in Eukaryotic cells then prokaryotic cells
due to the nuclear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gene expression can be altered by different genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. These mechanisms can alter chromatin structures and the accessibility
of DNA, thereby regulating patterns of gene expression (Wajed, S. A., Laird, P. W., & DeMeester, T. R. 2001). In the nucleus of the
cell, chromatin is
bound to a DNA–histone–protein complex in the form of chromosomes. Within the cell, chromatin modifications are made such as DNA methylation
and histone modification in order to alter gene expressions. DNA Methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to the 5' end of the cytosine ring
within CpG dinucleotides. While most CpG dinucleotides are methylated, unmethylated CpGs are clustered together at promoter regions of many
genes (Lim, D. H., & Maher, E. R. 2011). These promoter regions are essential for transcription to occur, however, DNA methylation can prevent
transcription factors from binding leading to changes in chromatin structures. Another mechanism that can alter gene expression is histone
modifications. Histone modification includes changing the composition of histones or the addition of acetyl, methyl or phosphate groups onto the
amino acids of histone tails (Book). While histones are important proteins used to organize and wrap large amounts of DNA, when histones within
these nucleosomes are modified, the mobility and positioning of DNA are affected resulting in gene promoters to be activated or repressed. In addition
to both of

The Ethics Of Gene Testing
In relation to the positives and negatives of gene testing, there are strong arguments for both views. An argument presented for gene testing is the idea
of risk evaluation, knowledge and even possible cures or treatment. This however is presented with the counter argument, as there are several ethical
issues with genetic testing.
The first of these issues is the fact that genetics testing has many limitations, some tests struggle to identify the type of gene alteration has been found,
it could be anything from Huntington's disease to down syndrome and a failure to properly diagnose can lead to a mistrust of medical professions not
to mention a large personal impact (Lea D 2011). The next issue is the potential for discrimination presented

What Is The Gene Used In The Production Of The Rnai Gene?
Both the human and the fly ADCK3 gene will be codon optimized by gene script so that the RNAi gene does not recognize them as a target. Each
gene will be inserted into a pUASTattB plasmid which can then be microinjection into drosophila yellow eyed embryos where the П†C31–based
integration system will insert the plasmid into one of the drosophila's chromosomes. Selecting for transformants will be done by observing eye color as
the pUASTattB plasmid encodes a gene required for white eye pigmentation so when white eyes are seen it is due to a successful transformation.
The quantity of each product is then analyzed using qRT–PCR and the brains characterized to see if adding these genes has rescued the function of
ADCK3 in the RNAi fly line ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To check the level of non–specific binding of the anti–FLAG antibody the same procedure will be carried out on wild–type flies which do not contain
the FLAG tag.
Determine if the mutant genes can rescue the phenotypes resulting from RNAi knockdown
Three mutants will be generated by site directed mutagenesis of WT CG32649 and tested to see the effect each has on ADCK3 function within the
brain. Of these mutants one contains p.Leu271Pro another has c.1506+1G>A and the third is a double mutant containing both these mutations. Testing
each of these mutations separately allows a better understanding of each ADCK3 mutation as it will show whether either one alone makes any
difference or if only the combination of both mutations is enough to change ADCK3 expression or function.
To test these mutations transgenic fly lines containing the mutants must first be made and then recombined into the RNAi line so that the normal
expression of ADCK3 in the flies is knocked down and the effect of the mutation can be seen. This experiment therefore is determined on the products
of the previous experiments as it cannot be carried out without a successful RNAi knockdown fly line and will not work if the wildtype rescue
experiment did not work. The mutants will be generated in the same manner as those used in the rescue experiment. They will be fully characterized
using the same methods that were used to characterize a normal flies brain and the RNAi rescue experiments.
Both

Epigenetic Genes
Researchers first thought the genes you receive from your parents are set in stone since they are made of a genetic code set in our DNA
sequence;however, they are discovering that there is a second layer of structure that combines with DNA to decide whether or not a gene is active or
not, called the epigenome. The epigenome consists of the DNA, histones, a protein DNA is wrapped around, and chemical tags. The epigenome alters
the genetic code by directing signals. The signals come from the environment, which are reacted upon by epigenetic tags to turn a gene either on or off
without affecting the DNA sequence. Certain things from our environment that send signals to epigenetic tags to change our genes in the epigenome
includes the following: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can turn certain genes on or off by tightly wrapping the structure of the gene making it unreadable and inactive. If it is making a gene active, it
simply relaxes the genes structure making them available to read. In further detail, the epigenome alters genetic coding by using the epigenetic tags,
or chemical tags, which respond to signals transferred by proteins, ultimately taken to a gene regulatory protein which attaches itself to a certain gene.
There are many types of epigenetic tags that make genes effective or not. An example of a tag that turns off genes are Methyl tags. They are attached
to a CG base pair, cytosine and guanine, where they block transcription machinery, such as RNA Polymerase, from binding to the DNA. Another way
of silencing a gene is by gathering proteins that can bind to DNA with the methyl tags, to then block the transcription machinery. Acetyl tags are an
example of tag that turns a gene on. They loosen the Dna from the histone to allow easy access. The acetyl tags are added to lysine, an amino acid, on
the tails of histones. Acetyl tgs are just one of the tags that form a histone code, others include methyl, phosphoryl, ubiquitin, SUMO, and

Gene Therapy
How can Gene Therapy be used to Treat or Prevent Disease?
Discussion
In the last two decades, gene therapy has improved from mental concepts to clinical trials and laboratory experiment. Gene therapy is a technique that
is currently being tested to see if genes can be used to treat or prevent disease. This method can successfully be able to replace a mutated gene with a
healthy copy, knock out a mutated gene that is not functioning and introduce a new type of gene in the body to help fight a disease a human being
may have. Gene therapy is a work in progress system that basically inserts a "normal" genome to replace the gene that is "abnormal" and causes
disease. Gene therapy have shown magnificent progression in animals. In mice, it has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women may not want to get pregnant because they are aware they have a genetical mutations related to mtDNA. Researchers wanted to see if they can
use gene therapy to prevent births with genetic disorders. They replaced the mtDNA in an egg from a healthy donor. The stem cells were not successful
for humans but did work better on monkeys. This technique was experimental and showed the potential gene therapy has.
Gene therapy testings are not always successful when experimented on humans. However, the technique has been effective on animals. Scientists used
gene therapy to change EphB2 levels in mice. The study showed that once levels were reduced they had memory problems like mice with Alzheimer's
(Roan, 2010). Increasing the level of enzymes in mice prevented memory loss. The use of gene therapy showed that amyloid proteins binds to EphB3
and causes the level to increase or decrease.
Conclusion and Future

The Process of Gene Expression
The process of gene expression is used by all known life known as eukaryotes which include multicellular organisms, prokaryotes like bacteria and
Achaea, and viruses which generates the macromolecular machinery for life. Gene expression is what "turns on" the genes and makes a product. The
products made could be an enzyme, a protein, or a control molecule. These products are often proteins, but in non–protein coding genes such as mRNA
genes or tRNA genes, the product is a functional RNA. The order of gene expression is transcription, RNA processing, then translation. The control of
transcription: this is the first step of gene expression when a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase and is
then a joined mechanism. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a corresponding, antiparallel RNA
strand called a primary transcript. The order that transcription goes in would start with the initiate transcription from a gene by binding the RNA
polymerase to the promoter DNA. A promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. The RNA polymerase then splits the
double helix DNA molecule into two nucleotides. When doing this the breaking down of the hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides occurs. The
RNA and DNA helix's break apart and the new RNA strand is complete. If the cell has a nucleus, it will then be processed again which will then exits
to the cytoplasm. During this process a

Gene Doping: The Morality Of Gene Therapy In Sports
Gene therapy is a practice that uses a different gene to treat or improve. It is the process of taking DNA from one person and inserting it to another
one in need. They use gene therapy by inserting DNA to enhance the athlete performance called gene doping. Gene doping is an outgrowth of gene
therapy. Instead of injecting DNA into a person's body for the purpose of helping some function related to a damaged or missing gene, as in gene
therapy, gene doping involves inserting DNA for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance. Gene doping means athletes taking illegal substances
to improve their performances on the field. Here is the big question among society. With this new advancement in gene therapy promotes new hopes to
cure life–threatening diseases or playing fair in sports, but it also raises questions about morality as well as the adverse effects it may cause in the
future society and the media. In our media it concentrated society by using thousands of magazines, and tv talk shows in responds of different
answers with different points of view about the morality of gene therapy and gene doping. Supporters of this gene doping argue that it has a negative
impact for athletes as well as sports and young athletes. Yet, it has aroused considerable public concern because it has professed by many sports fans.
Gene doping should be ban because there are health risks involved in taking them because it can either cause damage to the athlete's body and it is
cheating to play

Genes: Inheritance Gene Drive
Genes that are sexual reproduction that have an evolutionary advantage in nature. This can be inheritance gene drive that can be in one individual and
can be spread in the offsprings.
CRISPR enables the gene drive to work because when one of the parents of the offspring is inserted with CRISPR that is passed on to the offspring.
The offspring will have one normal and one edited copy and then the CRISPR will cut out the normal copy. Thegene of course will try to fix itself by
copying the second gene which is the edit copy, which then the offspring will have two edit and a CRISPR. Gene's drives can be beneficial to the
ecosystems by preventing diseases by using standard drives. These standard drives are used to interrupt a natural gene which helps spread disease.
While the suppression drive will help reduce organisms in a target population, also the suppression drives are found with resistance elements. These
suppressions drives that never developed in some species drove them to extinction.
There are limitations on what gene drive can do for manipulating the entire population in the ecosystem. The first one is that it can't affect animals that
are asexual. The reason of this happening is because the asexual animals don't inherit to bias. The second reason is that we can use ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example we have the power to change specific genome that can determine the population size, which species gets to expand and flourish while we
diminish others. But in the end the (specimen) might get used to the gene drives like the anti–malarial peptide or it can harm a natural gene that is
important for spreading disease. There are two different drives that can be used one is called suppression. It makes more organisms in a population.
Suppression can be used to control species that are threatened in the ecosystem. The second one is called reversal drive. The reversal drive undoes
genome changes such as natural mutations like pest and

The Controversy Of Gene Therapy
Whether gene therapy should be allowed to be used in practice is currently a very controversial topic. In my opinion, I do not think that it should be
allowed. Gene therapy is a technique where genetic material is inserted into a patient to replace missing or defective genes. Gene therapy can be further
broken down into two categories: somatic and germline. From there, somatic gene therapy can be approached in two ways: in–vivo and ex–vivo. For
the process of gene therapy to begin, the proper vector needs to be acquired. Once a vector is chosen, the vector delivers the new gene into the target cell
. Then, the target cell becomes infected with the vector. Next, the vector's genetic material is inserted into the target cell. Then finally, functional

Gene Review : Gene Editing
Gene editing with CRISPR–Cas9 will be the next cure for cancer, many other diseases and could change many lives. Even though this ground breaking
technology has not been put to use on humans yet, when it does it will be well worth the wait. Many countries have been working on the
CRISPR–Cas9 for months to allow it to be used to cure the many diseases that can not be cured with modern technology.
Gene Editing is a method that can be used to change or edit the genetic code. Researchers and doctors can add or delete a sequence in the genetic
code. Adding or deleting a sequence in the genetic code is just like copying and pasting in a word document. Gene editing is being used to cure
disease and/or disorders, and has been around for years but has never been very accurate or precise. Now, with the breakthrough technology of the
year, the CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing could be easier than ever.The CRISPR–Cas9 has the potential to cure diseases that many have died from. The
CRISPR–Cas9 is like a little pair of scissors that will cut out, repair , or even replace DNA. The changes that are made with this machine will be passed
on from generation to generation. Like said before, gene editing is not new to the world, but the CRISPR–Cas9 is the first technology being used to
undergo gene editing. Before the CRISPR–Cas9 there was the TALENs. Out of all the technology for gene editing CRISPR–Cas9 has been the most
precise of them all. As soon as it is perfected it will be the next

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