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INDONESIAN LITERATURE GENRES
- 1. INDONESIAN LITERATURE Prepared by: Daisy Jean O. Sab MAEd-Teaching English
- 2. Location: Southeast Asian Archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
- 3. Indonesia has an estimated 17, 508 islands but only 6,000 islands are inhabited.
- 4. It comprises 5 main islands: Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa and Papua.
- 6. Indonesians are a mixed of Chinese, European, Indian and Malay. Diversity is a central feature of the Indonesian Culture.
- 8. Periods of Indonesian Literature 1. Pujangga Lama: the "Literates of Olden Times" 2. Sastra Melayu Lama: "Older Malay Literature" 3. Angkatan Balai Pustaka: the "Generation of the [Colonial] Office for Popular Literature" (from 1908) 4. Angkatan Pujangga Baru: the "New Literates" (1933) 5. Angkatan 1945: the "Generation of 1945"
- 9. Periods of Indonesian Literature 6. Angkatan 1950 - 1960-an: the "Generation of the 1950s" 7. Angkatan 1966 - 1970-an: the "Generation of 1966 into the 1970s" 8. Angkatan 1980-an: the "Decade of the 1980s" 9. Angkatan Reformasi: the post Suharto "Reformation Period" 10. Angkatan 2000-an: the "Generation of 2000s"
- 10. 1. Pujangga Lama : the "Literates of Olden Times" • Pujangga lama or "the old poets" was written before the 20th century • A lively oral tradition using traditional Malay-language literature
- 11. Genres Traditional forms dominate in written poetry and prose: • syair (traditional narrative poetry) Examples: Syair Bidasari Syair Raja Siak Syair Ken Tambuhan Syair Raja Mambang Jauhari • pantun (quatrains made up of two seemingly disconnected couplets) Example: Sejarah Melayu
- 12. Genres • gurindam (brief aphorisms) • hikayat (stories, fairy-tales, animal fables, chronicles) Examples: Hikayat andaken Penurat Hikayat Bayan Budiman Hikayat Kadirun • babad (histories or chronicles) Example: Sejarah Melayu
- 13. 2. Sastra Melayu Lama: "Older Malay Literature" • The works from this period were predominantly popular among the people in Sumatra,the Chinese and the Indo- Europeans (1870-1942) • The first works were dominated by syair, hikayat and translations of western novels Examples: Robinson Crusoe (translation) Around the World in Eighty Days (Mengelilingi Bumi dalam 80 hari) (translation)
- 14. 3. Angkatan Balai Pustaka: the "Generation of the [Colonial] Office for Popular Literature" (1908) • National consciousness emerged among educated Indonesians • Balai Pustaka is a Dutch government- supervised publisher • Themes: forced marriages, adat (traditional law), modernization and adventure • Azab dan Sengsara (Torment and Misery) - First Indonesian Novel written by Merari Siregar
- 15. • Sitti Nurbaya - most popular of all Balai Pustaka' s novels written by Marah Rusly • In 1928, "Bahasa Indonesia" ("Indonesian language") is proclaimed a National Language • "one people, one nation, one language".
- 16. 4. Angkatan Pujangga Baru: the "New Literates" (1933) • National consciousness among young Indonesian intellectuals was well-developed. • Angkatan Pujangga Baru - first national literary magazine was created • Greatest Poets were: Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana Amir Hamzah Armijn Pane Sanusi Pane
- 17. • Characteristic: - first literary periodical in the national language - occasionally included prose in English, and more regularly and perhaps understandably, prose and poetry in Dutch - Beb Vuyk, an Indo-European author of Dutch nationality but with strong nationalist sympathies is one of the editors
- 18. • dominated by essays and poetry in the modern vein • Romanticism is evident in poems which emphasizes individual emotions, nature & mysticism. Examples: Mengeluh ("Complaint") Kematian Anak ("The Death of a Child") Sawah ("Rice Fields") Bintang ("Stars") Do'a ("Prayer")
- 19. 5. Angkatan 1945: the "Generation of 1945" • dominated by the thoughts of independence and political manner • inspiration and leaders are: Chairil Anwar – the great poet Pramoedya Ananta Toer – most prominent writer
- 20. 6. Angkatan 1950 - 1960-an: the "Generation of the 1950s" • characterised by the Kisah magazine, established by H. B. Jassin • dominated by collections of short stories and poetry
- 21. 7. Angkatan 1966 - 1970-an: the "Generation of 1966 into the 1970s" • rising the Horison magazine led by Mochtar Lubis • Dozens of writers previously associated with Lekra or leftist groups went into exile overseas
- 22. • Telegram ( 1973 ) • Author: Putu Wijaya • This fiction tells the story of a Balinese journalist who live in Jakarta and thinks that a telegram is a bad omen.
- 23. 8. Angkatan 1980-an: the "Decade of the 1980s" • dominated by romance novel • poets explored ideas such as femininity • Lupus – a popular story written by Hilman Hariwijaya
- 24. 9. Angkatan Reformasi: the post Suharto "Reformation Period" • And The War Is Over ( 1977 ) • Author: Ismail Marahimin • Set in Indonesia following the Japanese invasion, this book was awarded the Pegasus Prize for Literature in 1984. Originally titled Dan Perang Pun Usai,
- 25. 10. Angkatan 2000-an: the "Generation of 2000s" • Dewi Lestari (Dee Lestari) is one of the front runners in the modern Indonesian book scene • As an author, she has published nine books, including the highly anticipated Supernova series. – Supernova 1: Ksatria, Puteri dan Bintang Jatuh (2001) – Supernova 2: Akar (2002) – Supernova 3: Petir (2004) – Supernova 4: Partikel (2012) – Supernova 5: Gelombang (2014)
- 26. • Eka Kurniawan -first Indonesian writer nominated for the Man Booker international prize for his novel Man Tiger, translated by Labodalih Sembiring. - Man Tiger, with its main character possessed by the spirit of a white tiger, has elements that UK readers will most readily recognise from Latin American magical realism
- 27. •Ayu Utami -Wrote the most talk about book Saman - dealt with subjects that until that time had been taboo: political, repression, prejudice towards the Chinese, and premarital sex.
- 28. • Sastra Wangi: Indonesia's Sexy Feminist Literary Movement - Fragrant Literature - First new trend in Indonesian literature - Other writers are: Dewi Lestari, Fira Basuki and Djenar Maesa Ayu
- 29. • Raisa Affandi, - just 11 years old when she wrote her 1st Novel “Mimmi Bo and the Missing Diary”
- 30. • Cyber Literature "Sastra Tong Sampah“ ("dustbin literature")
- 31. Literature is a Subversive Act. It is a medium for change. It promotes social responsibility and social consciousness.
- 32. Bascara, L. (2005).World Literature. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company Inc. History of Indonesian Literature. (n.d.) Retrieved June 30, 2018 from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/ Housing#ref988058 Rodil, et. al. (2014). Heritage of World Literature. Mandaluyong City: Books atbp.Publishing Corp. Sumardjo, J. (2001). Recent Writers in Indonesia. (electronic resource). Indonesia: ABD REFERENCES
Editor's Notes
- With a population of 258 million, it is the world’s fourth most populous nation and the largest formed by an archipelago
- Indonesia is a country that is influenced by many unique cultures. The influences of Dutch and Portuguese colonialism as well Chinese and Indian immigration mixed with local culture and formed a rich culture.
- During its early history, Indonesia was the centre of trade among sailors and traders from China, India, Europe and the Middle East. Indonesia was then a colony of the Netherlands (ca. 1600—1942) and Japan (1942–45
- Indonesian literature is used in this article to refer to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the language, i.e. the Malay language written in the Dutch East Indies
- Many of the Indonesian songs, or poems, that were orally transmitted by professional priest-singers embody traditions that have a religious function.
- Pantun is an impromptu, interactive, verbal composition of poetry
- Balai Pustaka blocked all work that might be conducive to any sort of religious controversy, and anything "pornographic" was avoided: even a novel featuring divorce had to be published elsewhere. Balai Pustaka were generally called "Roman Picisan" (dime novels). The kinds of the novels that circulated among the educated people consisted of characters, setting and dialogues dealing with problems of Indonesian life such as the ways of tradition versus the modem Dutch Government is a unifying force
- This is because the Dutch goverrunent controlled the writings and interfered constantly in the production of nationalist literary works. For them [the officials], it is an editorial policy based on which
- adopted its very name, Poedjangga Baroe, to emphasise its striving for renewal, attempting to break away both from the set forms of traditional Malay literature and from the yoke of colonial constraints: the objective was a new poetics and a new national consciousness.
- new generation of intellectuals began to assess whether to maintain traditional values or to consciously accept Western norms in the effort to establish a modern but genuinely Indonesian culture.
- Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a well-known author won the Magsaysay Award and was considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The works created by angkatan '45 are mostly more realistic, compared to the works of pujangga baru, which are more romantic - idealistic. Indonesian nationalist revolution of 1945
- The political climate changed radically after the violent events that surrounded Suharto’s assumption of power in 1965–66. Strict government censorship was introduced, and many writers were either imprisoned or silenced. Continued restrictions on freedom of expression limited literary activity during the following decades, although these restrictions were eased somewhat after Suharto’s resignation from the presidency, in 1998.
- One day, he receives a telegram from home. He predicts the content without reading it—that his mother has passed away. Trying to avoid his responsibility as the oldest son, he decides not to open the telegram. However, he has to explain the matter to his adopted child. Aside from this problem, the journalist also needs to address the issue within himself—his inability to tell what is real and what is not.
- the story revolves around tension between local residents and Japanese authorities in the Sumatra village of Teratakbuluh following news that Japan has surrendered. In the situation, Lieutenant Ose, who never wanted to take part in the war, struggles with his own conscience and the pressure of the war’s ending. Aside from English, the work has also been translated into Japanese.
- This novel has been reprinted 5 times in only 6 months. The work of Dewi Lestari (she is also a singer) brings a vision of a new spirituality based on several inventions of modern science in the 20th century. It has popular story lines, which could be found easily in television serials, that is, love affairs, the broken love among celebrities in Jakarta. Within the framework of a popular story, the author would like to show the truth about her vision of a new spirituality in the theory of chaos, turbulence, probability, holism, and so on.
- Kurniawan grew up in an isolated coastal village in West Java in the house with no books, but after evening prayers at the local mosque, the village children would gather on the porch of an elderly woman who would tell them magical tales.
- The style of writing is so direct, smart, and about the life of young people who have a global vision, and are brave enough to formulate a new morality for youth. It has brought a fresh and new approach to novel writing in Indonesia.
- Ayu Utami and her 1998 novel Saman is noted as starting the sastra wangi movement Sastra wangi (also spelled sastrawangi; literally, "fragrant literature") is a label given to a new body of Indonesian literature written by young, urban Indonesian women who take on controversial issues such as politics, religion and sexuality. The controversial label "sastra wangi" originated among predominantly male critics in the early 2000s to categorize such young, female writers as Ayu Utami, Dewi Lestari, Fira Basuki and Djenar Maesa Ayu. Utamis said, "There’s always a tendency to categorize literary work, and sastra wangi is one such category ... The media came up with [the name] because we weren’t the typical writers who used to lead the local literary scene. Beyond that, I don’t know the meaning or significance of sastra wangi." [Source: Wikipedia +] These writers aren't afraid to say anything. This is the first new trend in Indonesian literature for ages and ages
- ; it is about children with an awareness of the world around them that is much deeper than the adults in the story imagine.