Running Head: RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS 1 Title: Research Question and Hypothesis Student’s Name: Date: Scholars and researchers spend a lot of time doing studies on a particular topic. This gives them an experience on the topic of research that they are dealing with. In my annotated bibliography I have provided several sources that provide a lot of reliable information about aviation safety. All the sources were written by professional authors who provide intensive research techniques about air safety and the benefits of a safe aviation sector (Salkind, 2012). Aviation safety topic is what I am currently dealing with and which I am basing my research on. This topic is has been discussed over and over and it seems that no enough research has been done to answer questions related to the required standards of safety in the sector. The problem to be addressed in this study is the improvement of aviation safety in the country. The aviation sector is one of the biggest industries in the country and even in the world all over. Safety in the sector is, therefore, a very big issue that needs to be reviewed and stressed. In my research, I will base my research on the improvement of the services in the aviation industry to improve safety and reliability in the sector. I have developed three questions which if answered will accomplish the goals of my research problem. One of the questions is, what is the impact of an insecure aviation sector to the people and economy of the county. This is because if the sector is not secure, people might get hurt and the economy of the country will be affected as people and customers might develop a negative attitude towards an insecure aviation sector. The second question which will aid in my research if answered is, what are the key factors which promote and allow risks to occur in the aviation sector. Having many risks occurring will promote insecurity in the sector. The third question is about the change of eh policies in the aviation sector. A change of policy might assist to improve aviation safety in the country. In my proposed study, I will look at the importance of privatizing the aviation sector as being a good strategy of improving services than having it being run by the government (Wiggins & Stevens, 2016). Privatizing the sector will ensure that safety measures have been considered in the sector. A board of directors would run the sector more effectively than the government running. A lot of researches and strategies will be put in place to promote the safety of the sector and ensure the usage of quality equipment to ensure the safety of the employees and the clients of the sector. References Ferguson, M., & Nelson, S. (2012). Aviation Safety: A Balanced Industry Approach. Cengage Learning. Salkind, N. J. (2012). 100 Questions (and Answers) About Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Wiggins, M. W., & Stevens, C. (2016). Aviation Social Science: Research Meth ...

1. Running Head: RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS 1
Title: Research Question and Hypothesis
Student’s Name:
Date:
Scholars and researchers spend a lot of time doing studies on a
particular topic. This gives them an experience on the topic of
research that they are dealing with. In my annotated
bibliography I have provided several sources that provide a lot
of reliable information about aviation safety. All the sources
were written by professional authors who provide intensive
research techniques about air safety and the benefits of a safe
aviation sector (Salkind, 2012). Aviation safety topic is what I
am currently dealing with and which I am basing my research
on. This topic is has been discussed over and over and it seems
that no enough research has been done to answer questions
related to the required standards of safety in the sector.
The problem to be addressed in this study is the improvement of
aviation safety in the country. The aviation sector is one of the
biggest industries in the country and even in the world all over.
Safety in the sector is, therefore, a very big issue that needs to
be reviewed and stressed. In my research, I will base my
research on the improvement of the services in the aviation
industry to improve safety and reliability in the sector.
I have developed three questions which if answered will
accomplish the goals of my research problem. One of the
questions is, what is the impact of an insecure aviation sector to

2. the people and economy of the county. This is because if the
sector is not secure, people might get hurt and the economy of
the country will be affected as people and customers might
develop a negative attitude towards an insecure aviation sector.
The second question which will aid in my research if answered
is, what are the key factors which promote and allow risks to
occur in the aviation sector. Having many risks occurring will
promote insecurity in the sector. The third question is about the
change of eh policies in the aviation sector. A change of policy
might assist to improve aviation safety in the country.
In my proposed study, I will look at the importance of
privatizing the aviation sector as being a good strategy of
improving services than having it being run by the government
(Wiggins & Stevens, 2016). Privatizing the sector will ensure
that safety measures have been considered in the sector. A
board of directors would run the sector more effectively than
the government running. A lot of researches and strategies will
be put in place to promote the safety of the sector and ensure
the usage of quality equipment to ensure the safety of the
employees and the clients of the sector.
References
Ferguson, M., & Nelson, S. (2012). Aviation Safety: A
Balanced Industry Approach. Cengage Learning.
Salkind, N. J. (2012). 100 Questions (and Answers) About
Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Wiggins, M. W., & Stevens, C. (2016). Aviation Social Science:
Research Methods in Practice. Oxfordshire, England: Taylor &
Francis.
9/30/2019 Opinion | Why Sex Is Not Binary - The New York

3. Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/opinion/sex-biology-
binary.html?searchResultPosition=1 1/2
Why Sex Is Not Binary
The complexity is more than cultural. It s̓ biological, too.
By Anne Fausto-Sterling
Dr. Fausto-Sterling is a professor of biology and gender studies.
Oct. 25, 2018
Two sexes have never been enough to describe human variety.
Not in biblical times and not now. Before we knew much
about biology, we made social rules to administer sexual
diversity. The ancient Jewish rabbinical code known as the
Tosefta,
for example, sometimes treated people who had male and female
parts (such as testes and a vagina) as women — they
could not inherit property or serve as priests; at other times, as
men — forbidding them to shave or be secluded with
women. More brutally, the Romans, seeing people of mixed sex
as a bad omen, might kill a person whose body and mind did
not conform to a binary sexual classification.
Today, some governments seem to be following the Roman
model, if not killing people who do not fit into one of two sex-
labeled bins, then at least trying to deny their existence. This
month, Prime Minister Viktor Orban of Hungary banned
university-level gender studies programs, declaring that “people
are born either male or female” and that it is unacceptable
“to talk about socially constructed genders, rather than
biological sexes.” Now the Trump administration’s Department
of
Health and Human Services wants to follow suit by legally

4. defining sex as “a person’s status as male or female based on
immutable biological traits identifiable by or before birth.”
This is wrong in so many ways, morally as well as
scientifically. Others will explain the human damage wrought
by such a
ruling. I will stick to the biological error.
[The Opinion section is now on Instagram. Follow us at
@nytopinion.]
It has long been known that there is no single biological
measure that unassailably places each and every human into one
of
two categories — male or female. In the 1950s the psychologist
John Money and his colleagues studied people born with
unusual combinations of sex markers (ovaries and a penis,
testes and a vagina, two X chromosomes and a scrotum, and
more). Thinking about these people, whom today we would call
intersex, Dr. Money developed a multilayered model of
sexual development.
He started with chromosomal sex, determined at fertilization
when an X- or Y-bearing sperm fuses with an X-bearing egg.
At least that’s what usually happens. Less commonly, an egg or
sperm may lack a sex chromosome or have an extra one.
The resultant embryo has an uncommon chromosomal sex —
say, XXY, XYY or XO. So even considering only the first layer
of sex, there are more than two categories.
And that’s just the first layer. Eight to 12 weeks after
conception, an embryo acquires fetal gonadal sex: Embryos with
a Y
chromosome develop embryonic testes; those with two X’s form
embryonic ovaries. This sets the stage for fetal hormonal
sex, when the fetal embryonic testes or ovaries make hormones

5. that further push the embryo’s development in either a
male or a female direction (depending on which hormones
appear). Fetal hormonal sex orchestrates internal reproductive
sex (formation of the uterus, cervix and fallopian tubes in
females or the vas deferens, prostate and epididymis in males).
During the fourth month, fetal hormones complete their job by
shaping external genital sex — penis and scrotum in males,
vagina and clitoris in females.
By birth, then, a baby has five layers of sex. But as with
chromosomal sex, each subsequent layer does not always
become
strictly binary. Furthermore, the layers can conflict with one
another, with one being binary and another not: An XX baby
can be born with a penis, an XY person may have a vagina, and
so on. These kinds of inconsistencies throw a monkey
wrench into any plan to assign sex as male or female,
categorically and in perpetuity, just by looking at a newborn’s
private
parts.
9/30/2019 Opinion | Why Sex Is Not Binary - The New York
Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/opinion/sex-biology-
binary.html?searchResultPosition=1 2/2
Adding to the complexity, the layering does not stop at birth.
The adults surrounding the newborn identify sex based on
how they perceive genital sex (at birth or from an ultrasound
image) and this begins the process of gender socialization.
Fetal hormones also affect brain development, producing yet
another layer called brain sex. One aspect of brain sex
becomes evident at puberty when, usually, certain brain cells

6. stimulate adult male or adult female levels and patterns of
hormones that cause adult sexual maturation.
Dr. Money called these layers pubertal hormonal sex and
pubertal morphological sex. But these, too, may vary widely
beyond a two-category classification. This fact is the source of
continuing disputes about how to decide who can
legitimately compete in all-female international sports events.
There has been a lot of new scientific research on this topic
since the 1950s. But those looking to biology for an easy-to-
administer definition of sex and gender can derive little comfort
from the most important of these findings. For example, we
now know that rather than developing under the direction of a
single gene, the fetal embryonic testes or ovaries develop
under the direction of opposing gene networks, one of which
represses male development while stimulating female
differentiation and the other of which does the opposite. What
matters, then, is not the presence or absence of a particular
gene but the balance of power among gene networks acting
together or in a particular sequence. This undermines the
possibility of using a simple genetic test to determine “true”
sex.
The policy change proposed by the Department of Health and
Human Services marches backward in time. It flies in the
face of scientific consensus about sex and gender, and it
imperils the freedom of people to live their lives in a way that
fits
their sex and gender as these develop throughout each
individual life cycle.
Anne Fausto-Sterling is an emeritus professor of biology and
gender studies at Brown University.
A version of this article appears in print on Oct. 28, 2018,

7. Section A, Page 19 of the New York edition with the headline:
Why Sex Is Not Binary
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