Philosphy

nwm AwDwr
^wlsw dw jIvn-AwDwr pRBU dw nwm hY
[ dunIAw dy kwr-ivhwr kridAW vI auh pRBU
dI Xwd nUM ihrdy ivc vsweI r~Kdw hY
[ pRBU-ipAwr ivc lIn ho ky kIqI jwcnw
ausnUM AgMmI b^iSSW dw pwqr
bxwauNdI hY [ ^wlsy dI Asl pUMjI pRBU dw
nwm hY qy iehI rws iek~qr krn leI auh qqpr
rihMdw hY :
sMcx kau hir eyko nwmu ] hliq pliq qw kY
AwvY kwm ]

ikrq ivrq kr Drm dI
^wlsw Drm dI ikrq krdw hY – nw iksy nwl
D~kw krdw hY qy nw hI iksy dw D~kw
sihMdw hY [auh au~cI –su~cI ikrq krky
smwj dI auswrU sMpqI bxdw hY [ hr QW
gurU dI b^iSS nwl auh mwxXog ruqbw
pRwpq krdw hY [ Drm dI ikrq krdIAW auh
hmySw AwpxI suriq gurU dy crnW nwl joVI
r~Kdw hY :
hwQ pway kir kwmu sBu cIqu inrMjn nwil ]
(slok kbIr jI, pMnw 1376)

gurU leI kurbwn
^wlsw gurU dy hukm ivc jIaUNdw hY [ ausdI
rzw ivc rihMidAW auh Awpxw sB kuJ
inCwvr kr idMdw hY [ krVy qoM krVy qsIhy
ausdy isdk nUM fulw nhIN skdy [ ^wlseI jIvn
jwc dw pihlw sbk hI gurU nwnk swihb ny ieh
id~qw sI :
jau qau pyRm Kylx kw cwwayu ] isru Dir qlI
glI myrI Awau ]

Sacrifice

gurU dI b^iSS –- AMimRq
^wlsy dI isrjxw klgIDr ipqw ny AMimRq dI
dwq b^S ky kIqI[ KMfy- bwty dy AMimRq ny
inrbl qy swh-sq hIxI kOm nUM nvW jIvn
b^iSAw Aqy zulm dw twkrw krn leI AgMmI
swhs pRdwn kIqw [ gurU dI dwq – AMimRq
ny mOq dw fr ^qm kr ky ^wlsy nUM Amr kr
id~qw :
eyk bUMd guir AMimRq dIno qw Atlu Amru

Aq hI rn mY qb jUJ mroN
^wlsw "hukm kI kwr" kmwauNidAW,
SwqmeI ivcr ky srb~q dw Blw mMgdw hY
[ pr jykr zulm dI A~q ho jwvy qy koeI hor
hIlw-vswlIAw nw rhy qW h~Q ivc qlvwr PVnI
aus leI jwiez hY qy mYdwin – jMg ivc jUJ ky
mrnw ausdw Drm :

cUM kwr Az hmw hIlqy dr guzsq ] hlwl Asq
burdn b Sm Sir dsq ]

syvw krq hoie inhkwmI
^wlsw ApxI Drm-kmweI ivco vMf ky Ckdw
hY ; loVvMdW dI XQw-Skq mdd "gur kI
syvw" smJ ky krdw Aqy srb~q dw Blw
mMgdw hY [ aus leI ZrIb dw mUMh hI
guruU dI golk hY [ duKIAW-inAwsirAW dI
bWh PVnI gurU-Gr dI mwx Xog rvwieq
hY[ syvw qoN ibnW qW jIvn hI iDRg ikhw
igAw hY :
ivx syvw iDRg hQ pYr hor inhPl krxI ] ( BweI
gurdws jI

d/th-d/tfsnK dhnK ejkDhnK fwfEjk;e
jB, fJfsjk;e BjhA g[okDe-rkEk iK d/t-
ejkDhnK d/ ;dk jh d'jo/ noE j[zd/ jB,
pkjow[Zyh s/ ojZ;wJh noE.. fJj
wB[Zyh u/sBk ftu g?dk j'D tkb/ ;ko/
gqFBK dk f;b;b/ tko T[so g/F
eodhnK iKdhnK jB s/ fJ; soQK
wB[Zy B{z g{oB GKs ;[-f;yFs eodhnK
jB.. fJj gqFB g?dk j[zdk j? fe fJj
fdqFNhwkB ;z;ko fet/A pfDnk, feE'A
pfDnk s/ fet/A ftuo fojk j?
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ fJj ;soK fbyhnK

nBzs Bkr# nBzssk j?, ;w/A, ;EkB,
ihtB dh nBzssk, ;dhtsk, gowkswk T[;
@nBzssk# dk ;kyh j? ns/ T[; dk
;zukbe j?. @BkokfJD# ihtB dk phi j?
fi; dh X[zBh ftu'A @ewb# fBeb fojk j?.
ewb Gkosh ;fGnkuko ftu ihtB T[sgsh
s/ ftek; dk gqshe j?-ewb dh vzvh ftu'A
fJe Fesh T[gih j?, pqjwk s/ T[; B/
;z;ko ouBk ehsh, fJj gfjbk wB[Zyh
ftFtk; ;h, f;qFNh-ouBk pko/
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ @BkG-ewb# dh
ftnkfynk fco nkg jh ehsh L;ku/ s/

(;' ;kvh fJj g[okD rkEk pkjow[Zyh o{g
ftu ejkDh j?, nzsoht o{g ftu doFB j?,
ojZ; j?, cb;ck j?. wB[Zyh f;yFk dk
fJe ;kXB s/ ftXh j?. nEkj ;kro iK
gkDh jh ihT[ wzfBnk j?. Bhbk ekbk
gkDh nBzs ekb she g;fonk fojk-fJj'
Ssh iZ[r dk X[zX{eko th ;h. fJj
@;bbw# dk f;XKs th j?. fJj' @fjoD
roG# iK @;toB nzvk# ;h. fco @nzvk#
N[ZfNnk i'V-ftS'V j'fJnk, Xos-nkekF
pD rJ/. Xosh B{z ;jkok d/D bJh
@pbd# dh ebgBk j'Jh. T[;/ @pbd# dh

wB[Zy r[D-gqG{ dh Grsh ftu bhB
j'fJnk. Xq{j, gqfjbkd, pbokik, iBe
nkfd fJ; d/ gqwkD jB. ftFB{z-
gqG{ eJh o{g Xko e/ fJBQK GrsK dh
gqhfynk b?Adk j?. @gqfjbkd# B{z
pukD bJh row b'j/ d/ EzwQ ftu'A Bo
f;zj o{g Xko e/ gqrN j[zdk j? ns/
joBkyF B{z ByK Bkb fpdkodk j?.
fJj ;koh xo'rh ejkDh j?, i' gqwkswk dh
;op-ftnkgesk, ;op Fesh-wkBsk s/ Grs-
tSb fpod B{z gqrN eodh j?. fJ;/ soQK
i/ g[eko ehsh ikJ/ sK gqfjbkd tKr

nikwb B/ @nzs ;tko fbnk# s/ rBek
t/;tk dh d[owfs d/y r[ow[y fdnkb
j'J/. ;kyh dk T[finkok ;kB{z fwb frnk.
dht/ dh pkjobh pDktN, s/b, tZNh, tZb
f;Zy B/ BjhA ikDk T[; ftu'A fBebh
o"FBh tZb d/yDk j?. fJj j? Gkt gqEkfJ
;kyh dk. j[D i/ r[o{ ih fJzdo dk o'Dk
dZ;d/ jB sK ;kv/ bJh T[gd/F j'fJnk
Lekw s'A pu', fJj ;dk d[ydkJh j?.
gKvtK d/ t/ot/ j'Dr/ sK fJ; bJh fe
@ihtB i{J/ BKj jko'#. okik okw dk
f}eo i/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu nkt/rk sK

pqjwk B{z ftZfdnk d/ jzeko B/
wkfonk, i/ Bkb f;woB j[zdk sK fJsBk
d[Zyh BKj j[zdk. pfb okik B{z
jzeko B/ T[ikfVnk. joh uzd B{z dkB
d/ wkD B/ y[nko ehsk. gkB dh E[Ze
B{z jh ukBDh oks ftu jhok ;wM joh
uzd jZE ik gk p?mk s/ Bw'Fh
T[mkDh gJh. joDkyF B{z @d[okuko#
B/ spkj ehsk.
d[oi'XB B{z G[Zb frnk fe gfs th e'Jh
uh} j?.
;' fJj ;G jtkb/ fe;/ dh T[gwk ftu BjhA,

ntsko fJE/ g{i BjhA ;r'A i[rfj i[rfj e/
oki/ jB ns/ b'e nDikD-g[D/ ftu ntsko
eoe/ g{ih ub/ ik oj/ jB. wB[Zy ftu
oki;h g{ik j[D sZe j? ns/ fJ; dk o[jp
bkj[D bJh jh ntskoK ;pzXh @j'o e/s/
okw otkb# iK @ekB feqFB ikdt# B{z
fpzqdqkpB ftu eb'b eod/ jh fdykfJnk
j?. fJ; soQK nB/eK gqEkfJ ;kyh f}eo
jB. go Bkb' Bkb ;[u/s th eoh rJ/ jB fe
wB[Zy gqw/Fo B{z SZv fJBQK dh
g{ik jh B eoBh F[o{ eo d/t/. XzB jB
r[o{ gksFkj i' ;kB{z ;[u/sh p]Fd/ oj/

;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ dkoFfBe f;XKs
@;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp fdqFNwkB o{g eoe/ ns/
GktBk eoe/ ;z;ko dk fJe doFB rqzE BjhA j?.
fJ; dh pkDh dk o{g eftsk dk j? ns/ fJ; ;zgkfds
rqzE d/ fgZS/ GktBk gq/wk-Grsh B{z ;keko
eoB dh j?. fe;/ ftF/F dkoFfBe-gqpzX nXhB
Bk fJj pkDh ouh rJh j? ns/ Bk jh fJj ouBk fe;/
Fk;sqe-gqpzX nB[;ko ;zgkfds ehsh rJh j?.
;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dk ;o{g G/d# dk j?,
@Fk;sq# dk BjhA j? L fit/A @for t/d# ftu
d/th-d/t s/ pqjw T[gkFBk j?, fst/A ;qh
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu gqwkswk dh gq/wk Grsh

fJj wjkB rqzE sK ;ko/ Gkos dk gqfsfBX rqzE
j? fiE'A she Grsh-ekft dk ;pzX j?. fJ; rqzE ftu
12thA s'A b? e/ 17thA ;dh she j'J/ Gkosh
GrsK s/ gzikph r[o{nK dh ouBk ;zefbs j?
Gkt/A fJ; rqzE dk ftF/F Gkr gzikp dh Xosh s/
ofunk frnk j? go fJ; ftu T[so gqd/F, pzrkb,
wjKokFNo, f;zX okfi;EkB, nkfd gqKsK d/
GrsK dh ouBk th ;zefbs j?. fJBQK fGzB-
fGzB gqKsK ftu, iBw/ ns/ fGzB-fGzB jkbks
ftu'A bzxd/ GrsK d/ ihtB siop/ ns/ f;XKs
fGzB-fGzB ;B. fJBQK ethnK dh gqfsGk dk
ftek; tZyo/-tZyo/ jkbks ftu j'fJnkfJ; bJh fJBQK

@;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp# ftu doFB d/ fszB Gkr
iK gZy jB. gfjbk Gkr j? @nfXnkswesk# fi; ftu
fBoDk ehsk j? fe ;ko/ iht-irs pqjwzv gk;ko/
fgS/ sZs-;ko ;q/FN t;s{ eh j? ns/ T[; dk gk;ko/
Bkb eh ;pzX j?. fJj fBo'b Fk;sq j?. d{ik Gkr
fJj j? fe iht gk;ko/ dh e?d ftu'A fet/A fBeb
e/ ;ot-ftnkgh nfpBkFh pqjw i' ;ko/ gk;ko/ ftu
sZs-t;s{ j?, Bkb fet/A fwb ;edk j?. fJj Xow-
Fk;sq j? Gkt Fk;sq dk T[j Gkr i' w[esh
gqkgsh d/ ;kXB dZ;dk j? fit/A fe Bkw-Grsh,
r[o{ Grsh, wB dk ;ziw nkfd. shik Gkr ;dkuko
dk ;wkie ihtB dk j?

i' fJj fBo{gD eodk j? fe wkBth Xow-wB[Zy d/
s"o s/ eh j? iK wB[Zy dk j'o wB[Zy, ihtK s/
e[dos Bkb eh ;pzX j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;' ;qh
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ @doFB# d/ w[Zy-Gkosh
doFD d/ sZs nB[;ko jh jB. / f;XKs fJBQK pko/
jB L (T) pqjw, nkswk, irs (wkfJnk), (n) Bkw
r[o{, wB, ns/ (J) ;dkuko, ;wkie, Xow;qh
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu nB/e EkJhA fJj ;gZFN fejk
j? fe @pqjw# pko/ wB[Zyh frnkB pVk nbg j?
ns/ @pqjw# pko/ ;G e[M ed/ th ikfDnk BjhA
ik ;edk. T[j ;dk nw[b, nBzs, nrzw, nr'uo, nrkX
ofjzdk j?,

go pqjw ns/ gk;ko/ pko/ uzrh wksqk ftu frnkB
fJzdqhnK, p[Xh ns/ nkswe Fesh Bkb gqkgs
j' ;edk j?. fJ;/ B{z ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu (Fpd)
iK @pkDh# dk ;kXB iK gqwkD wzfBnk j?. fJj
@X[o eh pkDh# ns/ @j[ewkT[# dk f;XKs j?.
gq/wk-Grsh f;woB ns/ ;ziw d/ ihtB d[nkok
wB[Zy B{z Fpd-f;Xh iK nB[Gt Fesh gqkgs j'
iKd/ jB ns/ T[; B{z @nyVhnk fpnB# gqkgs j'
iKdhnK jB fiBQK Bkb @gksFkj }kjok# fd; g?
Adk j? ns/ T[E/ @dorkj# ftu @;'do[# s/ i'
@j'fJ pshs/# T[; B{z Grs-eth eftsk ftu ;keko
eo fdzdk j?. fJj nB[Gt ftF/F Fesh j?, fJj gqG{-

1H sZs frnkB (Metaphysics)
(T) pqjw L ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/
fuzseK B/ @;u[# B{z @pqjw# ns/
@pqjw# B{z @;u[# wzfBnk j?-
@nkfd ;u[ i[rkfd ;u[.. j? Gh ;u[ BkBe
j';h Gh ;u[..# @;u[# jh pqjw j?. fJ;
@pqjw-;u[# d/ bZSD fJj jB L
(T@;u[# ;dk J/e' ;o{g ftu ns/ fJe;ko
ofjzdk j?, T[; dh fJe;kosk ed/ Gzr
BjhA j[zdh ns/ T[j @;op ftnkgh#
ofjzdk j? ns/ jo pkjobh fGzBsk d/
nzdo @fJe ;wkB# ofjzdk j?. iks, toB,

(n) fJj @;u[-pqjw# jo o{g ftu gqsZy s/ gqrN
j[zdk j?. fJj Bkw-o{g XkoB eodk j? ns/ T[j o{g
@;ukJh# j[zdk j?. fBnK, gftZsqsk, e'wbsk,
fgnko, Xow, dfJnk, ;s, ;zs'y, ;[u, feos,
fwZms, fBwosk, ehosh, tzv SeDk,
fdnkBsdko-;G @pqjw-;u# dk gqrN o{g jB. fJj
@eow Bkw# @;fs# jB. pqjw jo o{g ftu eow
eodk j?-T[j @eow# @;fsBkw# jB. pqjw-;u[#
j?, fJ; bJh T[; dk jo gqrN o{g s/ jo gqrN eow
@;u[# j?.;fsBkw jB.  ;ko/ o{gK s/ ;o{gK ftu
ftnkge ofjzdk j?.
(

(J) @;u# ;dk @eosk g[oy# j[zdk j?. T[j ;dk
u/szB j' e/ T[;ko{ eosZt eodk j?. ekw, eq'X d/
eosZt ftu th T[j T[;ko{ ofjzdk j?, id'A T[j ftBkF
eodk j?, sd th T[j T[;ko{ j?. jo jkbs ftu j[ew
tos fojk j?. @okik# ns/ @oze# d'jK o{gK ftu
e[M pD frnk j?-e[M u/szB ftek; j' fojk j?.
@;u[# ;dk eoskoh u/szBsk ofjzdk j

(;) @;u[# ;[szso j?-fe;/ j'o ekoi iK ekoB nXhB
BjhA j?. fJ; bJh T[j @fBoGT[# ns/ @fBot?o#
wzfBnk frnk j?. @;u[# nkgD/ nkg ftu ;G e[M
j?-Bk T[j fe;/ gk;'A Fesh b?Adk j? ns/ Bk fe;/
dh nXhBrh ftu Fesh tosdk j?. @;u[# nkgD/
nkg ftu n;bhns ns/ @gow ;Zsk# j?.
(j) @;u[# @;dhth ;[zdosk# (nekb w{ofs) dh
brB tkbk j?. ;[zdo, e[dos, wB[Zy, tshok, ;
[Gk ;G @;u[# dk jh ;o{g jB. jo @e'jM# @;
[zdosk# ftu tZNdk ik fojk j?. ;[zdo ftuko ns/ ;
[zdo ftshok jh @;u[-pqjw# jB.

(e) @;u[-pqjw# @ni{Bh# ns/ @;?Gz# j?. T[j
fe;/ ekoi-tZ; BjhA ns/ ;G e[M T[; ekoi-tZ; j?.
T[j @;?Gz# j'D eoe/ fBZs Bt/A o{gK ftu gqrN
j[zdk ofjzdk j?.
(y) @;u[# @r[o# (frnkBh) ns/ @gq;kfd#
(;kT{, dfJnktkB, feogkfBfX) j?. frnkB @;u[#
j? ns/ @frnkBh# ;dk ;kT{-tsho/ tkbk j[zdk j?.
GrsK s/ r[o{nK B/ gq/w-tZ; @;Zu-pqjw# d/ fJ;
gqrN o{g Bz{ wkfDnk ns/ rkftnk j?. fJj ;G
@;fsBkw# o{g j?. @pqjw# ;ko/ ;Kr Xkodk
j'fJnk @fJe ozr# ofjzdk j?. ;kok gk;kok fJe
pkihroh j? sZs-o{g# e/tb @fJe# j?, pkjow[yh

(n) nkswk L wB[Zyh nkswk GkD/
j[ew nB[;ko ftS[Vh ns/ tZyoh j'Jh j'Jh
@i'fs-;o{g# s/ @gqG{-nzF# j?. @nkswk
gqwkswk# jh j?. wB i'fs ;o{g j?. @phi-
o{g# Bkw fjod/ ftu j?. iht-nkswk th ,
;fsBkw[, eosk g[oy[, fBoGT[, fBot?
o[ nkfd j?. fJj nfpBkFh j?-@Uj[ B
w{nk i' ofjnk ;wkfJ. nkswk @;ji/
nkt? ;ji/ ikfJ..# j?. nkswk e?;h j?
<nuoi eEk wjk nB{g.. gqwkswk
gkopqjw ek o{g[.. ojkT[.. Bk fJj p{Yk
Bk fJj pkbk.. Bk fJ; d{y[ Bjh iw

nkswk uT[ok;hj bZy i{BK ftu uZeo eZNdh j?.
fJj wB[Zyk iBw ftu irdhF B{z fwbdh j?. nkswk
;dk pqjw jh j?. wB, p[fX, fus, fjodk-;G
gqfeqsh d/ o{g jB, go fJBQK d[nkok jh i'fs dk
gqekF wB[Zy B{z ;jkJh j[zdk j?. wB[, p[fX,
fus nkfd @ekfJnk# ns/ @nkswk# d/ ftukb/
;zi'rh ;kXB jB. nkswk @nzsorfs shoE# j?,
@i'fs ;uh wB wkfj#, @i'sh i'fs fwbkJhn? ;[osh
;[ofs ;zi'r#, @nzsfo ewb gqrkf;nk# s/, @fod
wkDe w'fb nw'fb#, @fJj wkDe ihT[ fBow'b#,
j?, @J/ek ;[ofs i/s/ j? ihn# j?. nkswk B{z
@jz;# fejk j? - @ekfJnk jz; ;zi'r w/fb

ekfJnk ftu nkswk j? L
ekfJnk nzdfo ;G[ feS[ t;? , yzv wzvb
gkskbk..
ekfJnk nzdfo irihtB dksk t;? , ;GBk eo/
gqfsgkbk.. ekfJnk ekwfD ;dk ;[j/bh,
r[ow[fy Bkw[ ;w`kbk.. (;{jh w L 3,
gzBk 754)
(J) irs gqkfeqsh (matter) : gqfeqsh
(matter) B{z @ sq? r[DK# s/@ gzi
sZsK# dh T[sgsh fejk j? go @ sq? r[D#
gqwkswk-pqjw dh jh ouBk j? . ns/T[;

fJj j? sq? r[DK dk ft;wkdh gk;kok
Lft;wkd[ Bkd ft;wkd[ t/d.. ft;wkd[ ihn
ft;wkd[ G/d.. ft;wkd[ o{g ft;wkd[ ozr..
ft;wkd[ Bkr/fcofj izs..
ft;wkd[ gT[D[ ft;wkd[ gkDh..
ft;wkd[ nrBh y/vfj ftvkDh..
gqfeqsh pqjw ;o{g j? go fet/A pDh, fJj
ft;wkdh y/v j? . fJj gk;kok @ j[ew# Bkb
pfDnk j? Lehsk g;kT[ J/e' etkT[.. fs;
s/j'J/by dohnkT[.. pqjw s'A fpBK
e'Jh j'o ;sk BjhA j? . gzi sZs pqjw
ftu'A T[gid/jB ns/Lir[ ;[gBk pkih pBh

f;qFNh dk ekoB T[j pqjw nkg jh j? -
@ nkg/ekoD[ eosk eo/f;q;fN d/y?
nkfg T[gkfJ#, @ ;G J/e' fJe[ tosdk
nby[ B bfynk ikfJ#-(37) dP? s feXo/
BjhA j? , y/b j? LBk feS[ nkts Bk
feS[ ikts ;G[ y/b[ ehU jfo okfJU..
(209) gqfeqsh dk y/b[ ;kok @ ;fs# j? -
@ nkfg ;fs ehnk ;G ;fs#, @ fBor[B nkfg
;or[B Gh Ujh#, @ ;op G{s nkfg
toskok# ns/@ nkfg ;u[ Xkoh ;G ;ku[#
j? . wB, p[fX, fus nkfd ;G fJ;/gqfeqsh
d/ftef;s o{g jB. ;koh f;qFNh ftu

jo gqubs Xow gqDkbh dk nfXn?B r[o{ ih B/
ehsk ;h. @@g/y/ ;op YzY'b## fby e/ ;G B{z
nkdo tkbh EK fdZsh go nkgDk f;XKs Bkb
fBy/V dZf;nk. T[dkjoD ti'A, nk;k dh tko dk fJe
;b'e @w[;bwkBK f;cfs Fohnfs gfV gfV eofj
phuko[# i' S/thA gT[Vh Bkb doi j?, B{z jh
d/y'. nozG ftu w[;bwkB d/ Xow dk ;kozF d'
s[ZeK ftu fby dZ;d/ jB fe w[;bwkBK ftu }'o
Fohnfs dh f;cs s/ j?. Foj s'A pkjo w[;bkwB
rfJnk BjhA fe dhB s'A fvZrk BjhA. w[;bwkBh
wZs pr?o Foj dh e?d ftu gkfJnK ;KJh dk
dhdko j' jh BjhA ;edk. pzdk T[jh j? i' fJ; pzdF

w[;bwkB fJ; B{z jh Xow ;wMd/ jB fe Foj dh
f;s ehsh ikJ/, gfVQnk s/ thukfonk th Foj B{z
jh ikJ/ s/ fJ;/ d/ x/o/ ftu ofjnk ikJ/.
fjzd{ pko/ efjzd/ jB fe fjzd{ dk ;kok }'o doFB
s/ j?. cb;c/ s/ j?. wzsoK d/ ikg s/ j? iK ;'jD/
oZp dhnK w{oshnK Ykb e/ g{ik eoB s/ j?
y[Fp{dko X{gK irkT[D ns/ dht/ wukD s/ jh j?.
shoEK s/ ikDk jh T[j tZvk g[zB eow ;wMdk
j?. fjzd{ ejh sK ikJ/rk fe tkfjr[o{ fBor[D j? go
eo/rk eow eKv, nouk, g{ik s/ shoE fJFBkB.
fjzd{ ;kbkjh ;kbk jfB, do;fB o{fg ngko[.
shofE Bktfj nouk g{ik, nro tk;[ pjeko[.

i'rhnK dk ;kok isB ;[zB ftu fNeD dk j? ns/ fJj
fXnkB d[nkok gqkgs eoBk b'Vd/ jB. fXnkB
B{z gekT[D bJh T[j ;{yw s'A ;{yw eosko dk
Bkw nby s/ fBoziB oZy b?Ad/ jB go feT[Afe
fXnkB XkoB tkbh uh} fesBh th ;{yw j't/, fco th
T[; dk nkeko j[zdk j?, ;' T[j jh nkeko d/ g{ikoh
pD rJ/, fBozeko d/ Bkj oj/. wB d/ fXnkB ftu
ukj/ fesBh th ;{yw F? j't/, T[j w{osh nyfsnko
eo ikJ/rk, @ek:k d/ nkeko tkbh#. wB nkg{z
feT[Afe d/F ekb dh e?d ftu j?, ;' i' T[; ftu
pZM/rk T[j th d/F ekb tkbk jh j't/rk. ;' i'rh dh
GNeDk w[edh BjhA pDh ofjzdh j? L

T[BQK b'eK dk th f}eo eod/ jB i' ;dkuko dh
BhAj Xow BjhA frDd/ s/ fJj efjzd/ jB fe
goT[gekoh j'Dk jh ekh j?. T[BQK pko/ d'
s[eK ftu T[BQK dk ;kok ;[Gkn dZ; fdzd/ jB fe
Gkt/A ;zs'y oZy, n?;/ b'eK B/ ewkJh ftu'A
pukfJnk s/ fco goT[geko bJh tzfvnk th go id
e[M d/Ad/ jB sK nzdo T[BQK dh fJZSk j}koK
r[DK b?D dh j[zdh j? ns/ fJj ykfjF pDh ofjzdh
j? fe jo e'Jh tkj tkj ej/, F'Gk eo/. Xow BK dh
uh} ni/j/ b'eK e'b B j'D ekoB GNeDk BjhA
w[Zedh L
;shnk wfB ;zs'y[ T[gi? , d/D? e?

fco nkyho s/ nkgDk Xow fdqVQKd/ jB fe i'
Grs jB, T[BQK B{z tkfjr[o{ d/ r[D rkT[D dh
G[Zy bZrh ofjzdh j?. ;dk ;bkj[Dk, ;kv/ Xow dk
w{b j?. ;Zu dh N/e nkXko j?. ;dk y/V/ ftu
ofjDk, uVQdh ebk dk gqrNkT[Dk ;[Gkn j? ns/
fBwqsk tosktk L
BkBe Grsk G[y ;kbkj[D,
;u[ Bkw[ nkXko[..
;dk nBzfd ojfj fdB[ oksh, r[D tzfsnk
gkSko[..
fe; y{p;{osh Bkb nkgDk Xow do;kfJnk j?.
;' ;kvk Xow j'fJnk L

go i' gqw/Fo pko/ u[g ofj e/ s/ tkfjr[o{ pko/
e[M B efj e/ ns/ pr?o w[fBnkd d/ nkuoB
T[;koh eoBh b'Vd/ jB, T[BQK B{z r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp B/ y{p e'f;nk j?.
fJj X[Bh T[mkJh j? LGkt/A @by B/ehnK,
uzfrnkJhnK, bZy g[zBk gotkD[.
by sg T[gfo shoEK ;ji i'r p/pkD j't/
go i/ ;Zuk, BKt BjhA sK ;G ftnoE j? feT[Afe
fJj ;G wB dh wfs d/ thuko s'A T[Zgi ehs/ eow
jB. t/dK dk EK EK f}eo r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu
fwbdk j?. ;wMKd/ j'J/ efjDr/ fe goukfonk sK
fJj iKdk j? fe t/d dh iV nk;wkB ftu j?, FkyK

@ @ T{oX w{b fi;[ ;ky sbkjk, ukfo p/d
fis[ bkr? .##
go sZe', gqukoB tkb/ nkg{z wkfJnk fet/A rq;/
jB. fBo/ tkgkoh. ;' t/d ftu i' tkgkoh-g[Dk j? T[;
s'A Bkb-Bkb jh ;[u/s eod/ ikDr/ sK fe t/d B{z
e'Jh d/t pkDh jh B frD bt/. t/d ftukohnK B{z
@pj[o{ghnk# th fejk j? feT[Afe T[j fJe dk
T[gkFe BjhA pDB d/Ad/. t?FBtK, F?tK,
;kesK, rDgsk s/ ;{oi d/ g{ikohnK dk f}eo fJE/
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu j? go Bkb jh T[BQK tZb
w{zj B eoD dh fdqVQ gq/oBk j?. wkfJnk B{z
gqG{ dh dk;h efjnk j? ns/ wkfJnk fgS/ bZrD

;Zu p'bDk L;u[ ykDk ;u[ g?BDk ;u/ jh ftfu tk;[
dk ;uk ;kbkjDk ;u? ;pfd fBtk;[..
G[ nksw okw[ gSkfDnk r[owsh fBi xfo tk
u[ t/yD[ ;u[ p'bDk sB[ wB[ ;uk j'fJ..
zBh ;u[ ft;kfonk ;/ d[yhJ/ ub/ o'fJ..
E'VQk p'bDk L
fiE? p'bD jkohn? fsE? uzrh u[g..
(tko wkM
fwZmk p'bDk Lfwms[ Bhth
BkBek r[D uzfrnkJhnk ss[..
fiE/ ikfJ pjhn? Gbk ejhn? ;[ofs
pj[sk p'bD[ MyD j'fJ.. (XBk;oh

fcZek BjhA p'bDk LBkBe fce? p'fbn?
sB[ wB[ fcek j'fJ.. fce' fcek ;dhn? fce/
fceh ;'fJ.. wL1
fcek p'bfj Bk fBtfj d{ik GkT[ ;[nkT[..
nk;k wL3
fBzdk BjhA eoBk Lfod? ;[X iT[ fBzd
j'fJ.. jwo/ ego/ fBzde X'fJ.. (rT[Vh
epho ih-339)
fBzde ek w[y[ ekbk j'nk dhB d[Bhnk
e? dopkfo.. (XBk;oh wL 5-
frnkB, ftt/e s/ ftuko F[ZX Lij frnkB
gqrk; nfrnkB fwNzs.. (;{jh tko wL 1

wB[Zy iks B{z fJe iks ;wMDk (;opZs
dk Gbk) L
ntfb nbj B{o[ T[gkfJnk e[dos e/ ;G
pzd/..
J/e B{o s/ ;G[ ir[ T[gfink eT[B Gb/ e'
wzd/.. (gqGksh epho ih-1349)
cohdk ykbe[ ybe wfj ybe t;? op wkfj..
wzdk fe;B' nkyhn? iK fs;[ fpB[ e'Jh
Bkfj.. fBwosk oZyDk L(jbhwh, raohph,,
wB BhtK)
epho ;G s/ jw p[o/ jw sfi Gb' ;G[ e'fJ..
fifB n?;k efo p{fMnk whs[ jwkok ;'fJ..

fBowkDsk LwB s{z ws wkD[ eofj fi
jT[ feS[ ikDdk r[ow[fy fBwkDk j'j[..
nzsfo nfrnkB[ jT[ p[fX j? ;fu ;pfd
wb[ y'j[.. (nk;k wL 3-441)
j'fJ fBwkDh ;/t ewktfj sk gqhsw j'tfj
wfB fgnkoh.. (nk;k wL 5-377)
w'j[ --B fe; ek g{s[ B fe; eh wkJh..
M{m/ w'fj Gofw G[bkJh.. (nk;k wL 1-
357)
w'j[ e{V[ e[Nzp[ j? wBw[y[ w[rX[ osk..
(;{jh tko wL 3, gT[Vh-787)
w'j e[Nzp f;T[ gqhfs B j'fJ..

fywK eoBk
fsBk B wko/ x[zfw..
fywk rjh pqs[ ;hb ;zs'yz.. o'r[ B fpnkg?
B iw d'yz.. (rT[Vh wL 1-223)
fywk rohph nBd ;ji igs ojfj r[Dsk;..
(rT[Vh pktB nyoh wL 5, 253)
dfJnk eoBk Ld{y B d/Jh fe;? ihn gfs
f;T[ xfo iktT[.. (rT[Vh tko wL 5-322)
wfB ;zs'y ;op ihn dfJnk.. (fEsh rT[Vh
wL 5-299)
f;woB[ GiB[ dfJnk Bjh ehBh sT[ w[y
u'Nk ykfjrk.. (wko{ epho ih-1106)
(;b'e cohd ih-1378)
cohdk i' s? wkofB w[ehnK

eq'X BjhA eoBk L
ekw[ eq'X ekfJnk eT[ rkb?..
fiT[ ezuB ;'jkrk Ykb?.. (okwebh wL 1-
932)
cohdk p[o/ dk Gbk efo r[;k wfB B
jYkfJ.. d/jh
o'r[ B brJh gb? ;G[ feS[ gkfJ.. (;b'e
cohd ih-
;zs'y eoBk (;po) Lo[yh ;[yh ykfJ e?
mzvk gkDh ghT[.. cohdk d/fy gokJh
u'gVh B so;kJ/ ihT[.. (;b'e cohd ih-

b'G BjhA eoBk L b'Gh ek t/;kj[ B ehi?
i/ek gkfo t;kfJ..
nzs ekfb fsE? X[j? fiE? jE[ B gkfJ..
(;b'e wL 3)
bkbu M{m fpeko w'j fpnkgs w{V/
nzX.. bkfr go/
d[orzX f;T[ BkBe wkfJnk pzX. (rT[Vh
pktB wL5
j[ew o}k s/ ubDk (j[ew wzBDk) L;'
eo/ fi fs;? oikfJ.. (nk;k dh tko wL 1-
j[efw oikJh ubDk BkBe fbfynk Bkfb.
(ig[ih ;kfjp, wL 1-1)

1H pqfjwzv ouBk L pqfjwzv pko/
ftfrnkBhnK dh fenk; (theory) j? fe fJj
nkeko gfjbK fJe r'b/ dh Feb ftu ;h ns/
nukBe r'b/ ftu n?BK }'odko Xwkek
j'fJnk fe r'bk cZN frnk ns/ fJjd/ cND
Bkb pqfjwzv ofunk frnk (Big bang
theory) fJ; goEkJ/ ;dhnK gfjbK dk r[o
c[owkB j? Lnkg/ ;u[ ehnk eo i'fV..
nzvi c'fV i'fV ftS'fV.. Xofs nek;[ ehJ/
p?;D eT[ EkT[.. okfs fdBzs[ ehJ/
GT[ GkT[.. fifB ehJ/ efo t/yDjkok..
nto[ B d{ik f;oiDjkok.. (839nopd

2H pqfjwzv dk gk;kok L r[o{ BkBe
d/t ih B/ ig[ih ;kfjp ftu pqfjwzv iK
nekb g[oy dh ouh j'Jh ouBk pko/
dZf;nk j? fe J/; dk e'Jh nzs BjhA ns/
fj;kp eofdnK fj;kp BjhA j' ;edk ;r'A
frDsh w[e iKdh j? go fJ; ouBk dk nzs
BjhA fbnk ik ;edk Xosh j'o[ go?
j'o[ j'o[.. fs; s/ Gko[ sb? etD[ i'o[.. (3)
gkskbk gkskb by nkrk;k nkrk;.. UVe
UVe Gkfb Ee/ t/d ejfB fJe tks..nZi ftfrnkBh th pqfjwzv B{z jZd pzB/
s'A fpBK ns/ frDsh s'A pkjo wzBd/
jB. fit/A fe Munitz (1957) fbyd/ jB.

3H ihtB dk nkozG L ;?AeV/ ;kb gfjbK
r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ ihtB ouBk pko/
T[gd/F d/AfdnK c[owkfJnk j? L;ku/
s/ gtBk GfJnk gtB? s/ ib[ j'fJ.. ib s/
fsqGtD[ ;kfink xfN xfN i'fs ;w'fJ..
noE ;gZFN jB nekb g[oy B/ jtk pDkJh
ns/ jtk s'A gkDh pfDnk j?.
j[D ftfrnkBhnK dk fenk; j? id'A Xosh
ni/ row ;h fJjdh T[sbh gZXo s/ r?;K
pDhnK ns/ fiT[A fJj mzvh j'Jh fJjBK
s'A c/o gkDh pfDnk. ftfrnkBhnK dk
ftuko j? fe gfjbK gfjb iht izs{ gkDh ftu

BfFnK fto[ZX skVBk L pkpk
j'o[ ykDk y[;h y[nko[..fis[ ykX/ sB[ ghVhn? wB wfj ubfj
fteko.. (16)
r[opkDh ns/ ofjsBkw/ nB[;ko ;G BfFnK dh
tos'A f;ZyK tk;s/ e[ofjs j?wkD;[ Gfonk nkfDnk wkD;[ Gfonk
nkfJ..
fis[ ghs? wfs d{fo j'fJ pob[ gt? ftfu
nkfJ..
nkgDk gokfJnk B gSkDJh y;wj[ Xe/
ykfJ..
fis[ ghs? y;w[ ft;o? dorj fwb? ;ikfJ..
M{mk wd[ w{fb B ghuJh i/ ek gkfo

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