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1. AFRO-LATIN AND
POPULAR MUSIC

2. Music of Africa
 Historical and Cultural Background of African Music
 Singing, dancing, hand clapping, and the beating of drums are
essential to many ceremonies : birth, death, initiation,
marriage and funerals.
 Important to religious expression and political events.
 It has great influences on global music ( contemporary
American, Latin American, and European styles)

3. Traditional Music of Africa
 Afrobeat is a
term used to
describe the
fusion of West
African with
blackAmerican
music.
 Musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up the
worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan.
Instrumentation includes the rattle(sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo),
bell ( agogo) and two or three talking drums.

4. Traditional Music of Africa
Apala
Musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba
tribal style to wake up the worshippers
after fasting during the Muslim holy
feast of Ramadan. Instrumentation
includes the rattle(sekere), thumb piano
(agidigbo), bell ( agogo) and two or
three talking drums.

5. Traditional Music of Africa

6. Traditional Music of Africa
 Axe
 Popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia and
Brazil. It fuses the Afro-Carribean styles of the
marcha, reggae and calypso.
 Jit
 Hard and fast Zimbabwean dance music played
on drums with guitar accompaniment.

7. Traditional Music of Africa

8. Traditional Music of Africa
 Jive-
 Lively and uninhibited variation of jitterbug, a form of swing dance
 Juju
 Popular style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms. A drum kit,
keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun
(talking drum or squeeze drum).
 Kwassa Kwassa
 Shake your booty dance style begun in Zaire in the late 80’s popularized by Kanda
Bongo Man.
 Marabi
 Marabi is a South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s which
evolved into African Jazz. Characterized by simple chords in varying vamping patterns
and repetitive harmony over an extended period of time to allow the dances more time
on the dance floor.

9. Traditional Music of Africa

10. Latin American Music Influenced by African Music
 Reggae
- Jamaican sound dominated by bass and
guitar chops associated with Rastafarian
religion.
- Influenced by traditional mento and calypso
music, as well as American jazz, and rhythm
and blues.
- Offbeat rhythm and staccato chords.

11. Latin American Music Influenced by African Music
Salsa
- Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombian
dance music.
- Comprises various musical genres
including the Cuban son montuno,
guaracha, chachacha, mambo and bolero

12. Latin American Music Influenced by African Music
Samba
- basic underlying rhythm that typifies
most Brazilian music
- It is a lively and rhythmical dance and
music with three steps to every bar,
making the Samba feel like a timed
dance.

13. Latin American Music Influenced by African Music
Soca
- Soca is a modern Trinidadian and Tobago
pop music
- combining “soul” and “calypso” music

14. Latin American Music Influenced by African Music
Were
- This is Muslim music performed often as a wake-up
call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan
celebrations.
- Relying on pre-arranged music, it fuses the African
and European music styles with particular usage of
the natural harmonic series.

15. Latin American Music Influenced by African Music
Zouk
- fast, carnival-like hythmic music, from the Creole
slang word for ‘party,’ originating in the Carribean
Islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique and
popularized in the 1980’s
- pulsating beat supplied by the gwo ka and
tambour bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern
played on the rim of the snare drum and its hi-hat,
rhythm guitar, a horn section, and keyboard
synthesizers.

16. Vocal Forms of African Music
 1. Maracatu
Surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco,
combining the strong rhythms of African
percussion instruments with Portugese
melodies.
The maracatu groups were called “nacoes”
(nations) who paraded with a drumming
ensemble numbering up to 100, accompanied
by a singer, chorus, and a coterie of dancers.

17. Vocal Forms of African Music
Musical Instruments in Maracatu
Alfaia Drum – larg wooden drum that is
roped-tuned
Tarol – shallow snare drum
Caixa-de-guerra – war-like snare

18. Vocal Forms of African Music
Musical Instruments in Maracatu
Gongue – clanging sound, a metal cowbell
Agbe – gourd shaker covered by beads
Miniero or ganza – metal cylindrical shaker
filled with metal shot or small dried seeds
called “lagrima fre nossa senhora”

19. Vocal Forms of African Music
2. Blues
Musical form of the late 19th century that
has had deep roots in African-American
communities ( “Deep South” of the United
States). Slaves used to sing as they worked
in the cotton and vegetable fields.

20. Vocal Forms of African Music
The notes of the blues create an expressive
and soulful sound. The feelings that are
evoked are normally associated with slight
degrees of misfortune, lost love, frustration,
or loneliness. From ecstatic joy to deep
sadness, the blues can communicate various
emotions more effectively than other
musical forms.

21. Vocal Forms of African Music
The form of the blues is characterized by
specific chord progression. The twelve-bar
blues is the most common form. The notes
of the blues are normally flattened or
gradually bent.

23. Vocal Forms of African Music
Noted performers of the Rhythm and Blues
genre Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab
Calloway, A Franklin, and John Lee
Hooker; as well as B.B. King, Diddley,Erykah
Badu, Eric Clapton, Ste Winwood,
Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Ji
Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter. Examples of blues
music are the following: Early Mornin’, A House
is Not a Home and Billie’s Blues.
Ray Charles

24. Vocal Forms of African Music
 3. Soul
It combines elements of African-American
gospel music, rhythm and blues, and often
jazz. The catchy rhythms are accompanied
by handclaps and extemporaneous body
moves which are among its important
features.

25. Vocal Forms of African Music
Other characteristics include call and
response between soloist and the chorus,
and an especially tense and powerful vocal
sound.

26. Vocal Forms of African Music
 Contributed to the emergence of soul music
included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta
James. Ray Charles and Little Richard (who inspired
Otis Redding) andJames Brown were equally
influential. Brown was known as the “Godfather of
Soul,” while Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are
also oftenacknowledged as “soul forefathers.”
 Examples of soul music are the following: Ain’t No
Mountain High Enough, Ben, All I Could Do is Cry,
Soul to Soul, and Becha by Golly, Wow.
James Brown
Etta James

27. Vocal Forms of African Music
 Spiritual
- The term spiritual, normally associated with a deeply religious person, refers here
to a Negro spiritual, a song form by African migrants to America who became
enslaved by its white communities.
- - This musical form became their outlet to vent their loneliness and anger, and is a
result of the interaction of music and religion from Africa with that of America.
- The texts are mainly religious, sometimes taken from psalms of Biblical passages,
while the music utilizes deep bass voices.
- The vocal inflections, Negro accents, and dramatic dynamic changes add to the
musical interest and effectiveness of the performance.
- Examples of spiritual music are the following: We are Climbing Jacob’s Ladder,
Rock My Soul, When the Saints Go Marching In, and Peace Be Still.

28. Vocal Forms of African Music
 Call and Response
- The call and response method is a succession of two distinct
musical phrases usually rendered by different musicians, where the
second phrase acts as a direct commentary on or response to the
first.
- Much like the question and answer sequence in human
communication, it also forms a strong resemblance to the verse-
chorus form in many vocal compositions.
- Examples of call and response songs are the following: Mannish
Boy, one of the signature songs by Muddy Waters; and School Day
- Ring, Ring Goes the Bell by Chuck Berry

29. WHAT TO KNOW
1. Which African music is usually heard onthe radios today?
2. Among the types ofAfrican music, which is usually known asatype ofmusic that
has originated from Brazil?
3. Which type of music was popularized byBobMarley?
4. What is the music that is a New York Puerto Rican adaptation of Afro-Cuban
music?
5. What are the different musical instruments included in the maracatu?

31. Musical Instruments of Africa
 IDIOPHONES
1. Xylophone: Balafon
2. Rattles( made of shells, tin, animal hoofs,
horn, wood, metal, bells, cocoons, palm
kernels, or tortoise shells)
3. Agogo(bell)- has the highest pitch of any
of the bacteria instruments.

32. Musical Instruments of Africa
4. Rasps- a hand percussion
instrument whose sound is produced
by scraping a group of notched sticks
with another stick, creating a series of
rattling effects.

33. Musical Instruments of Africa
5. Drums ( slit or log)
 Slit drum- hollow percussion instrument,
although known as a drum, it is not a true
drum.
 Long drum- best known is the West African
djembe, log drum.

34. Musical Instruments of Africa
6. Atingting Kon (Slit gong)- They were used to
communicate between villages.

35. Musical Instruments of Africa
 B. MEMBRANOPHONES
 Examples of these are found in the different
localities:
 Entenga ( Ganda)
 Dundun (Yoruba)
 Atumpan (Akan)
 Ngoma (Shona)

36. Musical Instruments of Africa
B.1 Body Percussion
B.2 Talking Drum
C. LAMELLAPHONE- a set of plucked keys
mounted on a sound board, known by different
names according to the regions such as mbira,
karimba, kisaanj, likembe.

37. Musical Instruments of Africa
 D. CHORDOPHONES-
 D1. Musical bow- Earth bow, mouth bow and
the resonator-bow are the principle types of
musical bows.
 D2. Harp
 D3. Lute ( konting, khalam, and the nkoni)
 D4. Zither

38. Musical Instruments of Africa
 AEROPHONES- Flutes in various sizes and
shapes ( Fulani flutes ). Panpipes and Horns(
Kudo horns)

39. Slit drum

40. Shekere

41. Agogo

42. Djembe

43. Mbira ( Hand piano or Thumb piano )

44. MUSIC OF AFRICA
 Afrobeat
 Apala (Akpala)
 Axe
 Jit
 Jive
 Juju
 Kwassa kwassa

45. LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED
BY AFRICAN MUSIC
 Reggae
 Salsa
 Samba
 Soca
 Were
 Zouk
 Maracatu
 Blues
 Soul
 Spiritual
 Call and response

46. MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA
 Samba
 Son
 Salsa
 Foxtrot
 Paso Doble
 Cumbia
 Tango
 Cha-cha
 Rumba
 Bossa Nova

47. JAZZ MUSIC
RAGTIME
BIG BAND
BEPOP
JAZZ ROCK