Reasons For Premature Birth Of Preterm Birth

Reasons For Premature Birth Of Preterm Birth
In this essay the writer will outline the possible reasons for premature birth, how it could be
prevented by both the mother and health care professionals, as well as the possible health outcomes
of a baby that has been born prematurely. This includes both short and long term health
complications and the possibility of developing mental or physical disabilities . Finally the writer
will look at the costs associated with the care of premature babies that is funded by the National
Health Service (NHS) and the government.
When a baby is born before thirty seven weeks of pregnancy this is classed by medical professionals
as a premature birth. The only medical way to determine a date of conception as well as possible due
dates of the baby is to use the date two weeks after the mothers last period, this will then be used as
a guideline to determine premature birth (Your Baby 's Development, 2007). There are three stages
of preterm birth. The first being Extremely Preterm meaning that the baby is born before twenty
eight weeks of pregnancy. Secondly is Very Preterm, which is when the baby is born between
twenty eight to thirty two weeks of pregnancy and lastly is Moderate to Late preterm which is when
the baby is born from thirty two to thirty seven weeks of pregnancy (Tommy 's, No Date).
While a baby could be born at twenty eight weeks of pregnancy just four weeks earlier the same
baby could have been aborted (NHS, 2015). However, at the latest stage of pregnancy where
abortion
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A Brief Note On Prematurity And Prematurity Apnea
1
APNEA OF PREMATURITY
PREMATURITY APNEA
Sandra V. Aguirre
November 21, 2015
Patient Assessment II 2232
Stephen Stosich
Idaho State University
What is prematurity? Birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy. In other words, babies being born 3
weeks before their due date. Births at 32 weeks or under are considered extremely critical due to
higher mortality rate. According to the article Born Too Soon, "15 million babies are born
prematurely each year, that is 1 in 10 babies born worldwide, and 1 million die due to complications
of preterm." Premature births are the leading cause of infant death within the first 4 weeks of life.
Each surviving birth can develop secondary medical conditions from being born too early with a
low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though apnea is a limited of time issue and the neonates grow out of it is still a severe issue.
There are number of arguments to why premature neonates have apnea from not fully developed
brain and weak airway muscles. Other stresses that can worsen apnea in a sick premature; feeding,
anemia, heart with lung problems, infection, low oxygen levels, overstimulation and body
temperature regulation issues.
Premature infants often have an irregular breathing pattern with short episodes (5–10) second of
either shallow breathing or no breathing (apnea.). These episodes are followd by periosd of normal
brathing . When there is a very shallow or apnea, the baby may also have a drop in thir their heart
rate or in othere words bradycardia. Some infants may alos have a poor color and an ill looking
apearanc. Apnea episosed that last longer thatn 20 seconds are considered serious. Sue to mort
preterim and some sick full term infants have some degree of apnea they are often monitored to
monitor their vital signs such as heart rate, respirations and saturations. Bradicara with apnea can set
off alarams to notify the staff. , Infants that develop apnea of Prematurity (AOP). AOP is identified
when the infant has a sudden pause of breathing lasting 15 to 20 seconds. The upper airway reflexes
tend to be inhibit and they become apneic. Immaturity decreases

Preterm Birth
In the article titled, "Preterm Birth in the United States: Impact of Stressful Life Events Prior to
Conception and Maternal Age", by Whitney P. Witt, PhD, MPH, Erika R. Cheng, PhD, MPA,
Lauren E. Wisk, PhD, Kristin Litzelman, PhD, Debanjana Chatterjee, MA, Kara Mandell, MA, and
Fathima Wakeel, PhD, MPH, researchers were trying to answer questions related to whether and to
what extent a woman's exposure to stressful life events prior to conception (PSLEs) was associated
with preterm birth and whether maternal age modified this relationship? To answer these questions,
the researchers studied on five major concerns. In the first half of the studies: preterm birth, stressful
life events prior to conception, and prenatal health and stress. In ... Show more content on
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While women are only informed about keeping healthy by eating right, being safe and keeping their
stress levels down during the pregnancy, never have they been informed that stress prior to their
pregnancy is as important to maintain. Research conducted according to this article tells us that
there's a connection between PSLE, maternal age and conception. Results of this research showed an
increased risk of preterm birth occurred more in women age 15–19 years, who had experienced any
form of PSLE and no difference in the time frame they experienced PSLE. Further findings,
according to the article suggests the magnitude of the effect of PSLEs on preterm birth varied in
maternal age, second adolescence may be a sensitive period for the risk of preterm birth for
adolescents who have been exposed to PSLEs and a potentially important period for intervention
aimed at reducing preterm birth. Lastly racial and ethnic disparities in preterm birth persisted even
after accounting for PSLEs. Therefor the article states that the findings have significant implications
for research, policy, and practice surrounding the risk of preterm

Neonatal Infant Follow-Up Program Analysis
Rationale – Need for Project Prematurity is the primary cause of increasing infants' serious illnesses
and deaths in the United States (CDC, December 2014).Preterm infants are more likely to have
developmental delays, impaired cognitive growth, and behavioral problems as compared to their
normal counterparts. Also, the expenditure for the care of premature babies is constantly increasing
due to their extended stay in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Previous studies have estimated
that the Average daily expense of NICU stay is over $ 3000 for each preterm infant (Muraskas&
Parsi 2008). The longer the stay, more will be the cost. The length of NICU stay depends upon the
gestational age and complications associated with prematurity. The ... Show more content on
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They attend weekly discharge meetings with the NICU staff at the hospital. After this, they set up a
meeting with parents of infants who are to be released to offer them support during the transition.
They perform home visits and community nurses to assess developmental, physical, and
environmental factors that might affect the infant (AMCHP, 2015). The other programs were similar
to the Arizona program, providing family support where it is needed to make the transition from
hospital to home. Only the Utah program had criteria for entry into the program. To be accepted into
that program, the infant must be born at less than or equal to 26 weeks and weighing less than 1250
grams. They must also have a diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (AMCHP, 2015). This
is only a sampling of the programs that are available around the country. All of these programs
including HRIF program intent to abbreviate the NICU stay thereby reducing the overall health care

Environmental Effects Of Gene And Their Infant Son Sam...
Introduction to Case Study The case study discussing Jane, Roberto, and their infant son Sam details
many environmental effects that can influence Sam's development. Using the environmental factors
from the case study, the best and worst case scenarios will be explored concerning Sam's
development. Jane and Roberto live in a rural area with little to no support system. However, Jane's
mother and Roberto get along well, and she has offered to move in with the family temporarily. Jane
has requested 12–weeks of maternity leave once Sam is born, but she is also considering going back
to work early. Jane also reports drinking alcohol throughout the pregnancy, consuming the largest
amount during the third trimester when Roberto was laid off. There is suspicion that Sam has Fetal
Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), however, the diagnosis has not been confirmed. Sam has been
at home with his parents for two weeks. Sam's parents feel he is a fussy eater who eats every two
hours and does not sleep through the night. The complicated interplay of environmental factors can
shape Sam's development in many ways.
Discussion of Environmental Factors Many environmental factors begin affecting development
during pregnancy and after delivery. Significant factors include Jane's alcohol use during pregnancy,
the stress Jane experiences during the third trimester due to Roberto's layoff, and Sam's 6–week
preterm birth by C–Section. Alcohol is a teratogen that can potentially affect a developing

The Rate Of Preterm Birth Essay
"For when a child is born the mother is also born again," has been rightfully quoted by Gilbert
Parker (Gilbert Parker, n.d.). Childbirth is one of the greatest privileges on the earth anyone could
have and we, as women, should feel proud to be major contributors for it. Thus, a mother has to play
a key role in aiding the healthcare workers to mitigate the health crisis associated with childbirth by
performing her duties faithfully. One such associated health crisis is "Premature (preterm) birth"
which occurs when the baby is born too early, before 37 weeks of gestational period (CDC, 2015).
The rate of preterm birth ranges from 5% to 18% of babies born across 184 countries (WHO, 2015).
Premature birth is an important public health priority in terms of health of women and infants. Every
year an estimated 15 million preterm babies are born and this number is still rising (WHO, 2015).In
2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were premature and black infants were 50% more
likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific islander infants (CDC,2015).
Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of premature birth (WHO, 2015).
Major survivors face lifelong disabilities like learning disabilities, hearing, visual, feeding,
digestive, breathing and respiratory problems (CDC, 2015) and low birth weight (March of Dimes,
2014). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm birth is

Research Methods And Outcomes For Australian Indigenous...
Research methods and outcomes for Australian Indigenous preterm births
Introduction:
It is the responsibility of Health Care Practitioners to stay abreast of the latest research, while
enhancing research skills, ensuring the most current evidence–based information guaranteeing the
highest level of care.
This paper will explore the development of research techniques and the tools available to establish
the factors that increase the risk of preterm birth amongst the Indigenous women of Australia, with a
particular focus in rural areas.
1. Throughout the Bachelor of Nursing at the University of Queensland, several databases provide
the most current research in clinical practice; these include CINAHL and Medline. These databases
contain specifically chosen research to ensure the more relevant studies are more accessible, rather
than the random selection by robots through Google and/or Google Scholar.
To address the topic of this assessment, I began my search for two peer–reviewed journal articles
using CINAHL, including limiting the dates to 2011–2016, peer reviewed and key words such as;
"risk factors or causes" and "preterm birth or premature birth or premature infant" and "Australian
Aboriginal* or Australian Indigenous or Torres Strait Islander*"
Unfortunately, this search did not produce any results, I then extended my search to include the
Medline database which produced three articles, one of which did not appear to address the issues of
"preterm birth in

The Preterm Birth And Autism
Prematurity and Autism have long time been thought to be linked. For reason such as late
development of preterm infants to the lack of adequate weight at birth. But, is it true that if a baby is
born preterm then they are destined to be autistic? In order to answer that question, we must first be
educated on preterm infants as well as the disorder of Autism. Not many people are educated on
what Autism is and even less are educated on the health and well–being of premature babies. The
purpose for this research is to shed some light on both autism and premature birth as well as justify
if there is any connection between preterm birth and autism.
When one thinks of a baby born prematurely many imagine a tiny one–pound baby barely able to
live even with all the ventilators and machines hooked up to it. They imagine a baby that will be
under weight and unable to leave the hospital for many months to come. Few will know the risk
factors that come along with being preterm, and even less will know that preterm babies are just as
capable of living healthy and normal lives. "Every child develops in their own unique way, and your
baby 's development will depend on a range of factors, including his genetic make–up, and the
environment and influences around him" (https://www.tommys.org).
For those who are unsure of what qualifies a baby as premature, a premature baby is any baby that is
born before 37 weeks' gestation. Any baby born at 37 weeks or higher is considered full term. "Late

The Birth Of Preterm Birth
VAGINAL PROGESTERONE IN WOMEN WITH AN ASYMPTOMATIC SONOGRAPHIC
SHORT CERVIX IN THE MIDTRIMESTER DECREASES PRETERM DELIVERY AND
NEONATAL MORBIDITY
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
NURS 5605– FAMILY HEALTH NURSING II
TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY
SHEENA THOMAS, BSN, RN
TWU
COLLEGE OF NURSING HOUSTON, TX JULY 22, 2015
In maternal–child health in the United States and feasibly throughout the world, preterm birth is
currently the most important problem and is the most significant challenge to modern obstetrics.
According to the World Health Organization, a preterm birth is defined as birth before 37 completed
weeks of gestation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) estimated that 1 in 9
infants born in United States are preterm babies. Preterm–related reasons of death together
accounted for 35% of all infant deaths in 2010, more than any other single cause. Preterm birth is
also a foremost cause of long–term neurological disabilities in children. Preterm birth costs the U.S.
health care system more than $26 billion in 2005 (CDC, 2014). Preterm birth is a condition triggered
by several etiologies, one of which is a drop in progesterone action, which makes cervical ripening.
A sonographic short cervix (identified in the midtrimester) is a dominant forecaster of spontaneous
preterm

The Importance Of Preterm Birth
Preterm birth is babies who are born closer to 32 to 34 weeks. It is a major challenge for women that
give birth between to 32 to 34 weeks, risking infants with disability and health problems causing life
or death. Preterm birth not only affects infants, but families too. Families who need to provide care
for their infants need to be prepared. Infants spend several months in the hospital to be checked on
for respiratory distress syndrome and brain development. Preterm birth is causing long term health
problems for premature babies than full born babies.
Preterm birth is important for most women who don't know the risk factors and how important
premature babies are. The March of Dimes Association had made an awareness for mothers with ...
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When premature babies are able to take short breaks, parents can provide skin–to–skin contact.
Studies show premature babies can maintain their temperature longer and improve their breathing
and heart rates. Mother's should breast milk it's one of the best ways you can do to help your
preemie.
Preterm birth is the leading cause of newborn death. Advances in technology, neonatal care and
treatments for preterm babies have greatly increased the chances for survival. Babies born before 37
weeks are still vulnerable to increased risk for death and to many short– and long–term effects of
premature birth. Premature babies may have trouble breathing due to immature respiratory system.
If the baby's lungs lacks of respiration from the lungs that can't expand , then he or she may develop
respiratory distress syndrome because the lungs can't expand and contract normally. Therefore heart
problems can be another short term disease for premature babies. The most common heart problem
are patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and low blood pressure. PDA is a persistent opening between two
major blood vessels leading from the heart. This heart defect often closes on its own, left untreated it
can cause too much blood to flow through the heart and cause heart failure. Brain problems for
premature babies can be born develop, the greater the risk of bleeding in the brain, known as an
intraventricular hemorrhage. Hemorrhages are mild

The Birth Of Preterm Births Essay
Regardless of healthcare and medical advances, birth outcome disparities continue to exist in the
United States. In 2014, 1 out of 10 infant births were premature, correlating to over 380,000 infants
born prematurely (Health 2016). The current national average for infant births before 37 weeks is
9.6% (Services 2010). Premature birth is identified as a birth that occurs before the 37– week
gestation. During the preterm period, infants are placed at a high risk of death and developing
disabilities that may cause permanent handicap. Mothers that give birth preterm may partake in
risky behaviors such as smoking and drug usage, lack proper nutrition, and are burdened financially.
Maternal education intervention programs centered around the Health Belief Model may have a
positive impact on maternal care and prevent premature birth. Background Despite countless
medical advancements and technology, preterm births continue to plague the nation as a public
health issue. Preterm births have become a devastating issue that has caused government agencies to
intervene. There are a variety of risk factors that may contribute to a mother delivering a child
preterm, such as smoking, lack of prenatal supplements, and social disadvantages, which may cause
severe stress (Räisänen S., M. Gissler , J. Saari, M. Kramer, & S. Heinonen S 2013). Any
combination of these risk factors may increase a mother's chance for delivering a child preterm.
During the preterm period, infants are placed at a

The Effect Of Maternal Stress During Pregnancy On The Risk...
Effect of Maternal Stress During Pregnancy on the Risk for Preterm Birth Today, there are many
different reasons that contribute to premature births. "Multiple pregnancies, vaginal bleeding during
pregnancy, and polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios are all associated with an increased in
premature delivery" (Lilliecreutz, Laren, Sydsjo, & Josefsson, 2016, p. 2). Typically, these factors
are related to preterm pregnancies. In addition, factors such as having high levels of stress during
pregnancy can also lead to having preterm births. Women these days are often taking on a dual shift
by working a full time job as well as coming home to cook and take care of the kids. Often, this will
result in an increase in stress levels, not to mention when she is pregnant. There has been
information that has been acquired which show a interrelationship between both social and
psychological stress with an increase risk of preterm birth or even death of a child (Lilliecreutz,
Laren, Sydsjo, & Josefsson, 2016). Lilliecreutz et al. (2016) states, "Our hypothesis was that
maternal stress during pregnancy can attribute to the adverse outcomes of preterm labor" (p. 2). This
study is carried out by trying to determine if whether women who are exposed to stress itself during
pregnancy is linked to preterm births, or whether preterm babies are delivered because of pregnancy
stress, while being pregnant (Lilliecreutz, Laren, Sydsjo, & Josefsson, 2016).
Methods
This study was performed on 332 women,

Prenatal Care and Preterm Births Essay
Prenatal Care and Preterm Births
In the last 20 years the hopes of survival for neonates have seen significant increase, almost all of
the causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity have decreased. There is only one threat unmoved,
still standing above the rest– Preterm birth. Prematurity or preterm birth is defined as the birth of
any child between 20–37 weeks of gestation. Delivery prior to 20 weeks of gestation is considered a
Natural abortion.1 The survival rate of low birth weight infants has significantly increased from 15–
80% in the last 20 years. However, the incidence of prematurity has not seen any change, neither
decrease nor increase. Currently the average incidence is 10–11%.1
There are noticeable sex and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main reason that the incidence has remained static is that there has been no clear definition of
the chain of events that result in pre–term birth. Without an understanding of how it happens, there
can be no way of stopping the process, and further, of stopping the process once it has begun being
that there is no way of knowing exactly at what stage it is. There has recently been a strong theory
proposed which needs to be given more attention, the prostaglandin theory. Briefly, pro–
inflammatory cytokines and other immunomodulatory proteins produced by either overt or sub–
clinical infection stimulate prostaglandin synthesis and release. This ultimately induces the synthesis
and release of metalloproteases, which bring on cervical ripening and membrane weakening and
rupture. 4 The increased survival rate with a static incidence means that there are more people with
problems in society, more NICU's being filled, more families are having to learn to live with
someone that is handicapped, more problems arise with health care funding as more people have
chronic health problems, and with a little creativity and a careful eye, the rest of this paper could be
a list of the problems that are arising. Some known morbidities of preterm birth include Cerebral
Palsy, ADHD, growth retardation, respiratory distress syndrom, decreased cognitive ability,
decreased academic skills, decreased visual and gross motor

The Efficacy Of Massage Therapy On Preterm Infants
The Efficacy of Massage Therapy on Preterm Infants Taryn L. Metz Winona State University The
Efficacy of Massage Therapy on Premature Infants According to the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (2013) 500,000 infants are affected by preterm births each year. A preterm infant is
born prior to 37 weeks' of their gestational age (Smith, 2012) and can be classified as very
premature (less than 32 weeks' gestation), premature (born between 32 and 34 weeks' gestation) or
late premature (born between 34 and 37 weeks' gestation) (Durham & Chapman, 2010). Despite the
widespread advances in hospital policies and extensive research, the preterm birthrate continues to
rise (Witt et al., 2014). Between 1990 and 2010 the number ... Show more content on
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My dream is to not only promote healing for such vulnerable patients, but also inspire hope in the
families of these premature infants. I am continuously striving to become the best nurse and patient
advocate that I can be, by implementing more than just conventional treatment within each of my
patient's plan of care. My interest in the use of alternative therapies led me to develop the following
question: In hospitalized preterm infants, does the use of massage therapy promote overall
adaptation and development? Massage therapy is defined as, "a systematic touch by human hands,
which stimulates the tactile sense of the infant and which has been documented for several decades
to have a positive effect on both full term and preterm infants" (Abdallah et al., 2013, p. 663). The
goal of this paper is to describe the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life and identify
normal adaptation for the newborn and how these adaptations can affect a preterm infants
development, identify different nonpharmacological interventions, including massage therapy and
determine whether these techniques are effective in promoting adaptation and development of the
preterm infant and if so, how do these therapies impact the preterm infant's overall development.
Throughout the human experience, one of the most complex adaptations is the transition from
intrauterine to

Preterm Birth Research Papers
Preterm Birth in the United States: The Impact of Stressful Life Events Prior to Conception and
Maternal Age
Conception and childbirth the joy that every woman who has ever dreamt of having a child and is
ready to experience motherhood. Now what if this joy is put in danger or even taken away from you
due to your age or if the lifestyle your living prior to conceiving and learning of the great news. Can
your chaotic lifestyle prior to getting pregnant cause you to go into early childbirth or lose your
child even before giving birth? There are so many conceptions regarding when, how, what, where,
and of course age of a woman and childbirth. These chances and risks are of many factors that may
be relevant when considering becoming a mother. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Participants were not needed physically only permission to go into their records, computer–assisted
personal interviews and parental self–administered questionnaires was all used to gather the
information needed. Groupings of categories from looking at minority groups, twin's births, low
birth weight, even deaths at and after birth and others were formed to help shape a better picture of
the events occurring with women conceiving. After outweighing what categories were not needed
and irrelevant to the final findings, a total of 9350 participants were used for conducting the final
results of the study. Once these categories were established researchers began collecting and
measuring data connecting them to the occurrences of preterm births caused by stressful life events
prior to conception and maternal age. Researchers furthered collecting data that were connected by
looking at the following as well; prenatal health, and maternal sociodemographic factors:
race/ethnicity, marital status, health insurance coverage and even their residence. During the study
the independent variables that were looked at was the impact of a stressful exposure prior during and
after pregnancy against the dependent variables were the age and race of the mothers these
independent variables impacted. In the end the study showed that overall mothers who delivered
between the age 15–19 were at a high risk of preterm birth induced from stressors prior and during
pregnancy, with increased age this issue would lessen. Now mothers of the age 35 and older their
odds were even higher for both preterm births and other complications regardless of when they
experienced their stressors, compared to those of the ages of 25–29. Interestingly timing of stressful
exposure prior to

The Effects Of Low Birth Weight Babies On Family And On...
Discuss disparities related to ethnic and cultural groups relative to low birth weight infants and
preterm births. Describe the impact of extremely low birth weight babies on the family and on the
community (short–term and long–term, including economic considerations, on–going care
considerations, and co–morbidities associated with prematurity). Identify at least one support
service within your community for preterm infants and their family. Provide the link for your
colleagues to view. Does the service adequately address needs of this population? Explain your
answer.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), preterm birth are the birth that happened
before 37 ended weeks of pregnancy and is one of the number reason of newborn deaths and the
second prominent cause of deaths in children below five. The preterm babies have chances of an
amplified risk of illness, disability and death. In the first weeks, the complications of premature birth
may include: breathing problems, heart problems, brain problems, temperature control problems,
gastrointestinal problems, blood problems, metabolism problems, immune system problems. Long–
term complications includes cerebral palsy, impaired cognitive skills, vision problem, hearing
problems, dental problems, behavioral and psychological problems, chronic health issues.
Yet, these preterm births and the deaths can be stopped and prevented with established, low cost
involvements. There is a prominent, noticeable and

Racial Disparities In Preterm Birth
–Race or ethnicity: Historically, minority populations in the United States have had higher rates of
preterm delivery. In 2007, non–Hispanic White women accounted for the lowest number of preterm
births in the United States, accounting for only 11.5% of all preterm births (MacDorman, 2011). In
contrast, non–Hispanic Blacks, Puerto Ricans, American Indians and Hispanic women had preterm
birth levels of 18.3%, 14.5%, 13.9% and 12.3% respectively (MacDorman, 2011). The Asian
minority had the lowest risk at 10.9% (MacDorman, 2011). Some studies have attributed such
significant differences to racial disparities in resources and health care (Dominguez, 2008;
Vanderbilt & Wright, 2013). However, other studies such as Menon's et al, which looked at
differences in White versus Black women, suggest that racial disparities in preterm birth may ...
Also, for reasons that are still being investigated in public health, poorer pregnant women are much
more likely to be diagnosed with labor–inducing bacterial infections such as bacterial vaginosis or
chorioamnionitis (inflammation of the fetal membrane) (Allsworth & Peipert, 2007; Dammann,
Leviton, & Allred, 2000). In a study sample of over 3,700 women who participated in the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was higher in
pregnant women who were living at (34%) or below (37%) the federal poverty level compared to
those who were living above it (24%) (Allsworth & Peipert, 2007). Additionally, pregnant women in
lower SES communities have been found to suffer from more chronic healthcare care conditions
such as hypertension and diabetes which are highly associated with preterm birth and small
gestational size (Nagahawatte & Goldenberg,

Research Report On Preterm Infants Essay
Megha Patel
Journal article
PSCI 1722
Erythropoietin in preterm infants
Citation:
Fauchere J, Koller B, Tschopp A et al., Safety of Early High–Dose Recombinant Erythropoietin for
Neuroprotection in Very Preterm Infants, The Journal of Pediatrics (167)1, 52–57, 2015.
Background:
The article, which was published in July 2015 in journal of pediatrics, gives an idea about the safe
use of erythropoietin in preterm infants for protection of nervous system. Premature birth has
remained one of the major risk factor for cerebral palsy, cognitive defect and psychomotor
development. Hence, the main objective of the study present in this article was to ensure the safety
and efficacy of use of high dose erythropoietin in premature babies for neuro–protection. The
primary hypothesis of this study was that high dose of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo)
improves mental develop–mental index (MDI) of premature infants born at 24 months of age
compared to the placebo.
Methods and materials:
It was a randomized, double blinded placebo–controlled multicenter study, which was carried on
preterm born between 26 0/7 and 31 6/7 weeks of gestation. Preterms with congenital
malformations, genetically defined syndromes and severe IVH≥III before randomization were
excluded from the study. The participants were randomly assigned to receive rhEpo or NaCl 0.9
percent in advanced by computer based random number generator. Epoetin beta – 3000 rhEpo/kg
body weight at time of birth or an

Early Interventions Parents Of Preterm Infants
Introduction A preterm infant can be defined as an infant who is born before 37 weeks gestation.
Babies who are born premature have a high risk for many health and developmental problems as
infants and, furthermore, as they develop into adults. These health and developmental problems can
include brain defects, recurrent illnesses, short attention span, sensory impairments, poor motor
coordination, delays in language, and emotional and behavior problems. Since preterm infants are
fragile and minuscule, parents of preterm infants tend to be more distant when caring for their child.
Preterm infants are less likely to be held close, touched, or talked to by their parents compared to
full–term infants (Berk, 2013). This paper focuses on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Skin–to–Skin (Kangaroo) Care Through research, skin–to–skin (kangaroo) care has been shown to
be one of the most affective early interventions used by parents. It has been stated that kangaroo
care helps to regulate preterm infants ' body temperatures, improve preterm infants ' breathing
patterns and blood oxygen levels, and increase the rate at which preterm infants gain weight.
Kangaroo care has been known to diminish apnea, slow heart rates, and hospital stays for preterm
babies. Kangaroo care intervention includes rhythmic, sensory, and tactile elements. These elements
help preterm infants ' attention span, development of both motor and mental skills, and cognitive
development. When a mother participates in kangaroo care, the preterm infant is placed in between
her breasts and when a father participates in this type of intervention, the preterm infant is placed
next to his chest. Mothers who participate in kangaroo care state they have more positive emotions
toward their baby and they have a better feel of their parenting role (Feldman, Eidelman, Sirota, &
Weller, 2002). According to Feldman et al. (2002), there are more positive interactions between
mothers and preterm infants who participate in kangaroo care than there are between mothers and
preterm infants who do not participate in the intervention. There are also more positive interactions
between mothers and preterm infants who participate in

Preterm Births : Causes And Effects
Causes of Preterm Births Allison Sawey, Period 5 Rochefort December 5, 2014 TABLE OF
CONTENTS Title Page Number Abstract 2 Introduction 3–4 Causes of Preterm Births 5 The Effects
of Previous Preterm Deliveries and Cesarean Sections on Current Pregnancies 5–6 The Correlation
Between Maternal Infections and Preterm Birth 7 The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Risk
of Preterm Births 8 The Correlation Between Maternal Consumption of Drugs and Alcohol on Birth
Outcomes 9 Prevention 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 1 Abstract Preterm births are the leading
reason for infant mortality worldwide. Although many scientists have studied the phenomena of
preterm birth through field experiments, the medical and scientific society still lacks in the
knowledge that is necessary to develop a full treatment for expecting mothers. It is necessary for
both expecting mothers and those considering pregnancy to be aware of the likelihood of preterm
birth and how they can change their lifestyle to ensure a safe delivery for her and the infant. Preterm
birth is extremely dangerous for the newborn child. Due to the shortened amount of time in the
womb, the a premature infant can suffer from multiple complications. Such complications include
brain damage, lung problems, asthma, and many other disorders that could last a lifetime. Through
multiple experiments, scientists are able to pinpoint specific factors that are most likely to cause a
preterm birth.

The Effects of Preterm Birth Essay
The Effects of Preterm Birth
Dannette Taylor
University of Phoenix
Preterm birth can be a devastating experience not only for the mother, but also for the child. This
issue has plagued the United States and other countries for many years, and no concrete evidence
have been found to tell us why preterm birth occurs. One in eight babies in the United States is born
premature each year. The impact of social support on the psychological well–being, attitudes, and
behavior of parents is rapidly becoming a major issue. It is becoming more and more difficult for
mothers to cope with the long–term and short–term effects of premature birth. These parents'
attitude and behavior can have both a direct and indirect effect on the child's ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Socioeconomic conditions also played a role in my preterm birth, because I live with someone who
smoked cigarettes and also used illicit drugs from time to time. As a result I delivered a baby girl at
24 weeks gestation which is 16 weeks premature and was just two weeks beyond the point of
viability. My child weighed 1 lb. 8 oz. and was 12 inches long. The psychological effects after the
birth of my child were even more devastating. Knowing that the situation could have been prevented
has always weighed heavy on my mind as my child battle with many issues due to her prematurity.
These issues resulted in the use of oxygen, and apnea monitor, and also a feeding tube. In the
beginning there were many developmental delays such as, she did call until she was one years old
and she did not walk until she was two years old. Though those were the short term effects, there are
also long–term effects such as lack of confidence and attention deficit disorder. Vision problems are
another long– term effect that my daughter suffered from preterm birth. In many cases, the retina
will detach from the eye causing blindness around the actual due date. Fortunately for me and my
daughter we were able to avoid the detachment but we still have to deal with the vision problems
caused by early delivery.
There

Prevent Preterm Birth
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention promotes global health by investigating new
outbreaks at a global level and by investigating a cure for new disease outbreak. The CDC partners
with different entities to prevent chronic diseases and reduce health gaps. The CDC mainly helps to
detect and control national and international outbreak sources so that people can live a healthier,
more stable and productive life.
The topic addressed in the webinar is about how public health strategies can help to prevent preterm
birth in the Unites States of America. The webinar addresses the different ethnicities that have a
major prevalence of preterm babies. Also, addresses the preterm delivery risk factors in our society
to be: socioeconomic status, behavioral, clinical, and biological. As well as, the opportunities to
prevent preterm birth by improving data of surveillance of preterm birth, to research etiology and act
to prevent preterm births, improve a quality of care, and to strength partnerships from science and
investigation to actual practice. In comparing statistics from 1990's to 2014 preterm birth rates
decreased by a significant amount because the FDA approved artificial surfactant. In the other hand,
by comparing preterm birth by race Black is having a slow decrease of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, I learned that there should be an increase accesses for progesterone shots for women with a
previous preterm birth because studies show that progesterone reduces preterm birth by more than
30 percent. Moreover, learning about antenatal corticosteroids opened my eyes because reduces
morbidity and mortality for preterm infants by more than 90 percent. Furthermore, I learned that
preterm birth has a greater perseverance among Afrin Americans than any other race but at the same
time preterm birth is reducing for this same race in comparing with the

Preterm Birth Consequences
The Consequences of Preterm Birth
Preterm birth is defined as the birth of a baby before 37 weeks gestation age. The stages of preterm
can be subdivided into different stages. Very Preterm is 20–32 weeks, Moderately Preterm is 33–36
weeks, Early Term is 37–38 weeks gestation stage. According to the statistics gathered by the World
Health Organisation (WHO) (2015) in 2012, there are more than 1 in 10 babies born preterm every
year with an estimated 15 million born preterm every year. There are a wide variety of factors that
cause preterm birth, examples including: a multiple pregnancy, substance abuse and smoking,
assisted reproduction and a low socio–economic status. Studies have also shown that certain
ethnicities are at a higher risk of delivering preterm than others. According to an external study
included Nosarti et al (2010) in the USA, 19% of black non–Hispanic pregnancies ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breathing with underdeveloped lungs manifests itself in preterm infants and Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (RDS), RDS is primarily caused by Pulmonary Surfactant deficiency which means the
lungs cannot expand and contract normal. If left untreated, preterm infants may become fatigued,
apnoeic and hypoxic (a condition in which the body, or a particular region within the body, is
deprived of oxygen). Apnoea of Prematurity (AOP) is a common condition in premature infants
which according to Kids Health (2015) is when an infant during sleep temporarily stops breathing
for 15–20 seconds. This condition is most common in infants born before 35 weeks gestation age
and infants with AOP will also have drops in heart rates (bradycardia) causing them to appear pale
or bluish and their bodies to be limp. The likelihood of a premature infant having AOP is increased
as their birth weight decreases, AOP may begin 2 days after birth however in most cases it clears up
after 2–3

Preterm Birth Essay
Multiple studies have been conducted on infant mortality and preterm birth in the United States.
Many have identified how the rate of infant mortality and preterm birth is twice as high among
African Americans women than White American women in the United States.(Orr et. al,2012; Dole
et al,2004;Collins,2002) some studies convey socioeconomic as a major factor of preterm birth
among African American's. As Kleinman conveys in Racial differences in low birthweight:
Trendsand risk factors when socioeconomic status increases the risk of giving birth to an infant of
low birthweight decreases. On the other hand, there are some studies that convey high differences of
preterm birth between black and white women of equal socioeconomic status.(Dole et ... Show more
This study used survey from the California Maternal and Infant Health Assessment and birth
certificate as a data collection method. They surveyed 10,400 U.S. born African American and white
Americans who gave birth during 2003 to 2010 and examined rates and relative likelihoods of
preterm birth. We from this study that socioeconomic advantage is mainly associated with lower
preterm birth rates among White Americans but not African Americans. Although socioeconomic
fact plays an important role in preterm birth it is still plays a complex role. The prevalence of
socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics and their impact on very low birth weight in black and
white infants in Georgia used data from a population based, case control study. This article focused
on comparing sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics between black and white mothers of
normal birth weight infants. Results convey that black women were disadvantaged on every variable
examined, even if they did not report more behavioral risk factors. Among black women marital
status, cigarette smoking, and vitamins nonuse were associated with low birth weight

Hee 11041 Week 2 Summaries Research Paper
Premature Deliveries
HEA 11041–Personal Health/Wellness
Dennis Swinson, 4/11/2015
A premature birth is a birth that takes place more than three weeks before the baby is due. A normal
pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks. The importance of growth and development of the baby
happens through pregnancy. Premature birth gives the baby less time to develop in the mother's
womb. A late preterm is when a baby is born between 34–36 weeks of pregnancy. Moderately
preterm are born between 32–34 weeks. Very preterm is born less than 32 weeks of pregnancy and
extremely preterm is born before 25 weeks. "Each year nearly 500,000 babies are premature or
preemies. That is about 1 out of every 8 infants born in the U.S."
There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Premature babies sometimes have apnea. It may happen together with a slow heart rate. Respiratory
distress syndrome or RDS is a breathing problem most common in babies born before 34 weeks of
pregnancy." Babies with RDS don't have a protein called surfactant that keeps small air sacs in the
lungs from collapsing. "Intraventricular hemorrhage or IVH is bleeding in the brain. It usually
happens near the ventricles in the center of the brain. A ventricles is a space in the brain that's filled
with fluid. Patent ductus ateriosus or PDA is a heart problem that happens in the connection between
two major blood vessels near the heart. If the ductus do not close properly after birth, a baby can
have breathing problems or heart failure. Heart failure is when enough blood can't get pumped into
the heart causing it to shut down. Necrotizing enter colitis (NEC) is a problem with a baby's
intestines. It causes feeding problems, a swollen belly and diarrhea. It sometimes happens 2 to 3
weeks after a premature bay has been born. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an abnormal
growth of blood vessels in the eye. ROP can lead to vision loss. Jaundice is when a baby's eyes and
skin look yellow. A baby has jaundice when his liver isn't fully developed or isn't working well.
Anemia is when a baby doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the rest of
the body. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a lung condition that can develop in premature
babies as well as babies who have treatment with a breathing machine. Babies with BPD sometimes
develop fluid in the lungs, scarring and lung damage. Premature babies often have trouble fighting
off germs because their immune systems are not fully formed. Infections that may affect a premature
baby include pneumonia, a lung infection; sepsis, a blood infection; and meningitis, an infection in
the fluid around the brain and

A Research Study On Preterm Birth
Preterm birth (PTB) is a worldwide problem defined as birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Many
studies have associated preterm birth with cerebral palsy, epilepsy, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis,
as well as respiratory, vision, hearing, and cognitive problems (Platt). Being born too early leads to a
lower birth weight (LBW), which is the main determinant of newborn survival. Increasing infant
complications are seen as birth weight and gestation age decline (Bansal). According to evidence,
bacterial infections during pregnancy stimulate pro–inflammatory signaling cascades and cytokines.
These pro–inflammatory cytokines in–turn activate neutrophils and promote prostaglandin
production in order to cause contractions and weaken the fetus, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They used a total of fifty–two female mice (n=52), which were randomly divided into two groups of
twenty–six (n=26 each). One group was left unaltered for the purpose of a negative control group
(NC group). The other group (P.g.–infected group) was infected at eight–weeks old with a W83
strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis in their maxillary first molar pulp chambers. Among each group,
twenty of the mice were used to record how far along their pregnancies were, gestational age, while
the other six mice were used to collect serum and placental tissues. Gestation age in these mice is
measured in days, rather than weeks, in order to provide better detail for analysis. At fourteen weeks
old, six weeks after infection, male mice were introduced to both groups for the purpose of mating.
The indication of pregnancy, or gestation day (gd) zero, was determined with the appearance of a
vaginal plug.
Figure 1: Dental Infection of P.g. Increases Pro–inflammatory Cytokines in Serum
In order to show the relationship of Porphyromonas gingivalis with systemic inflammation, they
first examined the serum levels of pro–inflammatory cytokines, which are responsible for preterm
contractions. They collected serum samples before infection (0 wks) and after six weeks of infection
(6 wks), the same time that mating occurred, from female mice in both

Relationship Of Substance Abuse And Physical Abuse
Relationship of Substance Abuse and Physical Abuse in Preterm Birth
In the year of 2010, more than 450 billion babies were born prematurely (Truong, Reifsnider,
Mayorga, & Spitler, 2013). At least 35% of infant deaths each year are caused from preterm births,
which also costs the U.S health care more than 26 billions of dollars in the year of 2005 alone
(Malloy, 2013).Premature birth affects the growth of the child and leads to various complications.
Babies born before 37 weeks are at an amplified risk for an assortment of medical complications,
such as respiratory, cardiac, neurological, and gastrointestinal problems and infections. The exact
cause of premature birth is still unknown till this day, but many researchers found factors that
contribute to premature deaths. According to Truong, Reifsnider, Mayorga and Spitler (2013)
physical abuse and substance abuse are two of the most significant factors that play a role in
premature birth.
Causes of Preterm Birth
The exact cause of preterm birth is not certain yet. A lot of mothers of premature babies feel terrible
guilt and wonder many times what they did wrong and if they are to blame for their child being born
too early. Babies are delivered before term for the baby's safety, the mother's safety or both. Many
research studies provide evidence for risk factors for preterm birth such as substance abuse and
physical abuse (Gauthier, 2015). Many studies are still being done on preterm birth with hope that in
the next couple of

The Effects Multiple Births Have on Outcomes of Cerebral...
The Effects Multiple Births Have on Outcomes of Cerebral Palsy in Infants Cerebral palsy is
typically characterized as a disorder caused by injuries to the cerebrum, the part of the brain
responsible for higher mental functions, sensations, and voluntary muscle actions (7). Symptoms of
cerebral palsy vary by severity of the disease, and include seizures, involuntary muscle contractions,
difficulty sucking or feeding, irregular breathing, delayed development of motor skills, motor–
mental retardation, mental retardations, speech abnormalities, visual abnormalities, hearing
abnormalities, spasticity, progressive joint contractures, limited range of motion, and peg teeth (7).
These symptoms are usually evident by age two and sometimes as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Comparable figures were not available for triplets, but the risk and stresses for triplet births are
much higher than for twins (6). Because multiple pregnancies put more stress on the mother as well
as the fetus, this increases the chances that the babies will be born premature as well as with cerebral
palsy. "There is an increased frequency of fetal distress among cases of cerebral palsy and death,
representing the increased antennal risk factors in the pregnancy" (2). Multiple pregnancies are
becoming much more popular and common due to advances in fertilization–enhancing techniques.
Higher numbers of babies are being born, producing higher numbers of premature infants. "The
numbers of multiple births surviving the prenatal period is increasing with the increasing survival of
very tiny babies" (1). Through the use of fertility drugs, multiple births are producing more
premature babies, which in effect, increases an infant's chance of having cerebral palsy. When an
infant is born prematurely, the chances of it having cerebral palsy are much higher than that of a
baby carried to term. "There is an increasing prevalence of cerebral palsy in preterm infants" (3).
When an infant is prematurely born, several risk factors are

Health Issues Of Health Of Women And Infants Essay
"When a child is born the mother is also born again," as rightfully quoted by Gilbert Parker.
Childbirth is one of the greatest privileges on the earth anyone could have and we, as women,
should feel proud to be major contributors for it. A mother plays a key role in aiding healthcare
workers to mitigate the health crisis associated with childbirth by performing her duties faithfully.
One such associated health crisis is "Premature (preterm) birth" which occurs when the baby is born
too early, before 37 weeks of gestational period(CDC,2015). It is an important public health priority
in terms of health of women and infants.
Extent of this public health problem: Every year an estimated 15 million pretaerm babies are born
and this number is still rising.(WHO,2015).In 2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were
premature and black infants were 50% more likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and
Asian/Pacific islander infants(CDC,2015). Almost 1 million children die each year due to
complications of premature birth(WHO,2015). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm
birth is lack of knowledge about the etiologies and effective strategies for prevention. In order to
create awareness and mollify premature birth, a community based outreach program based on
Transtheoretical Model is proposed to strategically prevent premature birth among high risk
population of African American women.
Priority population:
Premature birth is a major

The Preterm Birth Of Preterm Mothers Essay
Care of the Preterm Newborn Preterm newborns are not only premature, but also lack maturity of
vital bodily organs. Quality nursing care of preterm newborns is important for their health and well
being; also, client education to the parents or parent of the newborn is required since they will need
extra care. The preterm infant is born at, or before thirty seven weeks gestation, "The incidence of
all preterm births in the United States is approximately 12 %" (Davidson et.al, 2012, p.900).
Guidance for adequate care of preterm infants for nurses, and parents will be reviewed in this
research by answering the following questions:
1. How the respiratory function of the preterm infant is maintained, and monitored after birth?
2. How is an appropriate thermal environment maintained for the preterm infant?
3. How receiving adequate fluid and electrolyte consumption is maintained in the preterm infant?
Preterm infants are in highly fragile state due to an early birth; thus, a proper environment, fluid
intake, and nutrition are vital to the preterm newborn's growth and development.
How the respiratory function of the preterm infant is maintained, and monitored after birth?
Preterm newborns are at a high risk for respiratory complications related to their small and narrow
bronchi, and trachea; therefore, having suctioning equipment available for the newborn is needed,
because mucus can build up in the infant's airway easily. With maintaining a patent airway,
positioning the infant

Preterm Birth In The United States
Preterm birth refers when a baby is born before or within 37weeks, meaning anytime between 20 to
37 weeks. Each week marks a development stage, it is significantly important for a baby to reach the
maximum weeks necessary for a high percentage of survival and well–being. Per Makena
(hydroxyprogesterone caproate injection used to lower the risk of preterm birth), a baby born at 25
weeks has a better rate of survival than the 22 or 23 weeks old. In U.S.A the ratio is 1:10 born
prematurely, meaning 400,000 babies born too soon.
Per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention having a preterm baby varies with racial and
ethnicity, African Americans 13.5%, Native Americans 10.4%, Hispanics 9.3%, whites 9.15, Asians
8.7%. Infant born prematurely

Preterm Babies
Preterm babies are those that are born before 37 months of pregnancy are over. It is the under
developmental state of these babies that puts them at a higher risk of developing complications after
birth. Good examples of these are complications of the respiratory system that affect the ability of
the neonate to inhale and exhale air. Lung complications are common respiratory problems in
preterm infants. In most cases, the lung matures after 36 weeks, but this differs in fetuses as they
exhibit variability in their rates of development. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common
lung problem in preterm babies, and it occurs as a result of the inability of the lungs to synthesize
enough surfactant. The surfactant is important in the lungs

Very Preterm Birth Summary
I have chosen to review the article titled 'Very preterm birth not associated with mood, anxiety
disorders' This study that was conducted was to find out if babies that were born pre term (before 32
weeks) with low weight at birth (under 1.5 kgs) were more likely to develop problems with anxiety
and mood disorders later in life due to their early birth. Many studies were conducted in this field
but they considered these to be smaller in range as the subjects were not tested above the age of 20.
They set out to find the answer. Julia Jaekel, Nicole Baumann, Peter Bartmann, Dieter Wolke joined
together to conduct this experiment in which they thought could prove or disprove this once
considered fact that children born premature would be at a

Impact Of Prematurity On Development Essay example
Impact of Premature Birth on Development
Years ago, premature birth almost always meant death for the baby. Today, however, we have the
technology to nurture these infants' development, and many of them survive to lead normal, healthy
lives. Although, very premature infants (that is, those born before about the fifth month) are still not
likely to survive, many born at five months and older will thrive. Some preterm babies, however, do
have many obstacles to overcome. There are a variety of medical problems that affect some of them,
they may have impaired mental or physical conditions, and they may be looked upon by others in
their environment as slow, or they might be treated differently because they were ... Show more
This still puts them in the same IQ range as their full term peers. They are more likely to need
special education classes later in life, though, and more likely to have to repeat a grade in school.
This is most likely because some premature infants have been shown to have some cognitive
impairment when compared to full term infants of the same age. Their memories are not as good,
and their information processing speed is significantly lower.
There have been many studies performed that compare the cognitive performance of preterm infants
with full term infants. One study in particular, performed by Susan A. Rose and Judith F. Feldman,
tested the memory and the processing speed of preterm children versus full term children at the age
of eleven. They used the Colorado Specific Abilities Test, which is a comparison of eight paper and
pencil tasks the child must perform. This test showed the degree of these four abilities: memory,
perceptual speed, spatial ability, and verbal ability. They also used the Cognitive Abilities Test
(CAT) which is a detailed exam of memory and speed. This test shows us exactly what aspects of
speed and memory it is that pre and full term children differ in, and how much this difference
actually affects them. It is comprised of a set of basic cognitive tasks used to study the individual
elements of cognitive

Preterm Child Research
Research has consistently revealed that children born preterm have a greater risk for learning–
related problems as they progress through infancy, preschool, and elementary school. Children
placed in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, also known as the NICU, have a more difficult journey
ahead in their development compared with children born full term. This can result from a number of
instances that occur during the child's earliest moments of life. One main source of difficulty and
worry when caring for a preterm child is the relationship between parents a child, formed inside the
walls of the NICU and carried out until adulthood. It is imperative to study and understand the
degree in which the way parents respond in these shocking and unsettling ... Show more content on
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On top of the shocking reality that their child, who they had been trying for some time to have, was
delivered preterm and transferred to the NICU, Israt was diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis as
well as a grade 4 intraventricular hemorrhage. However, first we must look at before Israt's
unexpected arrival occurred to fully understand the aftermath of her birth and health issues and the
reaction of her parents. The parents of Israt had been trying for some time to become pregnant and
suffered several miscarriages before conceiving what they believed and hoped would be a healthy
child. When expecting a baby, parents tend to expect a normal birth and a normal infant. Even so,
the transition to parenthood is often a drastic change from a woman or mans previous daily schedule
to prepare for the arrival of a child. Therefore, adjusting to parentage is an emotional experience for
new parents in and of itself. Normally, experiencing a forty–week pregnancy will allow the parents,
albeit short, time and room to adapt to these emotional and physical changes (Lubbe W 2005). When
parents who were once anticipating a healthy and to term child are confronted with their child being
born early and admitted to a NICU, not only do these parents have to readjust their thinking, but
they also must take on this daunting

Birth Of Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders Descent
Written Assignment
Studies have shown that babies of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders descent are more two–three
times more likely to be born prematurely then babies of non–Indigenous descent (Brown et al.,
2016). Due to these results an evaluation will occur to determine the factors that are known to affect
preterm birth. This assessment will focus on two peer reviewed articles and will reflect on the search
strategy used, assess how each article relates to an increased knowledge of preterm birth factors and
justify how their studies contribute to the role of the nurse from an ethical perspective.
The initial search process was difficult but after determining an appropriate search strategy, the
process in finding relevant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example this previous search term produced articles that contained information regarding
models of care and antenatal care strategies. Thus they did not contain adequate information about
the factors that can cause preterm birth in Indigenous women.
After revising the key terms, additional searches were made using both CINAHL and MEDLINE
databases, with each article being evaluated and better search mechanisms being applied. In this
search the key words preterm AND aboriginal women were used with the result being relatively
successful, however there were still a number of articles that were not all applicable. I then decided
to go through each article and critique how each study was conducted and what information it could
provide to increase my knowledge on the factors that affect preterm birth. Additionally I also looked
at which articles provided the highest level of evidence using NHMRC guidelines, as well as
observing the number of people who had cited the source (National Health and Medical Research
Council, 2015). Being more specific in database searches was a skill that became vital in the search
process (Symmons, 2013). For example, I also chose synonyms such as, 'neonatal outcomes' and
'premature pregnancy' so articles relevant to preterm birth could be discovered. By establishing
effective search terms, evaluating the reliability of the source, restricting

Essay On Structural Violence
The stakeholders involved with the problem of structural violence and things such as a built
environment involve much of the community partners or advocates to want to reduce black infant
mortality. Most efforts that have been made to reduce this type of disparity among the African
American community is the supplemental nutrition program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC). Many times, if women are below a certain income level they can qualify for WIC which
provides them with resources, many of which contribute to healthy birth outcomes. Since a good
portion of African American women who are at risk for infant mortality or preterm births are low
income, WIC serves as a good liaison between resources and the women to help reduce these ...
This can be seen in my community where gentrification is taking place slowly and forcing people to
move out of their houses because either business professionals offer them money to buy their
properties out, or the housing market goes up causing them to not be able to afford the housing their
anymore. This type of injustice causes so much type of displacement among this community that has
to relocate and forces them to move into areas that they can afford which are usually unsafe and has
a lot of negative effects on their whole lifestyle.
Funding, Policies, Laws and Programs
As stated previously, they are a lot of program and funding involved to help reduce the infant
mortality and preterm birth rates among the African American community. Most of the funding and
programs to help reduce this disparity are state run, such as WIC and Medicaid. These programs
really try to focus on the population they serve and their needs and tailor their programs to needs.
When I was looking for policies and laws that related to black infant mortality and preterm deaths
there wasn't any policies or laws that tailored to this program. I think a huge portion of it is because
this problem is very specific to a certain population that. Not only that, but many times preterm
births and infant mortality among African American groups is not really know to the public and if it
is, it's not widely known.
However,

Thesis On Preterm Birth
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Preterm birth is a crisis and creates unique challenges in their management for all health care
providers. The preterm babies are born too soon. Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37
weeks of pregnancy is completed. Preterm birth occurs for a variety of reasons. Most preterm births
happen spontaneously, but some are due to early induction of biological systems, which may affect
the lung and liver maturity. These infants need special care in a nursery until the organ system has
developed enough to sustain life without support. This may take weeks to months. (Guha,K., Dipak.
2005).
Almost 60% of preterm births occur in Africa and South Asia, still preterm birth is truly a global ...
Among twenty preterm were selected in experimental and control group. Each infant received either
feeding with oral support or feeding without oral support for 2 consecutive feedings per day on 2
consecutive days. Infants shows a greater intake rate during the intervention feedings, both during
the first 5 min (p = .046) and throughout the entire feeding (p = .023). The percentage of leakage
during the first 5–min feeding was smaller in the intervention condition than in the control condition
(p = .040). No significant differences were found between the two conditions in the sucking,
physiological, and alertness variables. Findings confirm oral support as a safe and effective strategy
to improve the feeding performance of preterm infants who are poor feeders. (Yea–Shwu Hwang,
Chyi–Her Lin, 2010). A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of oral support on
feeding efficiency in preterm infants. Thirteen preterm infants were selected between 30 to 40 weeks
of gestation age at children's hospital and medical center in Seattle, Washington. They were
randomly selected the groups once with oral support and once without oral support. Only the first 2
min of feed were used for data analysis. Statically significant difference (z=2.62,p< 26 and

Causes And Consequences Of Preterm Babies
It was a cold morning January 23, 2006. I had a regular appointment with my doctor; I believe that
this day would be some routine that turn out to be a nightmare. My doctor indicated that my baby
had to be born on this date because he had a problem at my 32 weeks of pregnancy his weight was
only 3 lbs and there was a high level of protein on my urine. I was diagnosed with preeclampsia;
finally, my baby was born a premature baby my first question was why? And what is a premature
baby? Premature baby Tiny and very pink, a baby born more that three weeks early is said to be
premature or preterm baby. A preterm baby is any child born before the 37 week of pregnancy
medical care for preterm infants has improved significantly in recent decade with the result that
baby born as early as 23 to 24 weeks of pregnancy have a chance at survival. Infants born after 30
weeks are nearly guaranteed to survive. Depending on how early a baby is born, he or she may be:
1– Late preterm: born between 34 and 37 weeks of pregnancy 2– Very preterm: born at less than 32
weeks of pregnancy 3– Extremely preterm: born at less than 25 weeks of pregnancy Today my
propose is explaining the tree essential factor of premature birth Characteristic of premature birth:
Risk Factor and Cause of premature Birth And how you can prevent a premature birth. The earlier in
pregnancy a baby is born, the more likely he/she is to have health problems. Some preterm babies
have to spend time in the hospital's

Reasons For Premature Birth Of Preterm Birth

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