Smart Grid Essay

Smart Grid Essay
Survey Paper Assignment Introduction In the traditional distribution network, the systems are
designed and controlled autonomously. Hence a fault at a system will have serious problem and
need immediate rectification. But, rectification of these problems is very difficult. More due to the
increase in prices of fossil fuel which are the main cause for generating electricity. Thus, centralized
control and integrating their functions is a crucial problem faced in the traditional distribution
network. To overcome these issues, there comes Information and communication Technology (ICT)
to integrate all the important elements in a distribution system. This develops an environment at
distribution level, which is controlled and integrated called "smart grid" which bring up to the date
where the electricity generated is transported, distributed by optimizing the system's economy and
the improving the system's capability to spring back into shape. Modernization of smart grid brings
into important concepts as dynamic pricing, Time of Use, distributed generation and demand
management. The benefits from techniques driven from smart grid are emission reduction, and
reduction of operational expenditure and also enhancing energy savings. Hence energy– efficient
communications approaches are made by the smart grid driven techniques along with the interaction
between smart grids and the data centers or ICT's. We know, Information and communication
Infrastructures are major power consumers
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Visible Light Communication Essay
1. INTRODUCTION
Visible light communication (VLC) is an upcoming technique which can be used for data
communication which uses visible light. Li–fi is a subset of OWC–Optical wireless communication
and it can be used as a complement to RF communication (Wi–Fi or cellular network).
As Lamps are the common source of room lighting, they are providing a new pathway for linking
mobiles to the Internet, with the potential for wider bandwidth and it has a quicker response time
than Wi–fi. As there are differnet sources, the speed of the transmission also varies. Ordinary lamps
can transmit the signal with the speed of 10kbit/s whereas LEDs are used to get transmission speeds
upto 500Mbit/s and with the help of powerful LEDs we can achieve the speed of 10 Gbit/s.
At the receiving side, Devices containing photodiode receive signals from light sources. In few
cases, digital camera may also be sufficient. The sensors used for receiving signals are infact an
array of photodiodes(pixels), where each one can be used as separate channel to provide multi–
channel propagation.
PLC– Power Line Communication is also like VLC, developed in the same era and is the method of
transmitting data on transmission lines meant for electric power distribution to comsumers.The basic
principle involved in PLC is that these can be operated by adding a carrier signal to the existing
wiring system. The propagation problem is a limiting fator for PLC's. Low Frequencies are
generally to carry data over

Power Currencies: Chapter Four Of Interpersonal Conflict
Power Currencies
Chapter Four of Interpersonal Conflict discusses the roles of power currencies as it relates to
interpersonal conflict. Hocker & Wilmot (2014) begins by remarking that we all have extremely
distinctive approaches as it relates to power. Some of us choose to focus on the positive aspect of
power, and correlate it with willpower, charm, or power. On the other hand, there are those who
choose to focus on the negative aspect of power seeing power as hostility or restricted resources.
People who see power as negative are hesitant to debate about power or to even admit that they
sometimes employ it.
"Power Currencies refer to how much your particular resources are valued by the other persons in a
relationship context" (Wilmot & Hocker, 2014). These resources are referred to as power currencies
because they are comparable to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people want to feel needed and cared for by our peers and this is why this skill is so powerful
when it comes to our interpersonal relationships.
Expertise – Expertise refers to the individual wisdom, abilities, and gifts that are valuable for a
specific project or job. "An intelligent heart acquires knowledge, and the ear of the wise seeks
knowledge." (Proverbs 18:15) A person that has experience in a specific area that few people have
will give them the power of expertise. This makes that person a valuable asset to the organization.
Keep in mind, although we are more inclined to talk about the many things that impact conflict
individually, those things essentially go hand in hand. "When we think about all the many lines of
influence or connection that exist between two individuals, we must conclude that power is complex
and multidimensional." (Najar, S. 2014)
Action Plans and

Different Indoor Broadcasting Schemes Based On Plc And Vlc
4. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Fig. 5. Block diagram of "PLC to VLC" module.
Fig. 6. System models of the different indoor broadcasting schemes based on PLC and VLC. (a)
Classical VLC–based broadcasting scheme (Scheme A). (b) Classical PLC and VLC–based
broadcasting scheme (Scheme B). (c) Proposed deeply integrated PLC and VLC system for indoor
broadcasting.
5. RESULTS Figure 7. Demonstration setup of the broadcasting system in the laboratorial
environment. Fgure 8. Block diagram of the laboratorial demonstration.
6. Performance Evaluation
The high–definition TV program is modulated by the time domain OFDM (TDS–OFDM), and then
transmitted in the hybrid system to evaluate its performance. We use the mode (64QAM, Multi–
carrier, PN420, FEC 0.6, TI 720) [30] for the first–step demo. The system bandwidth is 8 MHz
located from 2 MHz to 10 MHz. The point to point system (with one LED lamp on) can still work
well with the visible light path
Fig. 9. PLC modulator.
Fig. 10. Demodulator in the receiver.
up to 8 meters with the interference from the normal indoor lighting devices and provide a date rate
of around 48 Mbps within 8MHz bandwidth.
For the two LED lamps, LED A is connected directly to the PLC modulator and LED B is connected
to the modulator via a section of power line. Since 3 m is the typical height of the ceilings in many
indoor scenarios, the receiver which contains the APD is placed with an equal distance of 3 meters
away from the two LED lamps to

Wireless Network Method Using Smart Grid Communications
WIRELESS NETWORK METHOD USING IN SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
Ehsan Dolatshahi
Independent Study
April 22, 2015
Introduction
The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our
world progress technologically, so do the expectations from different infrastructures around us.
Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current and
future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security
vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart
grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]
A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to
it and makes use of innovative information, control, and communication technologies to save
energy, cut cost, and raise reliability and transparency. The smart grid is an upgrade to the current
electrical power structure. Meaning, on top of the functionality of our existing power system, it has
upgraded with some novel specifications. These new features adds more vulnerability to the system.
[2]
Smart grid is mainly composed of six basic systems: power generation system, distribution system,
transmission network, data management and processing system, smart metering system, and
customer information system. The network architecture of smart grid

Effective Leadership For A Business Protocol
Effective leadership in a business obliges knowing how to communicate with all components of the
association, including representatives, different administrators, clients and financial specialists.
Every gathering may oblige an alternate communication style and leadership style. Leaders must
have the capacity to adjust in light of the gathering they are communicating with at the time.
Communicate abilities are an essential part of any leader 's arrangement of aptitudes and experience.
Verbal communication is the most evident type of communication. Then again, research has
indicated individuals give careful consideration to the words that are said and a great deal more
thoughtfulness regarding the activities and nonverbal signals that go with those words. Nonverbal
signals incorporate outward appearances, utilization of hand movements, body stance and eye
developments. Leaders ought to endeavour to dependably coordinate their nonverbal prompts to
their words; when they do as such, they are more conceivable and reliable. A good leader adjusts his
communication style contingent upon his gathering of people. At the point when addressing
representatives, he may need to have a substantially more mandate style than when he is conveying
a presentation to the group or identifying with clients. Leaders ought to distinguish the crowd and
their attributes and intrigues, and then change their communication style taking into account what
the members needs and what will encourage them to

Radio And Optical Wireless Communication
This collaborative effort outlines a comprehensive framework to apply novel radio and optical
wireless communications with channel coding to develop energy–efficient and secure links for the
problem of limited spectrum resource in future wireless applications. In particular, the project aims
to study the fundamental properties and develop practical solutions for a hybrid RF/optical system
that combines energy–efficient ultra–wideband architectures with secure and RF–spectrum–saving
optical technology.
Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologies to address the new
challenges associated with the shortage of radio spectrum [1–5], the need for low–power radio
architectures
[6–9], and secure communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key idea is to combine the advantages of localized short–range
UWB–IR and longer range optical wireless communication, and use jointly optimized LDPC coding
to improve the link reliability with low complexity encoder and decoder circuits. To achieve these
goals, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the proposed research will also focus on designing the UWB/optical
relaying circuits and hybrid communication protocol, exploiting network diversity and coding for
hybrid channels, and investigating low–complexity LDPC encoder/decoder circuits with soft
information for UWB–IR.
The advantages of UWB–IR and optical communication compensate each other's shortcomings very
well, as illustrated in Fig 1. For example, UWB–IR is power efficient; however, to achieve ultra low
power, the transmission distance of UWB must be short (sometimes less than 1 meter). When a
longer range is demanded, the power consumption of the UWB transceiver increases dramatically
since the received power varies as d−γ, where d is the transmission distance and γ is the path loss
exponent [36–38]. In other words, increasing RF transmission distance will significantly shorten the
battery lifetime. This power/distance trade–off of UWB can be alleviated by employing a
UWB/optical relaying device. The stationary relaying devices use dedicated power lines so the
battery–powered UWB terminals can save

Implementing Alternate Technologies Improve The Power...
IMPLEMENTING ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE THE POWER HANDLING
CAPACITY OF ALL Si–MEMS PHASE SHIFTERS
Abstract:–– This proposal paper analyze and suggest the alternate methods to reduce the heat
dissipation and power consumption of MEMS phase shifters while they are being used in the real
time environment i.e., in a closed loop operation. So many advancements in the MEMS technology
make the MEMS production very effective, but still there are some drawbacks in its structure and in
its performance, which pulls the system efficiency to down. Self and mutual inductions are the two
major run time defects which affects the performances of the MEMS devices and increases its power
consumption when there is a physical data link between two blocks. If the proper steps are taken
then, the measurement results can range up to 40dBm at 75 GHz or even more. Hence by using
alternate methods for the communication between the two blocks using PIC 16f778 controller we
can reduce the temperature rise in all Si–phase shifters, which is 20–30 times lesser than the
conventional MEMS phase shifters. Also by implementing this idea we can reduce the fabrication
cost and we can make a great revolution in the field of embedded systems.
Key terms: ––– Microwave, phase shifters, optic fiber, radio frequency micro electro mechanical
systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is nowadays widely utilized in many high–performance devices and
remote sensing systems, comprising radar sensors

Digital Technology Case Study
CAREER GOAL: To contribute the knowledge of Trending Technology in Protection and Control
systems of Power Substations with electric utilities by designing and implementing a more reliable
digital Automation scheme to overcome the existing Analog relays in our substations and Line bays
in the Grid system. In other to achieve a maximum Protection and Control of HV Transmission lines
and Power Substations after Power and Control Cables laying and Terminations and Interfacing of
the Control and the Protection panels to the outdoor switchyard equipment through the marshalling
Kiosk or Junction Boxes, the following processes have to be in place also for an effective system
Viz: Configuration of the Relays, Configuration of the BCU's, ... Show more content on
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BACKGROUND: The power system, built on century–old technology and approaches, was
designed to deliver electricity from large, remote power plants across significant distances to the
cities and towns where electricity is used. For that reason, there is great need for an effective
Protection and Control of the System to complete the chain of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution to the users. FIG 1:1 ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM INTERCONNECT
MODULE METHODOLOGY: We shall use the devices; PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 Ethernet switch,
RCS–9698G/H Communication Gateway, RCS–9700 automation system, RCS–9785 GPS
Synchronization Clock and RCS–9794A/B Protocol Converter and the Automation Architecture
module to achieve the maximum Protection and Control of he Substation and the 2x132kV HV
Transmission lines from the Bay extension to the Substation. PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 Ethernet
switch PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 Ethernet switch is intended for interconnection of 10/100/1000M
adaptive Ethernet devices using twisted wire/Fiber optical connection in substation automation
system. It adopts industrial level components and chips to ensure the reliable and high–speed data
exchange, which makes it a compensation of insufficient application of commercial switch in a
substation automation system. PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 are fully compatible with IEC 61850 and
GOOSE communication in a digital substation automation system with distributed

Application Of A Smart Home
ABSTRACT Residential area consume a lot of energy and electricity. The lack of energy resources
give impact to the rise of energy cost, thus to have a convenient home is extremely important in the
future. One of the way to reduce the costs in this issue is by using the energy efficiently. The idea of
energy saving is applied in the concept of a smart home. This project aims to develop an algorithm
to estimate the energy plans for future periods in a smart home in order to achieve energy efficiency.
Using the Household Demand Side Management (DSM) systems, the total usage of energy in the
future can be predicted according to the demand supply in the smart home. Furthermore, it is
estimated that the simultaneousness between production and consumption of the electricity will be
increasing. In this case, the house owner should be able to manage and plan to use the electricity
wisely. Powerful tools such as MATLAB / Simulink allow the design, analysis and simulation of
this project. This project will in divided into various stages including researching, experimenting,
modelling, testing and designing in order to achieve the required objectives. TABLE OF
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2 Problem Statement
1 1.3 Objectives 3 1.4 Scope of Study 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY 4
2.1 Theory 4 2.2 Literature Review 4 CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES 9 CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces and explains the project topic,

The Components Of Mass Communication
For many years now, the task of creating a more stable and reliable form of communication for
sharing information with people as well as with the world is something that many people across the
globe have studied, redesigned, improved, and rebuilt. The spark of mass communication is all
thanks to one man named Alexander Graham Bell who invented the first telephone. Bell's invention
of the telephone has opened a multitude of opportunities that have extended the way we
communicate in the world today. Bell's invention went public on March 7, 1916, and many people
gathered to see a demonstration that would start a revolution of communication beyond even Bell's
imagination (A Rural Broadband...). "That evenings demonstration made clear that the telephone
service was poised to revolutionize communications and unite every part of the country..." (A Rural
Broadband...). Bell's invention was the first reliable, and cost–effective way for communication until
just a few decades later when someone decided to take Bell's invention to the next level and help to
bring us public Internet. Just like Bell, AT&T is determined to create the world's first truly reliable
and cost–effective Internet connection for rural areas by revisiting an old concept that, at the time,
was proved not reliable. I believe that we can help to cut cost even more by creating a partnership
between the FCC and the DOE (Department of Energy). Using AT&T's current plans, we can
partner with other companies and government

How Do Allied Forces Control Sea Lines Of The Gulf Oil?
1. Problem Statement – How do Allied forces control sea lines of communications and Land lines of
communication in Mediterranean and North Africa for continued access to Persian Gulf oil?
Current State: Political – The Vichy French government went into collaboration with the Nazis
therefore preventing German forces from having to occupy the French Northwest Africa and
securing the Axis flank/rear. Military – All of North Africa and Southern Mediterranean minus
Egypt were under Axis control either directly by German/Italian forces or indirectly through Vichy
Forces. Economic – Oil revenue from the Persian Gulf was used to help finance Hitler's continued
war efforts. Social – Not enough information provided. Infrastructure – Eastern ... Show more
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Military – Axis powers destroyed opening LOCs in M/NATO. Economic – Oil in the Persian Gulf
accessible through Mediterranean. Social – no change. Infrastructure – Mediterranean and North
Africa secured. Information – Axis powers find another route to Persian Gulf due Mediterranean
under the control of Allied powers.
2. End state/Objective: Change seizes Suez Canal to retain Mediterranean and North Africa LOCs
IOT control access to Persian Gulf Oil. I believe the Suez Canal is a decisive point or key terrain but
not the main objective.
The Center of Gravity should change from Tunis to Axis powers who control the Mediterranean Sea
and North Africa.
Critical Capabilities: I agree with control sea lines of communication in Mediterranean, secure Axis
lines of communications in North Africa and alternate logistical port in Tunis. I would remove
defeat–allied forces in North Africa, which is a task and not a capability. I would add a secure
rear/flank from Vichy forces in North Africa and open air LOCs from Italy and Sicily
Critical Requirements: I agree with the critical requirements IOT set the conditions for the critical
capabilities to become fully operational. The command and control over Air/Sea/Land forces along
with the Vichy forces is essential to a successful strategic campaign in the M/NATO. In addition,
logistics security and synchronization with operations is paramount to maintain the offensive. I
would remove the Air

Case Study: May Construction
May Construction is a small construction company. The company has successfully operated in the
Black Hills Area for the past sixteen years working on both small and large scale construction,
repair, and alteration projects focusing on residential and commercial contracting. With the business
boom that is occurring in our local area and the desire to improve overall profit margins, the
company is planning to shift its target market from residential clients to the larger commercial
customers. This business plan will lay out goals and tasks to make this transition successful and
create enough market share to succeed in this highly competitive market. MayCon offers
comprehensive services designed allow the company to do whatever it takes to finish ... Show more
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Expand services and decrease costs by going green. The company will be set up as a Limited
Liability Corporation. This ownership will protect the personal assets of the partners. To reserve the
name "May Construction" we will need to pay a $25 fee each year. This will protect the name and
ensure it cannot be used by any other company.SD Articles of Incorporation will cost $150 initially
and then $60 per year. A sales tax permit will also be requested. Partners will be working with each
crew that goes out and manage the digging, replacing, and updating cables, and lines. The Black
Hills area is booming at this moment, overall business growth over the past five years has averaged
approximately 15.2% and is expected to continue for at least the next four years. This constitutes an
attractive market for May Construction Contractors. MayCon will be concentrating on the customers
that will provide the greatest margin, in other words those clients desiring underground home cable
and power. This is the fastest growing segment of all the commercial clients requiring our services.
At the moment the potential list of clients includes all the various businesses in the Black Hills area
and its

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Bsnl Company
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL)
An Introduction:–
As we all know, BSNL is the No.1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector
undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes improvement of the already superb qualities of
telecom services, spreading telecom services in all villages and creating confidence among its
customers.
Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for introducing latest technologies
and new services like I–NET, INTERNET, ISDN (INTEGRETED SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK), IN entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the new services send
technological advantages, which are available with any well, developed Telecom network anywhere
else in the country.
And all the following mentioned ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA):–
Each terminal is allotted a short time slot in which to transmission is on sequential basis. This time
slot is usually a fraction of a second.
STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (STDM):–
In TDM, the time slots are allotted to multiplexed lines even if they have no data transmit. In
STDM, a time slot is allotted to the multiplexed line only if there is data to be sent. The multiplexed
circuit is used more efficiently.
INTERNET
Introduction:
It can be defined as the group of various cooperating computers worldwide interconnected by
computer based on TCPIP communication. People use internet to get information over a particular
standard communication link.
GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial up/leased/ISDN
network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means.
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
The basic function of Internet can be summarized as under–
Interconnecting of computers to form a particular network.

Interconnecting of computers to form a set of network.
To establish a communication link between two

Negative Effects Of Imperialism On Colonized People
Despite having a predominantly negative effect on colonized populations, Imperialism improved the
lives of colonized people because it introduced innovations and inventions that helped to unify
conquered areas through easier means of communication and improved native economies by
increasing productivity. During the Age of Imperialism, most colonial powers had developed
technologies that the countries they colonized did not yet have access to. Industrial inventions like
crop rotation, telephone lines, the steamboat, the cotton gin and railroads allowed Imperialist powers
to produce and transport materials more efficiently than colonized countries could. When Imperialist
powers colonized other countries they were often motivated by However, when

Essay about Aint'
Network Fundamentals | Question | ID | Correct Answer | 13. MC: ____ operating systems provide
network control and include special functions for connecting computers and other devices.
A . Client
B . LAN
C . Server
D . WAN | 449244 |
C . Server | 14. MC: A(n) ____ is hardware (a computer) that can be used to share mail, databases,
and more.
A . client
B . server
C . operating system
D . router | 449242 |
B . server | 15. MC: A(n) _____ is a description of the rules computers must follow to facilitate
device identification and data transfer.
A . switch
B . extranet
C . POTS
D . protocol | 449249 |
D . protocol | 16. MC: A(n) _____ network limits its accessibility to only authorized users.
A . ISP
B ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IP address
C . operating system
D . gateway | 449254 |
B . IP address | 24. MC: Simon tells the board that he set up a(n) _____ for employees so they can
access work files from home.
A . proxy server
B . firewall
C . Virtual Private Network
D . Integrated Services Digital Network | 449253 |
C . Virtual Private Network | 25. MC: Which of the following is NOT a classification type for a
network?
A . client/server
B . peer–to–peer
C . intranet

D . gateway | 449245 |
D . gateway | 26. MC: Which of the following is NOT a type of server operating system?
A . Microsoft Windows
B . Mac OS X
C . Adobe Dreamweaver
D . Linux | 449243 |
C . Adobe Dreamweaver | 27. MC: Which of the following is NOT an example of malicious code?
A . Trojan horses
B . worms
C . hackers
D . spyware | 449240 |
C . hackers | 28. MC: Which of the following is NOT true about connecting to the Internet?
A . A cable modem uses the same type of cable as used for cable TV.
B . The bandwidth is much greater with a cable modem than with a dial–up modem.
C . Broadband over Powerline (BPL) is one way to access the Internet.
D . A DSL modem can transmit data, but not voice. | 449250 |
D . A DSL modem can transmit data, but not voice. | 29. MC: Which of the following is NOT true
about network risks?
A . As data flows through a number of networks, computers are vulnerable to unauthorized access.
B . Malware can cause equipment malfunctions

The Importance Of Presidential Power In The Constitution
"This presidential power is controversial because it is nowhere mentioned in the U.S. Constitution"
(Rozell). The President, since the beginning, has gained powers not specifically enumerated,
increasing the power of the executive branch. Over the course of history the President has assumed
many powers unlisted in the Constitution including the line item veto, executive privilege, and
executive order which have all impacted the President's relationship with Congress.
The line item veto was used very briefly during the Clinton administration before it was later
declared unconstitutional, though it was wanted by many other administrations. The line item veto is
defined as,"A special form of veto in which the chief executive has the right to prevent particular
provisions of a bill enacted by a legislative assembly from becoming law without having to kill all
the other parts of the bill at the same time"(Johnson). An example of the president using the line
item veto is Bill Clinton, which vetoed part of the Balanced Budget Act which,"relinquished the
Federal Government's ability to recoup nearly $2.6 billion in taxes levied against Medicaid
providers"("Clinton v. City of New York."). The line item veto was then declared unconstitutional
because of the President's ability to "amend" legislation that was already passed by both houses of
congress, and declared that the President must totally reject or accept a bill. One major challenge
towards the line item veto is that

Essay On Android
3) Android Application
The android application is solely built for end users. This application is the one which provides
users the opportunity to monitor and control devices remotely.
Android application in this prototype system is a simple native android app. Though it needs the
internet for data communication, the trivial web view approach is not been used. Retrofit library,
solely built for handling HTTP request, is used here. Using the Retrofit library, android app sends
HTTP request to the API server for pulling and pushing the device state changes. The received data
is in JSON format. So, for making it usable in the app, GSONConverter is used which maps the data
into model.
As it's a prototype, the user interface as simple as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The clients, their houses, rooms and devices need to be added in the database. This admin site helps
creating those for service providers without writing any queries or manual database entry. For this
prototype, the admin site is built using AngularJS, a JavaScript frontend framework. AngularJS
follows the MVC architecture by default. The application in designed similar fashion which makes it
almost production ready.
C. Interaction among the section
1) Switch–Arduino–API Server:
As stated earlier, two Arduinos has been used here. Both of them talks to each other through i/o pins
like flags. One of these Arduino's only task is to maintain the communication with the API server. It
has a function which have a hardcoded URL to fetch device states using API server. And another
function to send the latest changes on the database through API server whenever a change is
happened is switch state. None of this API calls gets through the authentication system of the API
server as the route and corresponding variables are static. For internet connection in the Arduino, the
WizFi module is used. It provides Wi–Fi access to the Arduino. The only drawback in the current
project comes from this module. The flow of switching a device state from Arduino's point of view
would be like the following description. User presses the switch. Arduino (A1) receives the signal
and changes both relay states and out flag for change to another Arduino (A2).

Sea Power In The 19th And 20th Century
The sea presents the political and social view of a great highway, of better and commonly wide
which people may pass in all directions but on worn paths that led people to choose certain lines of
travel. These lines are called trade routes. Nevertheless, all the familiar and unfamiliar dangers of
the sea, both travel and traffic by water have always been easier and cheaper than by land. This
advantage of carriage by water was marked two hundred years ago when roads were few and very
bad in an unsettled society of frequent wars. Considering the experiences of Britain and U.S. in sea
power dominance, British displayed her dominance sea power and naval dominance in the 19th and
20th century which resulted to the expansion of the British empire in North America, Australia,
Asia, and Africa. Britain's sea enterprise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Kenny, 2015) Meanwhile, Sir Julian Stafford Corbett, presented a related view on command of the
sea which conferred by the defeat or blockade of the enemy's battle fleet, allowed one to disperse
one's own naval forces to exercise sea control in specific areas as the need arose. The dispersed fleet
could also perform other functions, such as showing the flag and projecting power ashore. (Rubel,
2012) In a more explicit meaning of Sea Power, it is an extension of military power, being measured
by the nation's capacity to use the seas in defiance of rivals and competitors. It involves various
elements such as combat craft and weapons, auxiliary equipment, commercial shipping, bases, and
trained personnel. The aircraft, operating from carriers used in the controlling seaborne
transportation, function as an instrument and represents as an extension of sea

Different Schools Of Thought Of Classical Management Essay
Three schools of thought of classical management in management:
Classical theory emphasis on increasing employee efficiency at work. It focuses on increasing
employee productivity, specialization of work, centralization of decision making and profit
maximization. There are three management the
Scientific management theory:
This theory was formed by F.W Taylor who is known as father of scientific management. This
theory focused on increasing productivity by increasing employee productivity. It focuses on
organization of work at work place and staffing so that men, material, machines should be able to
work in coordination with each other and high productivity to achieve organization goal. This theory
help business to carefully select the workers with required skills, provide them training so that they
can achieve efficiency and effectiveness in work.
Strengths of scientific management theory:
Training at work provide employee ready to achieve high degree of accuracy at work.
Specialization of work.
It introduced new scientific method and replaced the rule of thumb.
Increased productivity and reduced the cost.
Disadvantage:
Very costly: to have such organization structure required a lot of capital.
There is autocratic leadership of manager.
It creates unemployment for starters who don't have any skill and want to work and learn.
Administrative management:
This theory was given by henry fayol it focus on management and improvement of business
operations and management for

A Brief Note On Consumer Electronics Bus ( Cebus )
2.3 ii) CeBus technology
Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus), a standard proposed by the Electronic Industries Association, is
based on the concept of Local Area Networks (LAN's). CEBus based products consist mainly of a
transceiverwhich implements spread spectrum technology along with a controller to run the
protocol. The given protocol standards are for radio frequency, twisted pair, power line
communication and a number of other networking methods. The CEBus PLDT standard specifies
that a binary digit is represented by how long a frequency burst is applied to the channel i.e, a binary
'1' is represented by a 100 microsecond burst, whilst a binary '0' is represented by a 200 microsecond
burst. CEBus transmission rate varies with how many '0' characters, and how many '1' characters are
transmitted. The CEBus standard specifies a language of object oriented controls including
commands for volume up/down, temperature up one degree, etc. Due to the high noise level of
power line channels, data should be transmitted via short frames, which is assured by the use of the
spread spectrum technology. CEBus protocol uses a Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection and Resolution (CSMA/CDCR) protocol to avoid data collisions. CEBus is a
commercially owned protocol, and thus attracts registration fees.
2.3 iii) LonWorks technology
This technology was developed by Echelon Corporation. It is essentially structured as an automatic
control system that consists of sensors,

The Internet Of Things : The Roles And Uses Of The...
What is IoT? The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect
and exchange data. IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world and
computer–based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
3Rishab 1. 4. "Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart
monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters,
automobiles with built–in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen
monitoring or field operation devices that assist fire–fighters in search and rescue operations. These
devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously
flow the data between other devices. 4Rishab 2. 5. The concept of the Internet of Things first
became popular in 1999, through the Auto–ID Center at MIT and related market–analysis
publications. R Radio–frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a prerequisite for the IoT at that
point. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage
and inventory them. Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such
technologies as near field communication,

The Aeronautical Telecommunication Network ( Atn )
2.3 AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK (ATN) :
2.3.1 Introduction
In the early 1980s, the international civil aviation community started to express concern about the
limitations on existing facilities and procedures, and their inability to cope with increasing air traffic
in the future years. Consequently Special Committee on FANS was established to study, identify and
assess new concepts and technology in the field of air navigation, including satellite technology, and
also to make recommendations thereon for the development of air navigation for international civil
aviation over a period of 25 years. A major result was the global Communications, Navigation and
Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) concept which identified the use of data
communications and of satellite–based systems as being the two major areas of improvement to the
then existing systems. The CNS/ATM concept was further developed and redefined, after which the
Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) became an integral part of CNS/ATM systems.
The ATN comprises application entities and communication services which allow ground, air–
ground and avionics data subnetworks to interoperate. This is done by adopting common interface
services and protocols based on International Standards. The ATN has been designed to provide data
communication services to Air Traffic Service (ATS) provider organizations and Aircraft Operating
agencies for the following types of communication traffic:
1. Air

Negative Consequences Of The Federal Communication Commission
The Federal Communication Commission or FCC was created by the Communications Act of 1934.
The Federal Communication Commission is responsible for regulating interstate and international
communication through modes of communication like radio, television, and satellite. Although the
Federal Communication Commission does have some negative consequences the positive
implications that resulted because of the creation of the FCC outweigh them. The Federal
Communication Commission often is under scrutiny for allegedly infringing on people's rights to
freedom of speech because of their penalties they have for certain things that are said on TV or on
the radio. For instance, in 2012, the FCC was taken to the Supreme Court by Fox Television
Stations, Inc. because of a fine that was given to Fox for allowing explicits on a live broadcast of the
2002 Billboard Music Awards. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Fox because they believed that
these fines were unconstitutional. While these does seem like a very clear violation of the first
amendment of the Bill of Rights. There needs to be institutions in place that have the power to
regulate things like the what is on TV or the radio because while every should have the freedom to
say what they are thinking, there needs to be a line and some to judge whether something has
crossed that line. This is a very unpopular decision but in a hypothetical situation where something
is said that can hurt someone or a group of people we would want

If Black English Isn T A Language Summary
Baldwin's "If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What is?" In an attempt to illustrate the
reality and value of Black English, James Arthur Baldwin, an African American essayist who wrote
" If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, what Is?" in 1979. In the essay, Baldwin is trying
to say that different groups of individuals, same as those who talk the same language, will say it in a
different way. That's because of the different groups having different events, evolving from different
geographical settings, and to economic and social influences. Baldwin's main idea is that Black
English has developed based on experiences, separation, and necessity. He argues about how white
American's weren't interested in educating African

Chili Case Group Analysis Essay
Chili Sauce Case Group Analysis
Course: MHR405
Instructor: Kemi Salawu
Due Date: Friday November 21, 2014
1. Identify the counterproductive employee behaviours apparent in the workplace. Explain why
employees engaged in these behaviours (i.e. what may have influenced them to behave this way?)
(20 marks) The situation described by "The Chili Sauce Case" is a classic example of a counter
productive work environment. Many factors contributed to the lack of effort shown by the
employees. These counter productive behaviours are demonstrated in two areas: counterproductive
behaviours in the kitchen and counterproductive behaviours on the bottling line.
Counterproductive Behaviours in the Kitchen Workplace harassment is a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The women's treatment of the students affected their productivity in the form of a self–fulfilling
prophecy; the women had very low expectations of the student's work performance (McShane &
Steen, 2008, p.76). This led them to bully the two for their own amusement, which in turn led to the
frustration of the students, and caused the boxes to be thrown at the wall.
As mentioned earlier, unnecessary conflict resulted in the wasting of resources, which is
counterproductive to any work environment. It slows down production capabilities, increases
financial expenses for damage goods, and increases safety risks. The students were being worked at
a pace that was too fast for their skill set. They tried to tell the women in control of the line speed
that it was too fast but the women responded with laughter and teasing. The communication on the
production line had barriers. The noise of the machines was too loud for the students to be able to
communicate between them, thus affecting their productivity. This led the students to seek
alternative ways to slow down the speed of the production line. The actions of the women caused
the students to throw boxes against the wall in order to stop the production line and catch up on their
work while the bottles were being cleaned from the floor. According to an article written by Kish–
Gephart et al., (2010) explains why the students were compelled to throw the boxes at the wall. The

Black And Decker Case Analysis
Business Analysis of Black and Decker
1. FINDINGS Black and Decker's DeWalt line has been so successful in the USA that it is now the
standard for both the Professional–Industrial and the Professional–Tradesman market segments.
Nolan Archibald, Chairman, President and CEO of Black and Decker (B&D) saw the potential in
1994 to increase the companies market share through worldwide sales of B&D products. While the
company had a definite presence in the European Consumer Power Tools market segment, it lacked
penetration in the Professional Power Tools segment. On the other hand, in Japan, where there was a
huge market for professional power tools, B&D's market penetration was negligible compared to its
competitors. B&D's vision for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. SITUATION ANALYSIS i) US Market In 1994 the DeWalt product line experienced worldwide
sales which exceeded $350 million dollars. B&D's market share in the US comprised of 25% of the
professional industry, 40% of the professional tradesman industry, and 50% of the consumer
industry. B&D's marketing campaign in the US "Operation Sudden Impact" was a great success
leading to the reduction of Makita's market share in the Professional–Tradesmen segment from over
50% to 30%. ii) European Market The European market was 35% bigger than the US market. In
1994 the European power tools market was $2.5 billion. Of that $1.5 billion came from the
professional industrial and tradesman market, and $1.0 billion came from the consumer tools
market. The major competitors in the European power tool market were Bosch, Makita, Hitachi and
B&D. Bosch was considered "the standard of excellence" in the European industry. Both Bosch and
B&D held approximately 30% of the consumer market, while in the professional market Bosch held
30% and B&D held less than 10%(see Exhibit 1a and 1b for market shares). In the professional
power tools market, B&D offered three product lines – Elu, B&D Professional and B&D Proline.
Elu was a Swiss company purchased by B&D in the early 1980's. Elu enjoyed brand recognition but
failed to reach a broad market. In the professional power tools segment, B&D employed three
distribution channels –

Federal Communication Commission Research Paper
History of the Federal Communication Commission
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent Federal regulatory agency
authorized by Congress by the Communications Act of 1934 as the replacement to the Federal Radio
Commission and is charged with regulating all non–Federal Government use of the radio spectrum
including radio and television broadcasting and interstate telecommunications wire, satellite and
cable as well as international communications that originate or terminate in the United States. The
FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1934
and congress had not changed the FCC's regulatory authority until congress passed the
Telecommunication Act of 1996.
A federal independent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end of the decade the FCC investigated a television scandal involving quiz show revealing
how the shows were fixing the results of some shows and the hearings led to regulations that
prevented fixing of television shows. As the country entered the 1960's and 1970's, the FCC entered
into new decades with more advances in technology in the communication industry and had to
decide whether to regulate the new technology, satellite and cable

Application Of Dgs For Local Network Stability
Introduction: Due to increased concern on energy crisis and environmental issues, power industry is
shifting their power production from conventional power sources to renewable energy sources, and
is incorporating it into the grid utility in the form of distributed generations (DGs). The application
of DGs can enhance reliability and stability of the local network, and can reach benefit to the
supplier by reducing system losses and investment on a new transmission line due to increased
power consumption [1]. Power generation in the form of DGs for local and grid utility can create
issues as many as it may solve. Therefore, a microgrid concept is evolved to coordinate among
sources, loads, and energy storage devices for maintaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Inverters are able to supply controlled voltage and frequency depending on the control algorithms
[3]. The characteristics of inverters are significantly different from the conventional generators;
therefore, specific control algorithms are required for a stable microgrid operation [4, 5].
There are a number of publications on droop based control for facilitating high reliability and
avoiding complexity of a supervisory control system [6, 12]. The droop based control algorithms are
popular due to their coordination capability among various power rating units together with
flexibility and reliability. The concept of droop based power control is valid for the both high
voltage (HV) transmission line and low voltage (LV) distribution line, although it has some
limitations.
Problem formulation: To achieve consumer satisfaction in power supply and harness renewable
energy, microgrids design and control are essential issues for reliable operation. As the
characteristics of the distribution network and high volume power electronics penetration into the
network are significantly different from the conventional power system, several issues are raised.
Some of the issues, which are a promised field for future research, are described shortly below:
Distribution network: In a LV distribution network, the well–known P/f droop control requires much
more effort than the P/V droop because predominated resistive network that naturally connects
active power with

Growing Number of Electric Power Grids
The existing electric power grids face new challenges with the growing economies that are
dependent on electricity. These challenges put the ability of the current electric power grids at risks
of being able to deliver efficient, reliable and clean power energy to meet the demand of the
growing economies. The reliability of the existing electric power girds during peak load conditions
is ensured mainly by having excessive power capacity in the whole system [1]. Excessive power
capacity necessitates turning on peaker plants which are environmentally unfriendly and also
expensive. Conversely, when the average demand is much lower than the peak load, then the need
for energy storage becomes a necessity. A key solution to the energy storage and wastage problems
is offered by renewable energy sources; however, their integration with the existing grids comes
with a set of barriers such as the intermittency of generation and the high level of distribution of the
sources and the lack of proven distribution control algorithms to manage such a highly distributed
generation base [2]. In such situation, the use of communication and information technologies is
attractive to match the demand to the available supply and dramatically improve performance and
efficiency. A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users
connected to it and makes use of advanced information, control, and communications technologies
to save energy, reduce cost and

Chester Barnard Annotated Bibliography
Chester Barnard's Contribution Chester Irving Barnard (1886
1961) was a data exchanges, authority
and essayist of Functions of the Executive, a convincing twentieth century organization book, in
which Barnard showed a speculation of association and the components of directors in associations.
Two of his theories are particularly interesting: the theory of force and the speculation of helpers.
Both are found in the association of a correspondence system that should be arranged in some vital
guidelines: Chester Barnard: Believed that correspondence shapes the structure and inside economy
of an association. He records 6 variables which support communication.1. Channels should be
known not suggests that whatever channels of correspondence exist

Evolution Of Broadband Over Power Line
Table of Contents
Abstract
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Evolution of Broadband over Power Line
1.2 Comparison with existing technology
1.3 Architecture of Broadband over Power Line
1.4 Working of Broadband over Power Line
1.5 Definition of terms
2.0 Taxonomy of Broadband over Power Line
2.1 Access BPL
2.1.1 End–End access BPL
2.1.2 Hybrid access BPL
2.2 In–house BPL
3.0 Technological development
3.1 Technological issue
3.2 Radio Frequency Interference
4.0 Benefit of Broadband over Power Line
4.2 Application of Broadband over Power Line
4.3 Global BPL usage
5 Conclusion
Appendix
Reference Abstract
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) are systems designed for data communication over existing
power lines. BPL have the ability to deliver broadband services by transmitting radio frequency over
conductors used for electric power transmission. This new technology has not been fully practical as
there are set back that needs to be handled such as Radio Frequency Transmission among others.
BPL still has the major advantage over any other broadband services in terms of its coverage as
electric power has reached mostly all rural areas and because of it high–speed data access.
This seminar paper looked at a brief history of this technology, general overview, issues relating to
this technology, its application and the status quo of the technology
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The technology to deliver high speed data over existing power has emerged. It is known as
Broadband over Power Line (BPL).

Types Of Any Wireless Communication System
A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch and a ground plane separated by dielectric
substrate. The early work of Munson on microstrip antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted
antennas on rockets and missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna
system problems. Different mathematical models were developed for this antenna and its
applications were extended to many other fields. The number of articles published in the journal
papers for the last ten years. The microstrip antennas are the first antenna designer's choice. Low
dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch
can have many shape but rectangular and circular configurations are the most commonly used
configuration. A microstrip antenna is characterized by its length parameter, width parameter, input
impedance, and gain and radiation patterns. Various performance parameters, mathematical
calculation and Microstrip feeding technique will be discussed further through this chapter.
Antennas are key components of any wireless communication system and it is a device that provides
a way for radiation or receiving electromagnetic waves. IEEE standard definitions for antenna
(IEEE Std 145–1983) defines antenna as a means for radiating or receiving radio wave. Figure 3.1
shows an antenna as transition device. The arrows displayed in Figure 3.1 shows the electric field
lines

The Safety Act Of The Stadium And The Facility Safety
Goal: Facility Safety In order to ensure the safety of everyone in the stadium and the facility, we
have identified multiple potential vulnerabilities and steps to prevent a cyber attack that leads to
harm to any person in the stadium or the stadium. Although the SAFETY Act prevents an entity
from being held liable in the event of a terrorist attack, including a cyber terrorist attack, we believe
it is in the best interest of the stadium to accept the following recommendations.This allows the
stadium to create a safe and positive experience for all attendees. These recommendations include
responses to potential vulnerabilities such as emergency systems, power grids, and electronic
displays. Emergency Systems We believe that the emergency systems in stadiums are a
vulnerability. One of the main areas of concern are the alarms in stadiums. If hackers are able to
infiltrate the computer networks, there is a possibility of them being able to get access to the alarm–
management network and disable all of the alarms in a stadium. This could prove to be disastrous in
the case of an actual emergency because there would be no way to notify attendees to evacuate the
stadium, go on lockdown, or take any other precautions necessary in the case of an emergency. In
order to prevent this, we propose that all stadiums keep all operating systems up–to–date. By doing
so, this lessens the number of flaws in the operating system that can be taken advantage of by
hackers to infiltrate

Business and Technical Writing Final exam 050024 Essay
Phoenix Advertising
683 Lawson Boulevard
Charlotte, NC 28282
Tel: 704–862–9700
Fax: 704–862–9775
March 24, 2015
Gregory S. Forest
President
Phoenix Advertising
1695 Chestnut Avenue
Roanoke, VA 24001
Dear Mr. Forest:
Phoenix Advertising as a whole has always put our clients first and is well known for our excellent
work. As you know, the Roanoke branch had been experiencing difficulties since January of 2015
with regards to overworked and underpaid employees and a loss of clients. Productivity had
declined by 20 percent over the course of the past few months, and we lost a few key members of
our team. In response to our current crisis, I have developed a proposal in order to return Phoenix
Advertising to the standard of excellence we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will provide an open line of communication, as well as survey the current situation and see if
there is a need for additional help to any and all team members.
Training: Both managers as well as employees will need to complete a series of training courses to
ensure that everyone is well versed in company policy, as well as have knowledge of what to do in
case of an event such as the current crisis at the Roanoke branch. One such course would be on the
importance of communication between employees and superiors. All employees will learn when it is
necessary to hire additional help, when they really need to speak up, and that human resources is
here to help and they should not be shy when they need guidance. It is important for all team
members to be knowledgeable about the company and policy. Employees will be scheduled for two
meetings a week – on days that best fit their schedule – for four weeks, followed by an evaluation to
see if the course material was thorough. If more training is necessary, it will be rescheduled
accordingly.

Schedule
Manager training:
When to hire additional help; Project Approval: April 6– April 10 Employee training: Your rights as
employees; YOU matter: April 13– April 17 All team members: Importance of open communication:
April 20–April 24
Company policies: April 27– May 1
Staffing
Kevin O'Hara, the director of employment services, has been with the company for 6 years and prior
to working with

The University Of New South Wales : Power Pole Failure And...
University of New South Wales
POWER POLE FAILURE AND BUSH FIRE NEAR CAPE
NATURALISTE LIGHTHOUSE DUNSBOROUGH WESTERN
AUSTRALIA ON
14 FEBRUARY 2009 Assignment report
Name: Manni Zeng Student No.: 3286654 2 Content 1.
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Time and Date of Occurrence ...................................................................... 3
1.2 Incident Location .......................................................................................... 3
1.3 Notification of Incident ................................................................................ 4
1.4 Investigating Inspector ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10
5.2.1 Failure of operation: ......................................................................... 10
5.2.2 Release of energy: ............................................................................ 10
5.2.3 Ignition of vegetation: ...................................................................... 11
6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 11
REFERENCE ............................................................................................................. 12
3 1. INTRODUCTION
A bush fire occurred near Cape Naturaliste Lighthouse, Dunsborough on 7 February
2009. The Fire and Emergency Service Authority (FESA) informed EnergySafety on the same day
that the bush fire appeared to have originated near a Western Power
(WP) 12.7kV overhead power line (pole number 108). The fire burnt out approximately 108
hectares of bush. The investigation was carried out and completed with the cooperation and
assistance of FESA, Police and Western Power (WP). This report summarized the incident and
investigated the causes. Additionally, this report also provide some personal opinions about the
responsibility for the incident and some suggestions about prevention of power line fire.[1]
1.1 Time and Date of Occurrence
Approximately 1300 hours on Saturday 7 February 2009.[1] 1.2

Electric Grid Shutdown Paper
The U.S electric– power system provides power to over 300 million individuals and is comprised of
more than 200,000 miles lines of transmission, its generating capacity is over one million megawatts
and it is worth above $1 trillion (Markey & Waxman, 2013). The elements of the network are
greatly interdependent and, as demonstrated by history, a system failure of a line of outage can result
in fall in other areas. Markey & Waxman (2013) provides an example of a power failure that
occurred on August 14, 2003 when four hanging high– altitude lines of power in northern Ohio
clashed into trees and shut off. Together with an error in a computer system, the shut down lead to a
flow of failures that finally left over 50 million people in Canada and ... Show more content on
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When one grid's part fails, it can lead to cascading failure phenomenon whereby the entire network
progressively collapses. Kiger (2016) noted that; for a system that relies upon several critical nodes,
like the United States electric grid, such cascading failures are pretty much unavoidable.
Ramifications of an Electric Grid Shutdown
The vulnerability caused by the electric grid shutdown creates considerable risks to the economy
and national security of the United States and also on the private businesses conducted in the nation.
Consequences on National Security
The United States electrical grid is essentially divided into three electric networks covering Texas,
the West and the East. All these networks comprise many thousands of miles of lines of
transmission, substations and power plants, a hundred year old combination of domestic utilities
(Broick, 2013). Recently the system has been modernized and thus has been experiencing cyber–
attack threat. The increasing dependence on the communications based on the internet has raised the
vulnerability of the operation and control systems to hackers and spies. National security of the U.S.
reported that the Cyber spies have made a way into the electrical grid of the nation and left behind
software programs that would be applied to disrupt the system and maybe shut down areas of the
network for a considerably long period of time (Broick, 2013). A coordinated cyber–attack could
thus compromise security, blackout commerce and destroy the power grid of the United

Research On Information Metering And Measurement
Information Metering and Measurement
Study in information metering and measurement can be classified into smart metering, and smart
monitoring and measurement. In the following, this classification in point.
a)Smart Metering: Smart metering is the mainly important mechanism used in the Smart Grid for
obtaining information from end users' devices and appliances, while also controlling the
performance of the devices. Automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) systems, which are
themselves built upon automatic meter reading (AMR) systems, are broadly regarded as a sound
strategy to realize Smart Grid. AMR is the technology of routinely collecting analytical,
expenditure, and status data from energy metering devices and transferring that data to a central
database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. AMI differs from traditional AMR in that it
enables two–way communications with the meter. So almost all of this information is available in
real time and on demand, allowing for better system operations and customer power demand
organization.
b) Smart meters, which carry two–way communications amid the meter and the central system, are
like in many aspects to
AMI meters, or occasionally are regarded as part of the AMI.
A smart meter is typically an electrical meter that records use in intervals of an hour or less and
sends that information at least every day back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes.
Also, a smart meter has the capability to
disconnect–reconnect

The Faults Of The Power Grid
Chapter: 1 Introduction
In today's modern world is heavily dependent on continuous and reliable power supply. Many of the
industrial processes, manufacturing, production, repairing, maintenance and not to forget a whole
city is heavily dependent on this continuous supply. It is a harsh reality to live in system without
problems is next to impossible. This problems in general are called 'faults' in the power grid
language.
On daily basis many faults occur on the power grid and steps are to be taken to eliminate/remove
this faults as quick as possible. If the fault persists for long it could result in a havoc and loss of
huge amount of money, which is unacceptable.
The faults mainly occurring on a power grid includes over–current, over–voltage and short circuit. It
is also a harsh reality that this problems cannot be to some extent kept in mere attention of humans,
whose capability and speed to some extent are limited.
Hence a fast acting mind is required that takes care of this problem. To solve this problem PLC
(Programmable logic controller) comes into the picture. It is used to operate relays (a type of switch)
which in turn assists the CB (circuit breaker) to isolate the faulty part from the healthy one as quick
as possible. It operates as per the logic stored in the mind of the PLC by the user. The program
language used in PLC is very much simple and user–friendly as compared to other previously used
software i.e. micro–controller. The programs can be fed to the brain

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