1. Match the type of committee with a function or trait1. These .docx

1. Match the type of committee with a function or trait
1. These are convened between sessions
2. These are temporary, short term committees
3. Calendars and rules
4. House Higher Education, Senate Judicial Affairs
a. ad hoc
b. substantive
c. interim
d. procedural
e. the land office
f. The TX Dept. of Health
2. Which of the following is not correct regarding the speaker
of the Texas House of Representatives? (you can choose more
than one answer if possible)
a. He or she is vice chair of the Legislative Budget Board.
b. He or she refers bills to committees
c. He or she may appoint committee chairs in the House of
Representatives
d. The office is filled by direct popular vote in the general
election
3. The TX Governors “planning powers” are concentrated in
a. The Office of Budget & Plans
b. The Office of State/Federal Relations
c. Economic Development Fund
d. all of these
4. This is largely considered the most powerful elective board.
Hint: think economy
a. The Railroad Commission
b. The State Board of Education
c. The Board of Prisons and Parole
d. The Medical Examiners Board
5. match the Texas department or agency with the correct type
designation
1. promotional

2. Administrative
3. regulatory
4. professional licensing certification
5. professional and licensing
a. The Texas Medical Board
b. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice
c. The Texas Commission on the Arts
d. The Public Utilities Commission
6. The duty of a coroner is to:( more than one choice possible)
a. Enforce the orders of a court.
b. determine the cause of death when a person died outside the
presence of competent witnesses, or when circumstances
suggested that unlawful means might have been used to induce
death
c. perform autopsies on the bodies of all deceased persons
d. Make the official pronouncement of death at an execution.
7. The County _____ is more or less the chief executive, and
does have overlapping duties in some legal and policymaking
decisions
a. Sheriff
b. Attorney
c. Judge
d. Commissioner
8. A state trooper apprehends a motorist on Texas Highway 306
between the city of Spring Branch and the unincorporated
village of Fischer in Comal County. The stop occurred outside
the Spring Branch city limits. The officer accuses the motorist
of operating his vehicle at a speed of 83 mph—13 mph over the
posted speed limit. Where would the case be tried?
a. Spring Branch municipal court
b. a Comal County justice of the peace court
c. A Comal County Court
d. a New Braunfels municipal court

9. Match the description with the correct jurisdiction or type
1. Criminal
2. Supreme Jurisdiction
3. Limited
4. Civil Law
5. Appellate Jurisdiction
a. Texas municipal courts adjudicates these cases only _____
b. Texas Justices of the Peace hear both criminal and _____
cases
c. Civil cases less than 10,000 dollars are heard in courts of
______
d. Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has ______ over capital
cases
e. County courts have original and ______
10. match the correct term with concepts and definitions about
state & local governments
1. Special District
2. State
3. Municipal
4. Independent School District
5. Counties
b. These governments are responsible for the essential functions
of the state
c. Governments are created with Legislative approval of its’
charter.
d. Palo Alto College is funded and directed by a ___government
e. These governments set property tax rates
f. ___government grants approval for home rule status
11. Match the definitions with the correct legal term, regarding
municipal governments legal status
1. General law
2. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
3. Annex
4. Home rule
5. Charter
b. these cities have extensive ordinance and tax authority

c. municipalities are created by legislative grant of a
d. cities under 5,000 population are classified as____cities
e. small towns (under 5,000) _____is limited to 1/2 mile
f. home rule status allows cities to ____10% of acreage per year
s_Assignment/week5 assignment instructions.docx
Here is Week5 Assignment.
------------------------------------------------
Using the research question and two variables your learning
team developed for the Week 2 Business Research Project Part 1
assignment, create a no more than 350-word inferential
statistics (hypothesis test). Include:
(a) The research question
(b) Mock data for the independent and dependent variables
Determine the appropriate statistical tool to test the hypothesis
based on the research question.
Conduct a hypothesis test with a 95% confidence level, using
the statistical tool.
Interpret the results and provide your findings.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Submit both the spreadsheet and the paper.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
I have attached my previous week team paper and grading rubric
here is the message from the instructor.
-----------------------------------
You are not committed to using the Learning Team information
on your individual assignments. You may use any data you wish
for the individual assignment. Since you are already familiar
with the data from the previous week, it may be easier to use
that.

s_Assignment/Week5 Individual Grading Guide Week 5.doc
Inferential Statistics and Findings Grading Guide
QNT/561 Version 7
1
Individual Assignment: Inferential Statistics and Findings
Purpose of Assignment
This assignment is designed to guide students on how to draw
conclusions about a population based on a representative
sample.
Resources Required
· Ch. 20 & 21 of Business Research Methods
Grading Guide
Content
70 Percent
Met
Partially
Met
Not Met
Comments:
The research question and two variables your learning team
developed for the Week 2 assignment are used and include:
(a) a research question
(b) mock data for the independent and dependent variables

The appropriate statistical tool to test the hypothesis based on
the research question is determined.
A hypothesis test with a 95% confidence level, using the
statistical tool is conducted.
Interpretation of the results and your findings are provided.
Both the spreadsheet and the paper that is no more than 350
words are submitted.
Total

Available
Total
Earned
3.5
#/3.5
Writing Guidelines
30 Percent
Met
Partially
Met
Not Met
Comments:
The paper—including tables and graphs, headings, title page,
and reference page—is consistent with APA formatting
guidelines and meets course-level requirements.
Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a
reference page.
Paragraph and sentence transitions are present, logical, and
maintain the flow throughout the synopsis.

Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.
Rules of grammar and usage are followed including spelling and
punctuation.
Total
Available
Total
Earned
1.5
#/1.5
Assignment Total
#
5
#/5
Additional comments:

Copyright © 2013, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2008 by University of
Phoenix. All rights reserved.
s_Assignment/Wk4 LT QNT_Final (4).docx
BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT PART 3 2
BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT PART 3 21
Business Research Project Part 3: Data Collection and Sampling
Plan
Flora Francisco, Angeleen Libongco, Haruka Takeda, and
Misato Walters
University of Phoenix
QNT/561
Applied Business Research and Statistics
Ms. Vanessa Pietrzyk
July 6, 2015
Running head: BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT PART 3 1
Business Research Project
Part 1: Formulation of the Research Problem
Globally, consumers drink milk regularly because of its many
inherent nutritional benefits mainly calcium and Vitamin D
which promotes healthy and strong muscles, bones, and teeth in

addition to soft skin, and hair (California Milk Processor Board,
2015). Over the years, U.S. milk producers such as Natural
Farms saw a decline in the liquid dairy sales of white milk
consumption at 6.5% between 2011 and 2015. On the other
hand, chocolate flavored milk is expected to increase at a rate
of 9.5% in 2015 as result of consumer’s changing taste and
lifestyle (Tetra Pak, 2013). The team conducts the study of the
new product line which is the low-fat, chocolate-flavored milk
to increase the average annual milk consumption of Natural
Farms’ milk. In this study, numerical independent variables
(IV) identifies time before, and after introduction of the
product, while dependent variable (DV) assess the annual
product volume consumption. Other variables in the study
includes confounding variable (CFV) recognizing disease, and
moderating variables (MV) such as household, demographics,
and lifestyle.
Based on the available statistical data, American consumption
of milk products declined steadily over the course of 19 years –
from 1986 to 2005. This report raised concerns on the
individual’s inability to attain the right amount of daily dairy
required dietary intake. Meanwhile, the same data reports that
the consumption of low-fat chocolate flavored milk rose
steadily on the course of the study. Using this data, Natural
Farms looked at the opportunity to increase sales upon
production of chocolate flavored milk focusing on low-fat
content as part of the campaign in fostering the consumer’s
healthy nutritional dairy intake. Low-fat chocolate milk fulfills
the recommended dairy serving for all ages and stages of
development. With these data, we can hypothesize it is
beneficial for Natural Farms to produce low-fat chocolate
flavored milk for the general public to increase revenue and
revitalize interest in milk consumption.
Part 2: Literature Review
Flora’s Review
Is Generational Change Contributing to the Decline in Fluid

Milk Consumption?
This article discusses the determinants causing the decline of
milk product consumption of the American public. From the
author’s findings, per capita fluid milk consumption has
reduced since the 1940’s (Stewart, Dong, & Carlson, 2012) due
to numerous factors. This particular study wishes to find out if
generational change plays a part in this evolution because
current generations are consuming lesser whole milk and lower-
fat milk. As the American diet is continuously changing, the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) tracks food
consumption by annually estimating consumption trends versus
the quantities of available foods for consumption. The food
availability data discloses that Americans are choosing to drink
lower-fat milk products more recurrently since the 1960’s but
there is still data ambiguity in determining the factors of fluid
milk consumption changes over time.
While the American government, dairy farmers, and milk
producers have continuously promoted the benefits and need for
milk, the per capita consumption continues to decline. The
study hypothesized that children may be less accustomed to
drinking milk while growing up over the years and that
children’s changes of drinking habits may be due to successive
generations consumption of lesser fluid milk. The author has
used a data compilation of over 60,000 people that joined the
USDA food consumption surveys between the 1970’s and
2000’s (Stewart et al., 2012, para. 4) in assessing this
hypothesis. The study then proposed and estimated a model that
can help identify the effect of the consumer’s birth generation
on milk consumption while regulating the effects of other
determinants such as current age. Survey participant’s answers
were recorded for consumption of both plain and flavored milk
products, however, 12.5% of unspecified milk consumption
accounted for survey participants failure to remember the type
of milk they have consumed. Furthermore, the consumer’s
income and demographic characteristic were variables in the

demand model including the consumer’s age because existing
research demonstrates a decreasing rate of milk consumption as
consumer’s age. The research’s econometric model, demand
model, model estimation, and simulation results concluded that
fluid milk consumption’s decline since 1940’s is due to the
propensity of the new generations to demand a lower level of
consumption than the previous generation.
Associations between flavored milk consumption and changes in
weight and body composition over time: differences among
normal and overweight children. This particular article
wishes to examine the correlation between flavored milk
consumption and body composition in children due to few
studies conducted on the relationship among body fat and
flavored milk intake. Recently, consumption of sugar-
sweetened drinks has increased while milk consumption of
children has declined together with a rising occurrence of
childhood obesity. Although there are numerous studies of the
benefits of fluid milk consumption, we often see flavored milk
drink’s classification with whole milk, even with its added
sugar content contributing to an additional 60 kcal per serving.
As such, the studies primary objective was to evaluate the
future effects of flavored milk on children’s body fat. It
included 2,270 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of
Parents and Children as its subjects using dietary records of
flavored milk consumption of 10-year-old children and percent
body fat measurement at 11 and 13 years, as well as their body
weight as a secondary outcome (Noel, Ness, Northstone,
Emmett, & Newby, 2013). Consumption was divided between
consumers and non-consumers for the purpose of comparing
their results in relation with body fat. The study yield that non-
consumers of flavored milk had more favorable changes in body
fat compared to obese or overweight children. Observations for
body weight changes were also similar with results of body fat
for flavored milk consumers. The results demonstrated a
greater adjusted body fat mean percent for overweight/obese

boys and girls who consumed flavored milk at age 13 in
comparison to 11 years (Noel et al., 2013). Although there is a
need for more research, the article deemed it essential to
promote less flavored milk consumption as one way of
addressing childhood obesity concerns.
Flavored Milk: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers
The final article reviewed gives more information about
flavored milk. This article provided necessary information to
justify to company management of the need, benefits, possible
disadvantages and purpose of marketing flavored milk in order
to boost consumer consumption. The article outlined the
nutrients found in flavored milk, which is essentially the same
as white milk. Furthermore, it proposes that incorporating some
sugar may improve the taste of nutritious foods such as white
milk. Even if this article did not provide statistical data on its
assertions, it declares that The American Academy of
Pediatrics, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and other groups
as well as the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans agrees
that using a small amount of sugar enhancement to increase the
taste milk is more favorable than soft drinks ("Flavored Milk,"
2012). It is also important to note that the article recognized
the efforts of milk producers to lessen the amount of sugar
content in flavored milk and the availability of sugar free
flavored milk in the market. As schools have attempted to
retract flavored milk choices for school lunches, the National
Dairy Council found a dramatic drop of milk consumption of
about 35%. It can be challenging to replace the lost nutrients
from lesser milk intake in school lunches where flavored milk is
unavailable rather than to schools who offer low-fat, low-sugar
flavored milk that results to a higher total milk intake from
drinking flavored milk.
Angeleen Libongco
Chocolate Milk Consequences: A Pilot Study Evaluating the
Consequences of Banning Chocolate Milk in School Cafeterias
Angeleen reviewed the first article, Chocolate Milk
Consequences: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Consequences of

Banning Chocolate Milk in School Cafeterias. The authors of
this study conducted an experiment to acquire data from school
cafeterias resulting from the effect of removing chocolate milk
in eleven (11) Oregon elementary schools. They analyzed the
effects of this move relative to the student’s total milk
consumption, selection, and participation in the National School
Lunch Program (NSLP). Timeline of data collection and
measurement covered school year (SY) 2011-2012 with a before
and after study on the chocolate milk removal and
implementation. School districts believed flavored milk that is
high in calories, sugar, and fat content contributed to child
obesity. On this study, the authors substituted the word
chocolate milk to refer to the general flavored milk selection
because it was the most popular option among subjects
garnering 61.6% preference on the overall 68.3% flavored milk
available in the schools. The results of the study revealed that
the total daily milk sales declined at 9.9% indicating a major
decrease on milk consumption even when white milk increased
into 161.2 cartons per day as a choice of beverage however,
using milk waste data, the students threw away 29.4% units of
these. They also found out that the participation to the school
lunch program, NSLP, declined but suggests a more thorough
follow-up study to collect more information from NSLP
participants and non-participants. Chocolate milk removal in
the school cafeterias helped to eradicate the immediate benefit
of lesser fat and sugar consumption in the schoolchildren but
further research needs to explore the unexpected consequences.
The authors suggest conducting a cost and benefit analysis of
banning chocolate milk and recommends promoting innovative
ways enabling schoolchildren to drink more white milk (Hanks,
Just, & Wansink, 2014).
Elementary and Middle School Children's Acceptance of Lower
Calorie Flavored Milk as Measured by Milk Shipment and
Participation in the National School Lunch Program
The second article reviewed is Elementary and Middle
School Children's Acceptance of Lower Calorie Flavored Milk

as Measured by Milk Shipment and Participation in the National
School Lunch Program. The purpose of the study is to evaluate
the acceptance of reformulated lower calorie milk in the 17
public school, and parochial school districts across the country
covering a sample of 117 elementary and middle schools during
SY 2008-2009, and 2009-2010. The hypothesis states the
shipment, and usage of reformulated lower calorie flavored milk
from the sampled schools will not differ from the previous
year’s shipment, and usage of the standard higher calorie
flavored milk. It further states that the NSLP participation rates
remains constant even with the change in the school milk
offerings. The samples gathered covered three time phases; T1
indicates four to six (4-6) months before the introduction of
reformulated flavored milk, T2 indicates two (2) month period
during the reformulated milk availability, and T3 indicates four
to six (4-6) months after the introduction of reformulated
flavored milk. The authors collected data from milk shipment
records, and NSLP participation records to measure the change
and the results indicated no significant change with the shift to
the reformulated flavored milk. For schools serving low fat,
reduced-sugar flavored milk, the average daily shipment of
units of milk per student during T1 is 0.60 units, T2 is 0.61
units, and T3 is 0.64 units. Meanwhile, the NSLP participation
rate is 70.7% during T1, 65.2% during T2, and 69.2% during
T3. The results convey that milk shipments remained almost
the same and even increased after reformulated milk
introduction while the NSLP participation rate dropped a bit
during introduction of the reformulated milk but it eventually
increased after the move (Yon & Johnson, 2014).
The consumption of flavored milk among a children population,
The influence of beliefs and the association of brand with
emotions
Third article reviewed is The consumption of flavored milk
among a children population, The influence of beliefs and the
association of brand with emotions, wherein the purpose of the
experiment is to find out if the sample of 507 schoolchildren in

Belgium, ages eight to thirteen (8-13), prefer to choose taste
over the health benefits of plain, and flavored milk. The
formulated hypothesis states that children will consume more
flavored milk if their brand awareness is higher. The authors
chose the schoolchildren on this age group because they already
acquired the nutritional aspects of nutrition in food, and they
can work independently to answer the questionnaire. Designed
in two parts, the first part of the test surveyed the following
topics covering the student’s socio-demographic status,
consumption, general importance of taste, and health aspects,
and brand awareness. The second phase of the questionnaire
comprised of socio-demographic factors, health aspects,
importance of parents, and total consumption of milk and
flavored milk. The results revealed that children prefer cow’s
milk garnering 86.2% points, soymilk at 12.2%, and rice milk at
1.4%. On the flavored milk variant, 50% of most
schoolchildren chose chocolate milk, plain milk and fruit flavor
at 20%, and 8.2% chose flavored milk with vanilla taste.
Overall, taste is more important in consumption than the health
aspects indicating that the flavored milk preference over the
taste of plain milk is at z=-6.778, p<0.001 however, children’s
opinion indicated that plain milk is more healthy at z=-14.492,
p<0.001. The respondents associated positive emotions the
market leader in chocolate cow’s milk brand, and favors it
rather than the healthier brands of soya, or rice milk.
Furthermore, this study implies that the children’s chocolate
milk preference is similar in other parts of the globe illustrating
that the vending machines in the US sell more flavored milk
than plain milk. Overall, the study demonstrates that children
are aware of the health and nutritional value when choosing
food but sensory appeal takes precedence (De Pelsmaker,
Schouteten, & Gellynck, 2013).
Misato Walters
Low-fat Milk Consumption among Children and Adolescents in
The United States,
2007-2008

Misato reviewed the first article, Low-fat Milk Consumption
among Children and Adolescents in The United States, 2007-
2008. Milk and milk products are recommended in Dietary
Guidelines for Americans, 2010 (Kitt, Carroll, & Ogden, 2011).
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, 2007-2008, as summarized by Kitt, Carroll, and Ogden
indicate the following:
(a) Girls consumed less daily milk consumption than boys.
(b) Approximately 20% of children and adolescences consumed
Low-fat milk.
(c) Two-percent milk was usually consumed by 45.4% of
children and adolescents.
(d) Adolescents aged 12-19 years of age reported greater
consumption of low-fat milk than younger children aged 2-5
years.
(e) Non-Hispanic white children and adolescents reported
greater preference for low-fat milk than non-Hispanic black
children and adolescents.
(f) Children and adolescents in higher income categories
reported low-fat milk as their usual milk type more frequently
then children and adolescents in lower-income categories.
Finally, 77.7% of boys and 67.4% of girls among
adolescents aged 12-19 years reported daily consumption of
milk. Fewer than 10% of children and adolescents never
consumed milk.
Innovate and Communicate to Revitalize Milk
The second article reviewed is Innovate and Communicate to
Revitalize Milk. The article predicted that flavored milk
consumption would grow at more than double the rate of white
milk globally between 2012 and 2015 (Gatta, 2015). Tetra Pak
released its Dairy Index 2015 identifying four drivers fueling
the rise in flavored milk consumption as follows (Gatta, 2015):
(a) Desire for nutritious and healthy food, particularly in
developing countries.
(b) Urbanization, rising prosperity, and modern life generating a
need for ready-to-drink flavored milk in convenient portion

packs.
(c) Eagerness on the part of consumers to try new food and
drinks.
(d) Flavored milk allows for indulgent drinking as a way of
escaping the daily grind during times of economic uncertainty.
Finally, according to the Dairy Index 2015, we can expect white
milk to decline by 6.5% between 2011 and 2015, while we can
expect flavored milk to increase to 9.5% by 2015. Nutritional
Consequences of Flavored-Milk Consumption by School-Aged
Children and Adolescents in The United States
Third article reviewed is The Nutritional Consequences of
Flavored-Milk Consumption by School-Aged Children and
Adolescents in The United States. A study by Johnson, Frary,
and Wang (2002), funded by the National Dairy Council,
determined that flavored-milk intake was positively associated
with energy-adjusted calcium, phosphorous, and percent energy
from saturated fat intakes, while negatively associated with
energy-adjusted vitamin C and folate intakes in children aged 5
to 11 years. In addition, Johnson et al found that children who
consumed flavored milk had higher calcium intakes but similar
percent energy from total fat and added sugars intake compared
with children who did not consume flavored milk.
The research sample was selected from all children aged 5 to 17
years participating in the 1994-96 and 1998 USDA Continuing
Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (CSFII). The total sample
size was 3,888 (n=2,763 school-aged children and n=1,125
adolescents) distributed approximately evenly between boys and
girls (51.6% boys; 49.4% girls). The surveys used a multistage,
area probability sample designed to reflect the racial,
geographic, and socio-demographic diversity of the US
population. This allowed for the generalization of the study
results to all children in the United States aged 5 to 17 years.
The dietary intake data collected were as two in-person, 24-hour
multiple-pass recalls. This demonstrated that the dietary intake
method provided valid measures of dietary intake for groups of
children (Johnson, Driscoll, & Goran, 1996). The independent

variable was 2-day mean flavored-milk intake. The dependent
variables in the study were 2-day mean intakes of total milk,
soft drinks, sugar-sweetened fruit drinks and Ades (<10% fruit
juice), and fruit juices.
Flavored-milk intake in the CSFII was significantly (P<.05) and
positively associated with total milk intake in both age groups.
On average, those children who consumed more than 1 cup of
flavored milk per day had a total milk intake that was 192
grams higher for children 5 to 11 years of age and 277 grams
higher for adolescents 12 to 17 years of age than the children in
the respective age groups who were non- consumers of flavored
milk. In particular, children who consumed flavored milk had
higher total milk intake and lower soft drink and fruit drink
intake but similar fruit juice intake compared with children who
were non-consumers of flavored milk.
Haruka Takeda
Drinking Flavored or Plain Milk is Positively Associated with
Nutrient Intake and is Not Associated with Adverse Effects on
Weight Status in US Children and Adolescents.
The objective of this research was to examine health
effects of flavored milk by comparing three groups of children
and adolescents who drink flavored milk, plain milk, or no milk.
In order to discover connections between consumption of
flavored milk and body mass index (BMI), the researchers
collected data from National Health and Nutrition Examination
Surveys during 1999-2002 and applied linear regression
analysis in order to identify milk-drinking status of 7,557
participants who were age between 2 to 18 years old at the time
of data collection.
The milk consumption of participants who drink flavored milk
on regular basis was higher than the other groups. However,
level of nutrient intakes was similar among participants who
drink flavored milk and those who drink plain milk while it was
much lower for nondrinkers. The sugar intakes were indifferent

among all groups, but the weights of those who drink flavored
milk or plain milk were not heavier, but rather, lighter when
compared to the nondrinkers. Thus, this research did not find
links between consumption of flavored milk and higher sugar
intakes for children and adolescents. On contrary to what media
had publicized in the past and widely accepted knowledge,
drinking flavored milk has positive health effects such as higher
nutrient intakes of vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
and potassium, and it does not affect BMI measures and
weights.
School Children's Consumption of Lower-Calorie Flavored
Milk: A Plate Waste Study
The researchers conducted a study in elementary schools to
examine whether children who drink lower-calorie flavored
milk will drink most of their milk in comparison to those
drinking higher fat or higher sugar flavored milks. In order to
meet needs of children and proposed regulations, milk
processors succeeded to reduce calories of flavored milks by
reducing the fat and sugar. For this plate waste experiment, 8
oz. lower-calorie flavored milk with less than 150 kcal. became
available in 4 schools, and other 5 schools served standard
flavored milk of the same quantity but with more calories.
From May to June 2010, researchers collected all the flavored
milk cartons after lunch and weighed cartons individually for
remaining content. The result was that children who drink
standard flavored milk consumed more milk in total when
compared to the peers drinking low-calorie flavored milk but
only by 0.09 differences in ounce. The milk consumption of
each category is: 5.52±0.10 oz. overall flavored milk
consumption, 5.88±0.12 oz. standard flavored milk, and
4.92±0.17 oz. lower-calorie flavored milk.
Although children prefer flavored milk to plain milk, the main
concern of health conscious parents and US Department of
Agriculture is high calorie intakes. However, milk is an
important source of nutrients such as vitamin D, calcium, and
potassium especially during the developmental periods of

children. For the past years, the milk consumption is at its
lowest due to change in patterns of beverage consumption. As a
result, only those children who drink milk with school lunch
meet recommended daily intakes.
The society perceives sugar as evil with many studies
supporting adverse effects of consuming flavored milk due to its
high sugar contents. However, it is more likely that children
who include flavored milk in their daily diet meet their calcium
requirements. With reduced amount of fat and sugar, lower-
calorie flavored milk may enhance children’s health without any
significant calorie increase. Furthermore, reduced calorie does
not affect consumption drastically; children will still prefer
lower-calorie flavored milk to plain milk. The real problem lies
in children who do not drink milk but instead drink other sugar-
sweetened drinks.
Impact on Milk Consumption and Nutrient Intakes from
Eliminating Flavored Milk in Elementary Schools
Many elementary schools have removed flavored milk recently
in response to concerns surrounding high sugar contents, which
affected children’s overall milk consumption and nutrient
intakes. The study measured 49 of those elementary schools for
12 days during school breakfast and lunchtime. The result
suggested that when schools removed flavored milk for five
school days, milk sales decreased by 26.0%, amount of
discarded milk increased by 11.4% at the end of the meal, and
overall milk consumption decrease by 37.4%.
It is evident that not only removing flavored milk had
significantly influenced children’s milk consumption, but also
children are not getting enough nutrients. Decrease in total
milk consumption directly affects the diet and its quality of
children who consume flavored milk daily. The purpose of the
removal was to reduce sugar intakes, however, overall decrease
in nutrient intakes raises another concern. The blind spot of
this health conscious movement was that children do not
automatically shift to plain milk once flavored milk becomes

unavailable. As a consequent, children select other beverages
instead of plain milk, which may be less nutritional or healthy.
Ensuring sufficient nutrition to these children is essential for
healthy development and building balanced diet.
The unintended consequence of children’s lower milk
consumption may eventually cause undernourishment. It is a
good reminder that flavored milk provides the same nutrients as
plain milk, and more than two-thirds of children in school
choose flavored milk over plain milk. Children who prefer
flavored milk does not necessary mean they are on unhealthy
diet with more sugar or fat, but are more likely to fulfill
recommended nutritional intake than the counterparts. Instead
of adding the product back in stock, introducing lower-calorie
flavored milk may be alternative. Nonetheless, other sugar
added drinks such as soda are popular among children these
days. These beverages may be the true contributors of higher
sugar intakes and lesser nutrients, which require more
evaluation in the near future.
Part 3: Sampling and Data Collection Plan
Population and Size, Target Population, and Brief Reasoning
Based on the literature review and research conducted by the
team, the most number of explorations conducted with milk
studies involve correlations with school-aged children. In this
research, the target population comprises ten public schools in
San Diego County to obtain sample data from school children in
grades 2, 4, and 6. The team selects one class from each grade
level with an estimated average of 30 students bringing the
expected total sample to 300. The schools selected are known
to use only Natural Farms’ milk products as part of the supplier
and distribution contract. The chosen schools are instrumental
in generating good statistical data on milk consumption
preferences such as white milk, or low-fat flavored milk
because they served these beverages in school lunches.
Furthermore, the school children consume milk beverages to
achieve an expected level of required daily nutritional intake.
The team expects the target population to yield a higher

probability of useful, and viable data since children freely
chooses the type of milk to drink.
Sampling Design
The proposed sampling design is simple random sampling, and
the sampling element is data mining and survey. Daily,
cafeteria workers log the student’s chosen beverage on a survey
sheet. This survey collects data on the number of students that
chose white milk versus chocolate flavored milk in pre-packed 6
ounces cartons. Researchers can collect the survey sheets from
school officials and use this data to arrive at a selection
probability and the average number of ounces consumed daily.
The proposed quantitative study, correlational in design, allows
the collection of data about a phenomenon for an explanation,
and utilizing the data to draw conclusions about the research
subject (Field, 2009). The quantitative research commences
with the gathering of data that represent the processes and then
the use of data to build statistical models in making predictions
about the behavior and preferences of the school children.
Also, a survey is an efficient method to collect information
relevant to the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, or emotions of
respondents (Mrug, 2010). Based on a population of 300, with a
95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, 169 is the
minimum number of samples required for the research in order
to get a good number of responses (see Appendix A).
Achieving Validity
On the target population selected, it is crucial to select both
children and schools randomly to achieve validity as well as an
accuracy of calculation to measure milk consumption variables.
Obtained data records obtained will be coming from school
officials through the service food managers covering four to six
months of data. The research also considers the protection of
human sample’s privacy and information. In measuring
validity, researchers have to consider its three forms, which are:
content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct
validity (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 280). These three forms
collectively gauges the extent to which the test measures what

the researchers want to measure while reliability, on the other
hand evaluates the correctness of a measurement procedure.
Data Collection
The data mining as sampling element uncovers patterns and
relationships in data, emphasizing large observational databases
and enabling analysis of large complex data sets. The
researchers will collect, and analyze data utilizing the school
records of a randomly selected class. This way, the researcher’s
physical presence is not required in the school cafeteria during
lunch hour, which allows measurement of the children’s milk
consumption in a natural setting. This method of indirect
observation is less flexible than direct observation but is also
much less subjective and may be less erratic in accuracy
(Cooper & Schindle, 2011, p. 207).
Another data collection method is a questionnaire survey to
obtain the children's preference of milk products. This
questionnaire survey with an initial pretest survey conducted in
a small group collects the respondent's milk flavor preference,
demographics, and consumption frequency but no names are
involved to protect the participant's privacy. Milk consumption
and questionnaire survey results will be tallied and analyzed
using tables and graphs for interpretation. Paper records will be
scanned and stored electronically in a secured hard drive.
Releasing information on the consumer’s behavior, especially
that of children’s may benefit researchers as well as firms
targeting children to market products. However, restricting
access to identification is vital as confidentiality protects them
from potential harm. The privacy guarantee is important not
only to retain validity of the research but also to protect the
participants (Cooper & Schindle, 2011, p. 49). The researchers
are fully responsible for observing and following the
regulations and rules on privacy to increase the level of
confidentiality. They should be the only ones having access to
the data with a signed consent and assigned security codes.
Paper records are stored in a locked file cabinet in a secure
location, along with the backup hard drive to avoid data

tampering. Only authorized persons involved in the research
gets an access to these files before, during, and after the
research. It is also critical to destroy data collection
instruments once safely stored in a data file.
Appendix A
Sampling Plan
E = 5
Z a/2 = 1.96
n = 300
σ= .5 (the most forgiving number when value is unknown)
The minimum number of sample size needed is 169.
References
California Milk Processor Board. (2015). Health benefits.
Retrieved from http://www.gotmilk.com/#/health-
benefits/page/muscles
De Pelsmaker, S., Schouteten, J., & Gellynck, Xavier.
(2013, August). The consumption of flavored milk among a
children population. The influence of beliefs and the association
of brands with emotions. Elsevier, (), 279-286. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/science

/article/pii/S0195666313003747
Flavored Milk: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers [].
(2012). National Dairy Council. Retrieved from
http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/F
lavored%20Milk%20QA%20FINAL.pdf
Gatta, S. (2015). Tetra Pak Dairy Index 2015: innovate and
communicate to revitalise milk. Retrieved from
http://www.tetrapak.com/about/newsarchive/tetra-pak-dairy-
index-2015-innovate-and-communicate-to-revitalise-milk
Hanks, A. S., Just, D. R., & Wansink, B. (2014,
April). Chocolate milk consequences: a pilot study evaluating
the consequences of banning chocolate milk in school
cafeterias. Plos One, 9(4), 1-7.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix
.edu/docview/1516953927/fulltextPDF/D2D5F69E8E4E4004PQ/
1?accountid=458
Johnson, R. K., Frary, C., & Wang, M. Q. (2002). The
nutritional consequences of flavored-milk consumption by
school-aged children and adolescents in the United States.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 6, 853-855.
Retrieved from
https://www.eatsmart.org/client_images/gd20052171415271.pdf
Kit, B. K., Carroll, M. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2011). Low-fat milk
consumption among children and adolescents in the United
States, 2007-2008. NCHS Data Brief, 75. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved
from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db75.pdf
Murphy MM, et al. (2008). Drinking Flavored or Plain Milk Is
Positively Associated with Nutrient Intake and Is Not
Associated with Adverse Effects on Weight Status in US
Children and Adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic
Association, 108, 631–639.
http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.004

Noel, S. E., Ness, A. R., Northstone, K., Emmett, P., & Newby,
P. K. (2013, March). Associations between flavored milk
consumption and changes in weight and body composition over
time: differences among normal and overweight children
[Scholarly Journal]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
67(3), 295-300.
http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/10.
1038/ejcn.2012.123
Quann, E. E., & Adams, D. (2013). Impact on Milk
Consumption and Nutrient Intakes From Eliminating Flavored
Milk in Elementary Schools. Nutrition Today, 48, 127-134.
Retrieved from
http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/sp-
3.16.0a/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4e1a73d37e8c8944319c413fa514
e8af6e9859c63980aacbc3f1443880af496f1a43bb98e508ed2fe8e
687179fd215a5f6ac35cc4018d624711539c3bacc2381393d67683
5a5d9ff3788e2b8141b866df73e9d30f4c93cd0239116a4afbcb6cff
e2cce6ee13af453ddce1dd5f1725705e686865d82cfa0e20b252f27
25fc70ce62f0676681cfccdd68b026c95b96f27d862221f97c56c2e
3e5065e4a8bc2ece9985deb580ff6c737c6d5dfd7deea1fab62e2c8
2b4fbffd12db5036db7512b61434ef0ff49891f2b169b67894cf354
53de0ce800e6e4688177ce972b82c41150c69f3490b1b7679c3939
921086334a94d5d2871cc7f3ac6af65ee7f1b95a97c007f33b7d610
783d85d58251d12d981c7836b86fad483d9a7aad195279863c570a
44120af000b83a077b375b0502aa13c1f4a7c117abf77c3623da78
8941b256b2f94cd5f0f30f4a943bac3776c6dd50162641e580736d
5007c9887d68b8c6677612a582c62cb9bbc3b0efa0ab68a6a572f7
cf8cae4677a123949cd37b32f419f18937ee53497fd4539d3fee768
6288f027f514a53b5d2b05a6d6cecfa6eae
Stewart, H., Dong, D., & Carlson, A. (2012, December). Is
Generational Change Contributing to the Decline in Fluid Milk
Consumption? []. Journal of Agricultural and Resource
Economics, 37.3, 435-454. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1
285234825/fulltext/260F45DE4D7443EBPQ/1?accountid=458
Tetra Pak. (2013). Flavored milk could spur worldwide dairy

industry growth. Retrieved from
http://www.dairyfoods.com/articles/89642-flavored-milk-could-
spur-worldwide-dairy-industry-growth
Yon, B. A., & Johnson, R. K. (2014, March). Elementary and
middle school children's acceptance of lower calorie flavored
milk as measured by milk shipment and participation in the
national school lunch program. American School Health
Association,84(3), 205-211. Retrieved from
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/ehost/pdf
viewer/pdfviewer?sid=b50a3620-f116-4029-897a-
bd5ce4b249f7%40sessionmgr4003&vid=1&hid=4209
Yon, B. A., Johnson, R. K., & Stickle, T. R. (2012). School
Children’s Consumption of Lower-Calorie Flavored Milk: A
Plate Waste Study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics, 112, 132-136. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/science
/article/pii/S0002822311015537
Cooper, D. R., & Schindle, P. S. (2011). Business Research
Methods (11th ed.). Retrieved from
https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIR
IS:45252149/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/f09043f1-
0a9c-4113-81ea-d1c762c3437e/expanded/True

1. Match the type of committee with a function or trait1. These .docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 1. Match the type of committee with a function or trait1. These .docx

Similar to 1. Match the type of committee with a function or trait1. These .docx (20)

More from jackiewalcutt

More from jackiewalcutt (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

1. Match the type of committee with a function or trait1. These .docx